外文翻譯--格萊明銀行的經(jīng)驗?zāi)芊裨诜侵迣嵭校ü?jié)選）

1、<p>　　1650單詞，8400英文字符,2800漢字</p><p>　　外文題目： Can the Grameen experience work in Africa？ </p><p>　　出 處： African Business; Apr2007, Issue 330, p74-75, 2p, 2 Color Photographs

2、 </p><p>　　作 者： Ford, Neil </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p><p>　　Can the Grameen experience work in Africa？</p&g

3、t;<p>　　Can Africa learn from the revolutionary micro-finance solutions pioneered by the Grameen Bank experience in Bangladesh? The bank's founder and the bank itself were awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize. N

4、eil Ford discusses the philosophy behind the system.</p><p>　　The decision to award the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize to Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh has underlined the potential of micro-finan

5、ce in developing countries. Micro-finance banks have been set up in most African countries over the past decade but the sheer scale of the Grameen operations is staggering. Providing individuals or very small businesses

6、with access to what are often very small sums of money may seem like a marginal contribution to economic growth but it can widen a nati</p><p>　　All too often, jumbo infrastructural projects are still portra

7、yed as the key to economic development. Giant dam schemes, large thermal power plants and new port developments all have their place in the grand scheme of things, but they are of little use without a vast network of wat

8、er pipelines, transmission lines, and road and rail links to transport goods to and from the port.</p><p>　　In the same way, the construction of a new aluminium plant or opening of a new copper mine can make

9、 a contribution to economic growth but every strong, well balanced economy is based upon thousands of very small businesses that form the underbelly of a nation's social and economic life.</p><p>　　It is

10、 often overlooked that large and medium sized businesses make a smaller contribution to GDP than small businesses in many western economies. This is not the case in most African states, despite the fact that over 90% of

11、African workers are employed by very small scale enterprises, largely because most do not pay income tax and their economic endeavours are rarely included in GDP calculations. It is therefore easy to ignore their contrib

12、ution to national life.</p><p>　　However, turning a small fruit stall or cleaning operation into a larger enterprise is perhaps more difficult in sub-Saharan Africa than almost anywhere else on Earth. Sole t

13、raders or partnerships have virtually no access to credit and often have little money left over to reinvest in their businesses.</p><p>　　Much has been written in recent years about promoting small and mediu

14、m sized enterprises (SMEs) but the deep roots of any economy lie in even smaller businesses and this is where micro-finance can play a role.</p><p>　　Small sums, big impact </p><p>　　The sums in

15、volved may be very small but can make a massive difference to a small trader. Moreover, replicated many times over in a district, province, nation or continent, they can genuinely help to revolutionise economic prospects

16、.</p><p>　　Properly targeted micro-lending can also help to overcome cultural difficulties, such as the lack of access to credit for women, or some social and ethnic groups, in many societies. Africa can the

17、refore learn a great deal from Muhammad Yunus' success in promoting micro-finance.</p><p>　　While working as professor of economics at Chittagong University in Bangladesh, Yunus realised that most poor p

18、eople in his country only had access to finance at very high rates of interest, because of their lack of collateral.</p><p>　　In addition, most banks were only prepared to offer substantial loans, often far

19、higher sums than people needed. Perhaps appropriately, his Grameen, or village, banking system started very modestly. During a famine in 1976, he lent a grand total of $27 to 42 women in the village of Jobra. Repayment r

20、ates were relatively high, interest rates low and the system was able to grow quickly.</p><p>　　Grameen Bank has now provided credit to over 7m people, 97% of them women. Most loans are very small and rarely

21、 exceed $100. In Bangladesh, the bank usually operates in local temples or village halls. Loans are often used to improve irrigation or to buy new tools to improve efficiency.</p><p>　　Yunus said that he dev

22、eloped his microfinance system to turn a "vicious circle of low income, low saving and low investment" into "a virtuous circle of low income, injection of credit, investment, more income, more savings, mor

23、e investment, more income".</p><p>　　The bank itself is mainly owned by its customers, although the government has taken a 10% stake. Yunus says: "You have to have those financial facilities coming

24、 to them because it is totally unfair to deny half the population of the world financial services."</p><p>　　The chairman of the Nobel committee, Ole Danbolt Mjoes, said that Yunus and Grameen Bank had

25、been chosen because of "their efforts to create economic and social development from below. Development such as this is useful in human rights and democracy."</p><p>　　As part of the Nobel Prize, Y

26、unus was awarded 10m Swedish krona ($1.35m), which will be used to find new ways of helping poor people set up their own businesses.</p><p>　　He responded: "I'm very very happy. It's a great hon

27、our for us and for Bangladesh. It's a recognition of our work. As a Bangladeshi, I'm proud that we have given something to the world. Our work has now been recognised by the whole world. It's recognition of o

28、ur movement to ensure the rights of the poor. With this recognition, we expect that the model we have developed will spread across the world."</p><p>　　PHOTO (COLOR): A delighted Muhammad Yunus receives

29、 the 2006 Nobel Prize in Oslo last December. His vision helped to create a microfinance movement that is transforming lives around the world.</p><p>　　By Neil Ford</p><p>　　The South African exp

30、erience </p><p>　　Enterprise </p><p>　　Although micro-finance banks have been set up in Africa, far greater access to credit needs to be provided. Gross domestic savings in sub-Saharan Africa av

31、eraged about 8% of GDP during the 1980s, compared with 25-35% in Southeast Asia at the same time. Indeed, most studies conclude that the rate of saving in Africa has fallen over the past 30 years. While other factors hav

32、e undoubtedly played a role in the region's generally poor economic performance, the lack of development in the financial sec</p><p>　　Micro-finance institutions are more active in South Africa than in a

33、lmost any other country in the region. Both the government and non-governmental organisations are committed to improving living standards among poor people, particularly in rural areas, in order to overcome the nation

34、9;s historic social and ethnic imbalances.</p><p>　　South Africa's highly developed established banks have also been encouraged to become involved in micro-finance initiatives and so new micro-finance ba

35、nks have been able to provide far more funding to more people than their counterparts in the rest of the continent. More than 8m South Africans have now received $3.6bn in loans from micro-finance banks.</p><p

36、>　　However, even here much more needs to be done. Many argue that the established banks still only lend money to people with employment, or their own home, or both. In such cases, they are far removed from Grameen Ban

37、k and there is still a place for micro-finance institutions in the country.</p><p>　　Hennie Ferriera, the chief executive of Micro Finance South Africa, which is based in Pretoria, argues: "You still fi

38、nd loan sharks in the townships. They charge ridiculous rates like 100% a week, but a lot is being done to address it." Most small loans in South Africa are still taken out for the purchase of food and alcohol, rath

39、er than to secure investment.</p><p>　　Nevertheless, the country's largest banks are making some effort to provide services to the 16.5m adult South Africans, around half the adult population, without ba

40、nk accounts in the country. The Mzansi system was set up last year to provide basic banking services to such people. It is estimated that 500,000 Mzansi accounts were opened within 12 months of the new accounts being off

41、ered. Once customers have held bank accounts for some time, their financial track record can be used to help them to</p><p>　　The Norwegian Nobel Committee's statement </p><p>　　"The No

42、rwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2006, divided into two equal parts, to Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank for their efforts to create economic and social development from below. Lastin

43、g peace cannot be achieved unless large population groups find ways in which to break out of poverty. Micro-credit is one such means. Development from below also serves to advance democracy and human rights. Muhammad Yun

44、us has shown himself to be a leader who has managed t</p><p>　　Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has,

45、first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty. Grameen Bank has been a source of ideas and models for the many institutions in the

46、field of micro-credit that have sprung up around the world. Every single individual on Earth has both the potential and the right to liv</p><p>　　Micro-credit has proved to be an important liberating force i

47、n societies where women in particular have to struggle against repressive social and economic conditions. Economic growth and political democracy cannot achieve their full potential unless the female half of humanity par

48、ticipates on an equal footing with the male. Yunus' long-term vision is to eliminate poverty in the world. That vision cannot be realised by means of micro-credit alone. But Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank have shown

49、 th</p><p>　　PHOTO (COLOR): More than 8m South Africans have used micro-finance loans; many like this lady above choosing to build small trading businesses.</p><p>　　外文題目： Can the Grameen exper

50、ience work in Africa？ </p><p>　　出 處： African Business; Apr2007, Issue 330, p74-75, 2p, 2 Color Photographs </p><p>　　作 者： Ford, Neil

51、 </p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　格萊明銀行的經(jīng)驗?zāi)芊裨诜侵迣嵭?lt;/p><p>　　非洲可以通過借鑒格萊明銀行開創(chuàng)的經(jīng)驗來制定小額信貸的金融解決方案嗎？該銀行的創(chuàng)始人和銀行本身被授予2006年諾貝爾和平獎。尼爾福特通過本文討論了該銀行背后的制度理念。</p>&

52、lt;p>　　被授予2006年諾貝爾和平獎的穆罕默德尤努斯和孟加拉鄉(xiāng)村銀行已強(qiáng)調(diào)了發(fā)展中國家小額信貸的潛力。在過去的十年非洲國家成立了許多的小額信貸銀行，而且在鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)營的規(guī)模也是驚人的。為那些需要小額資本的企業(yè)或者個人提供小額的貸款，這似乎是一個對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的邊際貢獻(xiàn)，但它可以擴(kuò)大一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長，而這些又可以導(dǎo)致實際生活水平提高。</p><p>　　很多時候，大型基建項目仍然是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)

53、展的關(guān)鍵。巨型水壩的計劃，大型火電廠和新港口開發(fā)，他們?nèi)慷加幸粋€特定的地方給他們發(fā)展，但它們?nèi)绻麤]有使用管道網(wǎng)絡(luò)，輸電線路，公路，鐵路和港口運(yùn)輸貨物依然是不行的。</p><p>　　以同樣的方式，一個新的鋁工廠或一個新的銅礦洞口施工技術(shù)也可以促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，但他們每一個企業(yè)都實力雄厚，平衡的經(jīng)濟(jì)是在非常小的數(shù)千家企業(yè)中形成的，從而為一個國家和社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)生活作出貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p>　　

54、人們常常忽視的是，在許多西方國家，大、中型企業(yè)對GDP的貢獻(xiàn)比小企業(yè)還要小。但這種情況在大多數(shù)非洲國家卻不一樣，盡管有超過90％的非洲工人受雇于規(guī)模很小的企業(yè)，主要是因為大多數(shù)人沒有繳納所得稅和他們所作經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)工作價值很少被計算在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值里，因此，很容易忽視他們對國民生活的貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p>　　然而，在撒哈拉以南的非洲開設(shè)一個小水果攤和對一個大企業(yè)進(jìn)行清洗行動或許比地球上其他任何地方都更為困難。獨(dú)資經(jīng)營

55、者或合伙企業(yè)幾乎沒有獲得信貸的機(jī)會，常常只有遺留下來的一點(diǎn)錢可供他們在業(yè)務(wù)上進(jìn)行再投資。</p><p>　　許多人近年來都提出要促進(jìn)中小型企業(yè)（SME）的發(fā)展，但任何經(jīng)濟(jì)的深刻根源都在于在更小的企業(yè)，這就是微型金融能夠發(fā)揮的作用，可以用少量的錢而取得大的影響。</p><p>　　所涉及的款項可能很小，但跟一個小商人比較卻有巨大的區(qū)別。此外他所產(chǎn)生的作用是過去在一個地區(qū)，省，國家或大陸的

56、許多倍，能真正幫助他們徹底改變經(jīng)濟(jì)前景。</p><p>　　目標(biāo)客戶正確的小額貸款還可以幫助克服文化的困難，如獲得貸款的婦女，或某些社會中缺乏貸款的種族群體。因此，非洲可以借鑒穆罕默德尤努斯在推動小額信貸中的成功經(jīng)驗。</p><p>　　而作為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授在孟加拉國吉大港大學(xué)工作的他認(rèn)為雖然實現(xiàn)了小額信貸，但大多數(shù)窮人在獲得貸款時所需支付的利息率仍然很高，因為他們?nèi)狈?dān)保。</p&

57、gt;<p>　　此外，大多數(shù)銀行只愿意提供大額貸款，而需要的人往往并不多。剛開始他的信貸模式在鄉(xiāng)村還并不完善，1976年饑荒期間，在井伯村他借給了42位婦女每人27美元的貸款，償還率相對較高，而且低利率，從而促進(jìn)了這一信貸模式的快速成長。</p><p>　　格萊明銀行提供信貸已超過700人，其中97％的是婦女，大多數(shù)貸款都非常小，很少超過100美元。在孟加拉國，銀行通常在當(dāng)?shù)厮聫R或村莊大廳開展業(yè)

58、務(wù)，貸款通常被用于改善灌溉或購買新的工具來提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率。</p><p>　　尤努斯說，他要發(fā)展他的小額貸款制度從一個“低收入，低儲蓄，低投資”的惡性循環(huán)變成一個“更多的收入，更多的儲蓄，更多的投資”的良性循環(huán)。</p><p>　　盡管政府已經(jīng)擁有了10％的股份，但銀行本身仍舊擁有他自己的客戶。尤努斯說：“你必須要掌握來自于他們的相關(guān)金融設(shè)施，如果不去了解就會產(chǎn)生不公平，因為那樣他會否定

59、世界一半需要金融服務(wù)的人口?！?lt;/p><p>　　諾貝爾委員會主席，奧立丹波特漢斯說，尤努斯和鄉(xiāng)村銀行已經(jīng)選擇了“努力從基層的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展做起，因為像這樣的發(fā)展在人權(quán)和民主中是有用的?！?lt;/p><p>　　作為諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的一部分，尤努斯被授予1000萬瑞典克朗，這將用來尋找?guī)椭F人建立了自己的企業(yè)的新途徑。</p><p>　　他回答到：“我非常非常高興，這

60、是給我們和孟加拉國的一個榮譽(yù)，也是對我們工作的肯定。作為一名孟加拉人，我很自豪，我們給世界作出了一些貢獻(xiàn)從而使整個世界都認(rèn)識到了我們的工作，這是我們的運(yùn)動，以確保窮人的權(quán)利得到承認(rèn)。我們希望我們所開發(fā)的模型將傳遍世界。“</p><p>　　雖然小額信貸銀行已經(jīng)在非洲得到發(fā)展，但為了獲得了更大的信貸仍需要各方面提供幫助。在80年代，撒哈拉以南的非洲國內(nèi)儲蓄總額是平均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的約8％，而同一時間在東南亞地區(qū)卻有

61、25%—35%。事實上，大多數(shù)研究的結(jié)論是，在非洲的儲蓄率在過去30年開始逐漸下降了。雖然其他因素?zé)o疑起到了使該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)普遍不佳的作用，但金融部門缺乏發(fā)展資金，包括低儲蓄率和嚴(yán)格限制獲得貸款，肯定是其中較重要的影響。</p><p>　　小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)在南非的發(fā)展程度比在該地區(qū)的其他國家都要高。無論是政府和非政府組織正在致力于提高貧困地區(qū)特別是在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的人們的生活水平，以克服該國的歷史，社會和族裔的不平衡的

62、問題。</p><p>　　南非政府積極鼓勵人們參與建立鄉(xiāng)村銀行，小額信貸等新的舉措和微型金融銀行已經(jīng)能夠比在大陸其他地區(qū)的同行為更多的人提供更多的資金了。超過800萬南非人現(xiàn)在已收到從微觀金融銀行貸款的36億美元。</p><p>　　然而，即使這樣在這里還有很多工作需要去做。很多人認(rèn)為，建立銀行仍只是借錢給那些需要就業(yè)的人，或在自己家中，或兩者兼而有之。在這種情況下，他們遠(yuǎn)離鄉(xiāng)村銀行，

63、但還有一個微型金融機(jī)構(gòu)在該國運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　在南非，漢尼菲瑞爾，是一個在比勒陀利亞的基礎(chǔ)上建立的微觀金融機(jī)構(gòu)，行政長官認(rèn)為：“你仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)他們跟鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)高利貸一樣荒謬，一個星期收取100％的利率，但很多人正在設(shè)法解決這個問題”。在南非小額貸款仍大多數(shù)用于購買食品和酒類，而不是安全的投資。</p><p>　　然而，該國最大的銀行正在努力為南非的成人提供一些服務(wù)，約一半的成年人口沒有在

64、該國的銀行帳戶。該銀行系統(tǒng)是去年成立的，來為這樣的人提供基本銀行服務(wù)。據(jù)估計，50萬銀行帳戶是在12個月開設(shè)的新賬戶。一旦客戶已經(jīng)持有一段時間的銀行賬戶，他們的財務(wù)記錄，可以用來幫助他們成功獲得貸款。</p><p>　　挪威諾貝爾委員會的聲明：</p><p>　　“挪威諾貝爾委員會決定把2006的諾貝爾和平獎分為兩份，分別授予穆罕默德尤努斯和鄉(xiāng)村銀行，因為他們的努力，促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會基

65、層的發(fā)展。持久和平是無法實現(xiàn)的，除非大量人口找到用何種方式擺脫貧困，小額信貸就是這樣一種手段。他的發(fā)展在基層也有助于推動民主和人權(quán)。穆罕默德尤努斯已證明自己將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實際行動領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著以百萬計的人，不僅在孟加拉國，而且在許多其他國家獲得利益。</p><p>　　為有不良貸款記錄的窮人提供貸款似乎是不可能的想法。在三十年前，尤努斯就認(rèn)為，格萊明銀行是一個重要的開端，通過適度的鄉(xiāng)村銀行，發(fā)展成為一個在消除貧困斗爭中的

66、重要工具。格萊明銀行一直是世界各地小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的典范。地球上的每一個個體都同時具有潛力和權(quán)利過上體面的生活。在各種文化和文明中，尤努斯和鄉(xiāng)村銀行表明，即使是最貧窮的工作，也可以實現(xiàn)自身的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　小額信貸已被證明在社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)中的一種重要的解放力量，尤其是在婦女壓迫斗爭中。尤努斯的長遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)是消除世界貧困，這一設(shè)想在目前通過小額信貸的手段根本無法實現(xiàn)。但穆罕默德尤努斯和鄉(xiāng)村銀行表明，他們會繼續(xù)努力去