車輛設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--伊卡洛斯一款概念車的設(shè)計(jì)過程（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　3622漢字，2200單詞，12400英文字符</p><p>　　出處：Simões J A O. Icarus: the design process of a conceptual vehicle[J]. Materials & Design, 2001, 22(22):251-257.</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</

2、b></p><p>　　伊卡洛斯：一款概念車的設(shè)計(jì)過程</p><p>　　J.A.O.Simoes*</p><p>　　阿威羅大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)研究室，阿威羅3810-193，葡萄牙</p><p>　　2000.05.02認(rèn)可，2000.10.18使用</p><p><b>　　摘要</b&

3、gt;</p><p>　　一款概念原型車的設(shè)計(jì)和制造過程描述如下。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是阿威羅大學(xué)的學(xué)生以及藝術(shù)學(xué)院設(shè)計(jì)師的共同協(xié)作的成果。該項(xiàng)目是為參加法國1998年殼牌環(huán)保馬拉松競爭賽而設(shè)計(jì)的一款車。設(shè)計(jì)過程主要集中于汽車的美觀與制造工業(yè)的結(jié)合。伊卡洛斯是基于翅膀的概念而設(shè)計(jì)的一款概念車，因此該項(xiàng)目的名稱和希臘神話里的一個(gè)人物有關(guān)。該項(xiàng)目描述重點(diǎn)提出了關(guān)于選擇制造復(fù)合復(fù)雜幾何曲面的材料選擇問題。</p>

4、<p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：概念設(shè)計(jì)；產(chǎn)品開發(fā)；原形車；設(shè)計(jì)教育；混合材料</p><p><b>　　1.產(chǎn)品介紹</b></p><p>　　材料是人們眾所周知的動(dòng)西。但是設(shè)計(jì)呢？對(duì)于不同的人來說設(shè)計(jì)可以意味著不同的意義。普通人不會(huì)想象到一個(gè)具體的物體可能就是從一個(gè)簡單的想法或者概念經(jīng)過制造而被物質(zhì)化的。一些人把設(shè)計(jì)和產(chǎn)品的美觀結(jié)合在一起，同時(shí)又有另一些人把不同

5、的并且相關(guān)的一些領(lǐng)域結(jié)合起來并使它們互為補(bǔ)充。設(shè)計(jì)可以理解為一個(gè)把一種想法熔煉成制造一個(gè)產(chǎn)品所必需的信息的一個(gè)過程（1）。對(duì)于一個(gè)機(jī)械工程師來說，設(shè)計(jì)可以定義為科學(xué)原理的一種運(yùn)用，即在基于科學(xué)技術(shù)和對(duì)產(chǎn)品的定義的基礎(chǔ)上以最經(jīng)濟(jì)最有效的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)這種產(chǎn)品的功能（2）。設(shè)計(jì)者的責(zé)任覆蓋從概念設(shè)計(jì)到產(chǎn)品描述的全過程,并且在這個(gè)產(chǎn)品的整個(gè)壽命預(yù)期中都要對(duì)它的利益進(jìn)行維護(hù)（3）。</p><p>　　繼查爾斯和可瑞恩，設(shè)計(jì)

6、成為了一種復(fù)雜的過程。這個(gè)過程為了能制造所要設(shè)計(jì)的東西要對(duì)每一件必要的事情做詳細(xì)的說明（4）。這個(gè)過程可以被描述為四個(gè)屬性（5）：功能、美觀、制造工藝、成本。在概念車的設(shè)計(jì)過程中要考慮這四個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素中的三個(gè)，那就是功能，美觀和制造工藝。由于要在伊卡洛斯項(xiàng)目上達(dá)到既定的目標(biāo)成本因素不作考慮。</p><p>　　在過去數(shù)年里殼牌法國組織了燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性競爭賽稱為殼牌生態(tài)馬拉松。這個(gè)比賽的目的是在使用普通的熱電機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上

7、使車輛達(dá)到盡可能少的油耗進(jìn)而促進(jìn)這種原形車的研究和發(fā)展。這個(gè)比賽中將授予設(shè)計(jì)獎(jiǎng)（3）。這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)主要基于在設(shè)計(jì)過程中美學(xué)與制造工藝的結(jié)合程度，概念的連貫性和原創(chuàng)性是重要的考慮因素。至于車身，前唯美主義和后唯美主義、職能整合、材料的選擇和開發(fā)都進(jìn)行了參數(shù)的分析。這些車輛是在非人體工程學(xué)的位置來駕駛的，因此司機(jī)駕駛室的入口和出口、駕駛控制程度、舒適性、通風(fēng)、道路及其設(shè)施的可見度在設(shè)計(jì)過程中是一個(gè)非常重要的考慮因素。因?yàn)樵谶@項(xiàng)技術(shù)中繪畫技術(shù)也要

8、考慮在內(nèi)所以必須注意基本色彩的選擇，色彩的協(xié)調(diào)性，圖像的結(jié)合和圖樣的質(zhì)量。對(duì)內(nèi)‘對(duì)外加工和質(zhì)量的執(zhí)行也是需要銘記的重要的規(guī)格參數(shù)。在設(shè)計(jì)中這些選擇性參數(shù)都要被考慮到。</p><p>　　該伊卡洛斯項(xiàng)目是由阿威羅大學(xué)的三個(gè)部門（機(jī)械工程系、電子和信息工程系和環(huán)境工程系）和藝術(shù)學(xué)校以及設(shè)計(jì)紐什的設(shè)計(jì)師發(fā)展起來的，他們提出這個(gè)概念。有幾個(gè)方面被仔細(xì)研究，即那些和概念設(shè)計(jì)密切相關(guān)的制造工藝和材料的選擇。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目完成了多

9、個(gè)目標(biāo)：一款概念車的設(shè)計(jì)完成和和這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的教學(xué)目的。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目便于更有效地學(xué)習(xí)工程學(xué)和關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的一些基礎(chǔ)的東西。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目除了額外具有學(xué)術(shù)教學(xué)價(jià)值外，它還更容易激發(fā)學(xué)生通過動(dòng)手做去學(xué)習(xí)。當(dāng)學(xué)生們看到這個(gè)項(xiàng)目通過自己的努力被發(fā)展起來并且變成實(shí)體時(shí)學(xué)生就會(huì)感到更有動(dòng)力。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目發(fā)展的整個(gè)過程中，我們體會(huì)到了學(xué)生們的熱情和奉獻(xiàn)精神也了解到他們學(xué)的另外一些科目的掌握情況，比如那些科目有材料科學(xué)技術(shù)、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、CADrCAM電子技術(shù)、測控、流體力學(xué)

10、，同時(shí)和同學(xué)們也進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)交流。</p><p>　　這個(gè)論文的目的就是描述發(fā)展一款概念車的過程，從概念到雛形車的制造，這個(gè)過程涉及設(shè)計(jì)或者工程學(xué)這些不同領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)。圖.1展示了對(duì)這款概念車?yán)硐牖牟煌脑O(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。只有那些和概念設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的材料選擇以及底盤或車身的設(shè)計(jì)制造才會(huì)被描述，在圖中和灰色區(qū)域相對(duì)應(yīng)。</p><p><b>　　圖1.設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域</b></p

11、><p>　　圖2.原形車（伊卡洛斯）計(jì)算機(jī)線框圖模型</p><p><b>　　2.概念設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　古希臘神話故事阿威羅和代達(dá)羅斯是人們都知道的故事。在這個(gè)故事中，代達(dá)羅斯和兒子伊卡洛斯用來從迷宮中逃脫的方法自國王米諾斯以后被流傳下來。按照父親代達(dá)羅斯的想象，他們用蠟燭和羽毛結(jié)合給自己制作了翅膀，然后把翅膀粘到自己的身體上

12、從海面上飛出了迷宮。但是伊卡洛斯因?yàn)轱w的離太陽太近連接的蠟燭融化了，他掉進(jìn)了下方的水里。在這個(gè)事中翅膀這個(gè)元素是用來達(dá)到目標(biāo)的。翅膀這個(gè)概念在歷史上一直是很讓人著迷的，并且自納爾多達(dá)芬奇開始已經(jīng)被很多研究者廣泛的研究過。通過研究鳥的飛行和它們的身體結(jié)構(gòu)，納爾多達(dá)芬奇是第一個(gè)從科學(xué)技術(shù)的角度上來設(shè)想飛行的可能性的人，并且它的筆記中包括很多展示飛行機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)的素描圖片，這些設(shè)計(jì)通常也是通過拍打翅膀來完成操作目的的（6）。</p>

13、<p>　　正如其他場合說過的一樣汽車開發(fā)是建立在翅膀的概念上、從人們的概念而來的一個(gè)過程，它和空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)中的浮力密切相關(guān)，它在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)忽略重力并且受土地的摩擦力。繼以往的研究和設(shè)計(jì)圖樣以后，利用v8工作室的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)軟件汽車的幾何模型被模仿了出來，圖2給出了一個(gè)車輛和駕駛員的線框模型。計(jì)算機(jī)圖像描繪了汽車的樣子，其字形預(yù)測分別顯示在圖3和圖4中。</p><p>　　用聚亞安酯材料制作的兩輛10：

14、1的模型車被制作了出來，用它們來進(jìn)行車的美觀和容量尺寸的分析，并且基于駕駛員的情況進(jìn)行優(yōu)化改造(圖5)。為了進(jìn)行空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)研究還制作了一款1：5的模型車。考慮了駕駛員自身的身體特征，包括他的身高和非人類環(huán)境改造的駕駛位置，人類環(huán)境改造學(xué)研究完成。最終最佳的幾何外形是建立在對(duì)駕駛員的視野可見度的研究的基礎(chǔ)之上確定的，研究包括駕駛姿勢和駕駛命令的可到達(dá)度（手和腳）。 對(duì)于這些研究，駕駛員的體位圖像是計(jì)算機(jī)合成的，如圖.2和圖.5所示，它們的

15、設(shè)計(jì)原則都要盡量減少汽車的尺寸從而減輕汽車的重量。駕駛員的可見度是建立在從車輛正前方到兩側(cè)90度內(nèi)的直接能見度的基礎(chǔ)上的。</p><p>　　模型允許改變駕駛員的腿定制了一個(gè)人體工程學(xué)座位。為了這個(gè)目的，座位的幾何尺寸是通過把駕駛員以駕駛姿勢放置在汽車的駕駛室里而按照那個(gè)原尺寸而定的。座位是手工用液體的聚氨酯制造的，然后再涂一層環(huán)氧樹脂然后再蓋上一層柔軟的泡沫和綿紙。</p><p>　

16、　圖3 伊卡洛斯的渲染圖像</p><p><b>　　3原型車制造</b></p><p>　　在概念或想法的實(shí)體化過程中材料發(fā)揮了一個(gè)重要的關(guān)鍵性作用。現(xiàn)在，材料的選擇幾乎是沒有限制的，這對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)既是一件好事又是一件壞事。這是一件好事，因?yàn)閷?duì)于一個(gè)特定產(chǎn)品的人們可以找到合適的，甚至優(yōu)化，妥協(xié)的設(shè)計(jì)參；這是一個(gè)壞消息因?yàn)閷?duì)于一個(gè)特定用途的產(chǎn)品要想在較少的努力下就選擇

17、到材料是不可能的。材料的選擇在設(shè)計(jì)過程中是一個(gè)重要的方面，應(yīng)該盡量使它成為一個(gè)定量的過程。對(duì)于介紹現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品更好的性能或者重新設(shè)計(jì)一些因?yàn)槟承┰蛭茨茉谀承┕δ苌掀鹱饔玫漠a(chǎn)品.來說品選擇材料是必須的。這個(gè)選擇是由產(chǎn)品的功能定義提前決定的，并且在選擇中考慮到潛在的制造過程對(duì)原材料轉(zhuǎn)化為最終產(chǎn)品形式的相互影響。</p><p>　　該車輛的有機(jī)形狀限制了我們?cè)趥鹘y(tǒng)材料和先進(jìn)的復(fù)合材料的選擇。事實(shí)上，材料的選擇是活的理想

18、形狀的一個(gè)重要因素。如圖.1所示的設(shè)計(jì)過程，包括對(duì)概念的定義，三維CAD模型，人類環(huán)境改造學(xué)研究，比例模型的制造，設(shè)計(jì)和底盤的制造，車身（駕駛室），傳輸驅(qū)動(dòng)列車，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的改裝和適應(yīng)，空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)測試，電子和遙測技術(shù)的實(shí)施。底盤是汽車上的一個(gè)重要結(jié)構(gòu)件，可以由復(fù)合材料來制造或者傳統(tǒng)的管狀焊接結(jié)構(gòu)體系來制造。但是由于汽車的幾何形狀，要用復(fù)合材料技術(shù)來制造車輛。</p><p><b>　　

19、圖4 車輛正投影</b></p><p>　　圖5 車的1:10模型和駕駛位置</p><p>　　底盤和駕駛室的結(jié)構(gòu)是使用先進(jìn)的復(fù)合材料與CAD/CAM沖模技術(shù)相結(jié)合而制作的。汽車的結(jié)構(gòu)件是根據(jù)它們的結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性而區(qū)分的，因此對(duì)于這些汽車上的這些考慮部分制造了不同的沖模。這些戰(zhàn)略包括模具的制造部分，這些模具是用低密度（100kg/m3）的聚氨酯泡沫材料制造的。對(duì)于用磨具制造的

20、汽車部件的考慮因素如圖。6所示。制造了四個(gè)模具即底盤，駕駛室車身，前后蓋。駕駛員的事業(yè)區(qū)域的表面材料是以丙烯酸材料作為磨具的。由于數(shù)控機(jī)床（的限制磨具是分部分來制作的，由幾部分模具來共同形成這個(gè)完整的磨具。</p><p><b>　　４.結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　伊卡洛斯是在藝術(shù)學(xué)院和設(shè)計(jì)紐什的計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室誕生的，在那里概念設(shè)計(jì)被轉(zhuǎn)化為基于人體工程學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研

21、究上的計(jì)算機(jī)模型。在阿威羅大學(xué)的機(jī)械工程系學(xué)院的車間里變成了原型車。設(shè)計(jì)研發(fā)的過程考慮了汽車的功能和美學(xué)特征，也綜合考慮到了材料的選擇和制造能力。夾層架構(gòu)制造被證實(shí)了是制造輕型復(fù)雜曲面結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)良材料。</p><p>　　作為教學(xué)的角度來看，該項(xiàng)目也體現(xiàn)了它的額外增值教學(xué)價(jià)值，因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)項(xiàng)目中給了學(xué)生一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)工程基礎(chǔ)的實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì)，它有時(shí)也不可能給予工程課程。為了在該項(xiàng)目達(dá)到這個(gè)目標(biāo)，綜合不同領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)是必要的，并且

22、這些知識(shí)已經(jīng)被學(xué)生很好地綜合了。在教育環(huán)境或?qū)W術(shù)環(huán)境下該項(xiàng)目的這些特點(diǎn)不但會(huì)受到支持而且還會(huì)得到促進(jìn)；如果這樣的話，在像工程師或設(shè)計(jì)者一樣一步步設(shè)計(jì)的過程中學(xué)生自然會(huì)受益匪淺。最后，伊卡洛斯獲得了設(shè)計(jì)一等獎(jiǎng)并且在1998年殼牌生態(tài)馬拉松比賽中獲得了國際通信獎(jiǎng)。</p><p><b>　　鳴謝</b></p><p>　　作者感謝全體學(xué)生，還有伊卡洛斯項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)者和老

23、師們。特別鳴謝校長和給予后勤和財(cái)政支持的贊助商們。</p><p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　Icarus: the design process of a conceptual vehicle</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Material is someth

24、ing that is known to common people. And design? For different people, design can mean different things. Common people do not realize how the design process of a certain object can be materialised from idear concept to th

25、e manufacturing of it. While some people associate design to the aesthetics of products, others, the word design means a project that integrates complementary different and related areas of knowledge. Design can be the p

26、rocess of converting an idea into informat</p><p>　　Following Charles and Crane, design is a complex process aiming at the specification of everything necessary to make something w4x. The process can be char

27、acterized by four attributes w5x: function; aesthetics; manufacturing process; and cost. Three of these four essential design features were considered in the design process of the conceptual vehicle, namely function, aes

28、thetics and manufacturing process. Due to the defined objectives to be achieved within the Icarus project, the cost parameter</p><p>　　parameter in the design process of the vehicle. Shell France has organis

29、ed over the past few years afuel economy competition called the Shell Eco-Marathon. The competition’s objectives are to test vehicles conceived to minimise the consumption of fuel in common thermal motors and stimulate t

30、he research and development of prototype vehicles. Within the competition a design prize is awarded w3x. This award is essentially based on the integration of the designs aesthetics within the manufacturing p</p>

31、<p>　　The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a conceptual vehicle, from conception to prototype manufacturing, which involved different designrengineering areas of knowledge. Fig. 1 shows the

32、different design tasks idealised for the development of the vehicle. Only those related to the conceptual design, materials selection and manufacturing of the chassisrbodywork _cockpit., which correspond to the grey zone

33、, are described.</p><p>　　2. The conceptual design</p><p>　　The Greek mythological story of Icarus and Daedalus is a universal well-known story. Within the story, the method used by Daedalus and

34、 son Icarus to escape from the labyrinth and therefore from King Minos is described. Idealised by father Daedalus, they built themselves wings by bonding feathers with wax, and attached them to their bodies and flew out

35、of the labyrinth over the sea. Icarus, by flying too close to the sun, melted the wax fastenings and fell into the waters below. Within the story,</p><p>　　Fig. 1. Identified design areas.</p><p&g

36、t;　　Fig. 2 Wireframe computer model of the prototype vehicle _Icarus..</p><p>　　As said elsewhere, the vehicle developed is a conceptual one, based on the wing concept, which is intimately related to the aer

37、odynamics principle of lift, which presupposes weight reduction and attrition to the soil when in movement. After previous studies and sketches drawn, the geometry of the vehicle was modelled using Studio V8.0 computer-a

38、ided design software _Alias Wavefront, Silicon Graphics.. Fig. 2 shows a wireframe model of the vehicle and pilot. A computer image rendering a perspecti</p><p>　　Two models at a scale of 1:10 were machined

39、from polyurethane _UreolW. material to analyse the vehicle’s Fig. 3. aesthetics and volumetric dimensions, which were then optimised based on the pilot’s ergonomic profile _Fig. 5.. A model at a scale of 1:5 model was al

40、so manufactured for the aerodynamics study. The ergonomic study was done considering the pilot’s inherent physical char- acteristics, mainly its height _1.65 m., and the non-ergonomic driving position. The optimal final

41、geometry was ach</p><p>　　Fig. 3. Image rendering of Icarus.</p><p>　　Fig. 4. Orthographic projections of the vehicle.</p><p>　　Fig. 5. Scaled 1:10 models of the vehicle and pilot’s

42、 driving position. </p><p>　　The models also allowed to correct the pilot’s leg position and feet, as well as to define the location of the feet and hand commands.</p><p>　　To improve the drivin

43、g comfort,，a customised ergonomic seat was manufactured. For this purpose, the surface geometry of the seat was obtained in situ by placing the pilot inside the cockpit of the vehicle in the driving posture. The seat was

44、 hand modelled with liquid polyurethane that was then coated with an epoxy and covered with a flexible foam and tissue</p><p>　　3. Prototype vehicle manufacturing</p><p>　　Materials play an impo

45、rtant key role in the materialization of an idea or concept, and are important in the design process. Nowadays, the choice of materials is almost unlimited, which is simultaneously bad and good news to designers. It is g

46、ood news because one can find the suitable, even optimal, compromise of design parameters for a specific product; it is bad news because the less effort to choose materials for a certain application has vanished. The sel

47、ection of materials is an important as</p><p>　　The organic shape of the vehicle limited our choices to a few conventional and advanced composite materials. In fact, the materials were an important choice pa

48、rameter to correctly achieve the desired shape. The design process, as shown in Fig. 1, consisted on the concept definition, three-dimensional CAD modelling,</p><p>　　ergonomic study, manufacturing of scale

49、models, design and manufacturing of the chassis, bodywork cockpit., transmission driven train, braking system and steering system, engine modifications and adaptations, aerodynamics testing, electronics and telemetry imp

50、lementation.The chassis, an important structural element of the vehicle, could be manufactured either using composite materials or by a conventional welded tubular structure system. However, due to the geometry shape of

51、the vehicle, composi</p><p>　　The chassis and the cockpit structure were manufactured as an integrated structure using advanced composite materials moulded with CADrCAM technology. Differentiated structural

52、parts of vehicle were considered based on its structural importance, and therefore different moulds of these considered parts of the vehicle were manufactured. The strategy consisted on the fabrication of mould-modular p

53、arts machined from low-density 100 kgrm3. polyurethane foam material. The parts of the vehicle consider</p><p>　　The chassis-cockpit was manufactured as an integral component using an advanced sandwich compo

54、site material to improved structural integrity. A sandwich structure consisting of a foam core material combined with high strength skins was the solution encountered to manufacture the bodywork of the vehicle. The sandw

55、ich structure was built with load bearing composite skins bonded to a core of very lightweight foam. Two different sandwich structures were manufactured for the cockpit and for the chass</p><p>　　4. Conclusi

56、ons</p><p>　　Icarus was born in the computer laboratory of th School of Arts and Design of Matosinhos, where the conceptual design was transformed into computer models</p><p>　　based on performe

57、d ergonomic studies. At the workshop of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Aveiro the virtual model was transformed into a prototype vehicle. The design process was developed considering the fu

58、nction and aesthetics of the vehicle, as well as the integration of selected materials with manufacturing capabilities. The sandwich structures manufactured showed to be an excellent material to manufacture resistant lig

59、htweight complex surface structures.</p><p>　　As a pedagogic point of view, the project presented an extra-added teaching value because it allowed the students involved in the project a more practical learni

60、ng engineering basis, which sometimes is not possible to be given within the curricula of the engineering courses. To successfully materialise the objectives of the project, it was necessary to integrate different design

61、 areas of knowledge, which was well interpreted by the students. Projects with these characteristics must be supported </p><p>　　Acknowledgements</p><p>　　The author would like to thank all stud