計算機(jī)外文翻譯---j2me和java領(lǐng)域

1、<p>　　南 京 理 工 大 學(xué) 紫 金 學(xué) 院</p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系： 計算機(jī)系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù) </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號： </p><p>　　外文出處：JAVA 2 Micro Edition and the World </p><p>　　of JAVA[EB/OL].[2012-02-28].http://</p><p

3、>　　wenku.baidu.com/view/7e71db9c51</p><p>　　e79b8968022609.html </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。</p><p>　　注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p

4、><p>　　J2ME和JAVA領(lǐng)域</p><p><b>　　1.介紹</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)70年代以來隨著計算機(jī)革命的開始，對計算機(jī)先進(jìn)軟件的需求大大增加，從而可以充分利用功能日益增強(qiáng)的精密的計算機(jī)的處理數(shù)據(jù)的能力。C編程語言逐漸成為支柱，使程序員開發(fā)軟件像計算機(jī)運(yùn)行一樣流暢。</p><p>　　80

5、年代以來，程序員又目睹了編程語言領(lǐng)域的又一次變革的高潮。C語言的編程能力已經(jīng)不能滿足計算機(jī)的技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要。這問題并不是新問題。它造成了一代又一代的編程語言的新老更替。問題是，它使得程序設(shè)計過于復(fù)雜，從而使計算機(jī)軟件的設(shè)計，編寫和開發(fā)落后于硬件的發(fā)展。就是這個時候，兩種基于設(shè)計概念的編程語言Simula 67和Smalltalk（從上世紀(jì)60年代末）帶來了接近編程語言未來前景的循序漸進(jìn)的步驟。這期間，當(dāng)面向?qū)ο缶幊蹋∣OP），與它一種新

6、的編程語言，所謂的C++在程序員中掀起了一場風(fēng)暴。</p><p>　　1979年，Bjarne Stroustrup的在新澤西州的貝爾實驗室增強(qiáng)了C 語言，使其具有面向?qū)ο蟮奶攸c即所謂的C++ 語言 (++是C編程語言增強(qiáng)的承載符號)。C++是一個真正的提高的C編程語言，它開始是一種前置語言，該計劃最初是一種編譯工具。Stroustrup建立類的概念（借用了Simula 67和Smalltalk中的概念），由類

7、則可以創(chuàng)建實例對象。一個類包含數(shù)據(jù)成員和定義對象數(shù)據(jù)和功能的成員函數(shù)。他還介紹了繼承的概念，使一類繼承其他一個或多個類的部分或全部數(shù)據(jù)成員或成員函數(shù)，職能由一個或多個其他類別-所有這些概念就是面向?qū)ο蟮木幊獭?lt;/p><p>　　1988年由ANSI官員將C++標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。</p><p><b>　　2.走進(jìn)JAVA</b></p><p>　　

8、正當(dāng)C++作為企業(yè)開發(fā)所選擇的語言時，由于最新的突破性技術(shù)-萬維網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)，別一種編程語言正在萌芽，并逐漸成熟。幾十年來互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對普通人來說還是個秘密，直到前美國國家科學(xué)基金會（監(jiān)督互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的機(jī)構(gòu)）拆除了防止互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)化的壁壘。1991年當(dāng)它向商貿(mào)開放時，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)幾乎是政府機(jī)構(gòu)和學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的專利。一旦商業(yè)化的障礙被取消，萬維網(wǎng)提供的幾個服務(wù)，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上成為虛擬社區(qū)中心，游客可以得到幾乎任何的免費(fèi)的資訊并瀏覽數(shù)以千計的虛擬商店。 </p>

9、;<p>　　瀏覽器加強(qiáng)了萬維網(wǎng)。瀏覽器轉(zhuǎn)換將用HTML編寫的ASCII文本文件轉(zhuǎn)化成為一個互動的顯示功能，并可以任何計算機(jī)上編譯運(yùn)行。只要瀏覽器是和HTML和HTTP兼容的正確版本，在任何電腦上運(yùn)行的瀏覽器可以使用相同的HTML文件，而不是指定為某一特定類型的計算機(jī)，而在以前是聞所未聞的。而C或C++是依賴于機(jī)器的，并且不能運(yùn)行于不同機(jī)器上，除非是重新編譯。</p><p>　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的成功使人們

10、將重點放在發(fā)展獨(dú)立于機(jī)器的編程語言上。和同年在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上被商品化，科技工作者詹姆斯戈斯林，帕特里克諾頓，和麥克謝里登花了18個月發(fā)展規(guī)劃，并在1995年向公眾發(fā)布，他們所謂的OAK，后來改名為JAVA。JAVA 在1991年和1995年期間經(jīng)歷了無數(shù)次的變革。那個時候，在SUN公司的許多其他科技人員對該語言的發(fā)展做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。喬恩，阿瑟范霍夫，喬納森佩恩，耶林，添佩爾都分享了成功的喜悅。 </p><p>　　雖

11、然JAVA是和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)密切相關(guān)，但開始是為了開發(fā)一種可以嵌入到電子器件中去的軟件的編程語言，而無論所用裝置的CPU類型。這也是眾所周知的所謂嵌入式 JAVA平臺。</p><p>　　JAVA團(tuán)隊從SUN成功地建立了一種可移植性的編程語言，電腦程序員進(jìn)行了首次編程，一些已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)。他們的成功遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了他們的夢想。同樣可以使JAVA程序進(jìn)行在各種可移植的電子裝置上，也可以使JAVA程序在安裝了microsoft win

12、dows，UNIX和macintosh的計算機(jī)上運(yùn)行。這個時機(jī)很完美。因特網(wǎng)/內(nèi)部網(wǎng)已使美國企業(yè)為符合公司成本效益，而開發(fā)應(yīng)用于公司的可移植程序的興趣。JAVA已被證明可以作為一種成功開發(fā)與機(jī)器無關(guān)的應(yīng)用程序的編程語言。 </p><p><b>　　3.JAVA虛擬機(jī)</b></p><p>　　寫JAVA程序和寫C++程序是相似的，這程序員可以編寫：包含指示的源代

13、碼，成為一個編輯器，或在一個綜合發(fā)展環(huán)境中對源代碼進(jìn)行編譯。不過，這也就是JAVA和C++一部分的方式。該編譯和鏈接的過程中一個C++程序的結(jié)果可以運(yùn)行在一個適當(dāng)?shù)目蓤?zhí)行的機(jī)器上。與此相反，JAVA編譯器則將JAVA源代碼轉(zhuǎn)換成字節(jié)，即由JAVA虛擬機(jī)（JVM）執(zhí)行。</p><p>　　機(jī)器的具體指示，則不會包括在字節(jié)中。相反，他們已經(jīng)包括在JVM的，這是屬于具體機(jī)器的。這意味著該字節(jié)可能包含的C++程序要翻譯

14、的指令要少。</p><p>　　4.未來的世界：J2ME</p><p>　　JAVA是在消費(fèi)和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品中作為一種編程語言創(chuàng)建程序嵌入式系統(tǒng)微機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)的開始，如那些用來控制汽車和家用電器的微機(jī)。在20世紀(jì)90年代初，開發(fā)團(tuán)隊在SUN的工作利用JAVA以解決幼稚的嵌入式電腦市場的編程的需要，但這種努力是更側(cè)重于來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的吸引力的機(jī)會。</p><p>　　在世紀(jì)交替

15、之年由于這些機(jī)會已得到解決，一種新的便攜式通信帶來了其他設(shè)備的機(jī)會。從語音通信設(shè)備的語音到文本通信設(shè)備。而便攜式電子電話簿演變成個人數(shù)碼助理。在這時候，芯片制造商所推出的新產(chǎn)品，其目的是為了從桌上型電腦轉(zhuǎn)移計算能力到移動的小型電腦控制的燃?xì)馑茫娎|電視盒，和其他組合的其他電器。</p><p>　　為下一步的演變的JAVA的時機(jī)是合理的。不過，不是JAVA 與額外的空氣污染指數(shù)加強(qiáng)，在SUN公司的該小組，即JA

16、VA 組織化計劃，拆除均采用JAVA編程語言和JAVA虛擬機(jī)。他們從嵌入式系統(tǒng)和微機(jī)設(shè)備剝離下來的JAVA的API和JVM到最低限度編碼須提供情報。由于這些設(shè)備資源方面的限制強(qiáng)加的硬件設(shè)計，這是必要的。他們的努力結(jié)果是J2ME的。J2ME是減少了JAVA API和JAVA虛擬機(jī)是設(shè)計用來運(yùn)作稀疏可用的資源在新的品種的嵌入式計算機(jī)和微機(jī)的版本。</p><p><b>　　5.組織J2ME</b&g

17、t;</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)計算設(shè)備需要使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相當(dāng)?shù)挠布渲茫顼@示器，鍵盤，鼠標(biāo)和大量的記憶和永久儲存。不過，其中新一代的計算設(shè)備缺乏的硬件配置的連續(xù)性。有些設(shè)備不具有顯示屏，永久儲存，鍵盤，或鼠標(biāo)。其中小的計算設(shè)備的記憶提供情況是不一致的。缺乏統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的硬件配置之間的小型計算設(shè)備的構(gòu)成是一項艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)JAVA 組織化的計劃則是為JVM和J2ME的小型計算設(shè)備制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p&g

18、t;　　許多不同種的小的J2ME的計算設(shè)備，包括可視電話，數(shù)字機(jī)頂盒用于有線電視，手機(jī)和個人數(shù)字助理，所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是JAVA 組織化的計劃是建立一個可以對小的無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的計算設(shè)備實施的JAVA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　6.J2ME和無線設(shè)備</p><p>　　隨著手機(jī)等無線設(shè)備的大量出現(xiàn)和功能的逐漸完善，對運(yùn)行在這樣的設(shè)備上的軟件的要求量也越來越大。消費(fèi)者和企業(yè)都要擴(kuò)大移動通信設(shè)備的功能，

19、使其從傳統(tǒng)的語音通信過渡到類似于筆記本電腦和個人電腦的功能，使他們可以傳送和接收電子郵件，存儲和檢索的個人資料，執(zhí)行精密的計算和玩游戲。</p><p>　　開發(fā)商，移動通信設(shè)備制造商，和移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)供應(yīng)商現(xiàn)正急欲填補(bǔ)這方面的需求，但有是一個嚴(yán)重的障礙：移動通信設(shè)備利用許多不同的應(yīng)用平臺和經(jīng)營調(diào)整代碼，為一設(shè)備開發(fā)的代碼將無法運(yùn)行在另一個設(shè)備上。移動通信設(shè)備缺乏一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的應(yīng)用平臺及作業(yè)系統(tǒng)，這使得應(yīng)用開發(fā)移動通信設(shè)備

20、，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有些冒險。 </p><p>　　缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就是沒有新的計算或任何技術(shù)開發(fā)。在傳統(tǒng)意義上，硬件設(shè)備制造商的嘗試產(chǎn)品遍及市場，并執(zhí)行他們的自己的專有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為事實上的業(yè)界的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。許多暴發(fā)戶成功的情況和微軟一樣。其他時候，業(yè)界領(lǐng)袖則組成一個財團(tuán)，例如JAVA 組織化計劃，集體制定一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 </p><p>　　無線應(yīng)用協(xié)議（WAP）行動網(wǎng)際網(wǎng)路論壇成為初步創(chuàng)建無線技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集

21、團(tuán)。WAP 論壇創(chuàng)造了移動通信設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，被稱為thewap標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。thewap標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個提高的HTML，XML的，和TCP/IP 的一個組成部分，這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是無線標(biāo)記語言規(guī)范而組成的，融合了HTML和XML。wmlscript 是一種剝奪式版本的JAVAscript。</p><p>　　7.J2ME 應(yīng)用程序</p><p>　　J2ME的應(yīng)用程序稱為MIDLET幾乎可以運(yùn)行在任何實現(xiàn)了JV

22、M和MIDP移動通信設(shè)備上。這鼓勵開發(fā)商投資時間和金錢在建設(shè)移動通信設(shè)備上，而不需要擔(dān)心該應(yīng)用是設(shè)備依賴的風(fēng)險。不過，J2ME是不會被視為更換為WAP的規(guī)格，因為兩者都是互補(bǔ)的技術(shù)。開發(fā)商的申請是根據(jù)客戶要求的基礎(chǔ)繼續(xù)使用wml和wmlscript。開發(fā)商轉(zhuǎn)向J2ME的較重的客戶，需要對移動通信設(shè)備進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的處理。</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　JAV

23、A 2 Micro Edition and The World of JAVA</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　The computer revolution of the 1970s increased the demand for sophisticated computer soft</p><p>　　ware to t

24、ake advantage of the ever-increasing capacity of computers to process data.</p><p>　　The C programming language became the linchpin that enabled programmers tobuildsoftware that was just as robust as the com

25、puter it ran on.</p><p>　　As the 1980s approached, programmers were witnessing another spurt in the evolutionof programming language. Computer technology advanced beyond the capabilities of the C programming

26、 language. The problem wasn’t new. It occurred previously and caused the demise of generations of programming languages. The problem was thatprograms were becoming too complicated to design, write, and manage to keep up

27、with the capabilities of computers. It was around this time that a design concept based on Simula 6</p><p>　　In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey enhanced the Cprogramming language t

28、o include object-oriented features. He called the language C++. (The ++ is the incremental operator in the C programming language.) C++ is truly an enhancement of the C programming language, and it began as a preprocesso

29、r language that was translated into C syntax before the program was processed by the compiler.Stroustrup built on the concept of a class (taken from Simula 67 and Smalltalk), from wh</p><p>　　2 Enter JAVA<

30、;/p><p>　　Just as C++ was becoming the language of choice for building industrial-strength applications, another growth spurt in the evolution of programming language was budding, fertilized by the latest disru

31、ptive technology—the World Wide Web.The Internethad been a well-kept secret for decades before the National Science Foundation (who oversaw the Internet) removed barriers that prevented commercialization. Until 1991 when

32、 it was opened to commerce, the Internet was the almostexclusive domain ofgovern</p><p>　　Browsers power the World Wide Web.A browser translates ASCII text files written in HTML into an interactive display t

33、hat can be interpreted on any machine. As long as the browser is compatible with the correct version of HTML and HTTP impl</p><p>　　ementation, any computer running the browser can use the same HTML document

34、 without having to modify it for a particular type of computer, whichwas something unheard of at the time. Programs written in C or C++ are machine dependent and cannot run on a different machine unless the program is re

35、compiled.</p><p>　　The success of the Internet gave renewed focus to developing a machine-independent programming language. And the same year the Internet was commercialized, five technologists at SUN Micros

36、ystems set out to do just that. James Gosling,Patrick Naughton, ChrisWarth, Ed Frank, and Mike Sheridan spent 18 months developingthe programming language they called Oak, which was renamed JAVA when this new language ma

37、de its debut in 1995. JAVA went through numerous iterations between 1991 and 1995, during wh</p><p>　　Although JAVA is closely associated with the Internet, it was developed as a language for programming sof

38、tware that could be embedded into electronic devicesregardless of the type of CPU used by the device. This is known as the EmbeddedJAVA platform and is in continuous use today for closed systems.</p><p>　　Th

39、e JAVA team from SUN succeeded in creating a portable programming language,something that had eluded programmers since computers were first programmed. Their success, however, was far beyond their wildest dreams. The sam

40、e concept used to make JAVA programs portable to electronic devices also could be used to makeJAVA programs run on computers running Microsoft Windows, UNIX, andMacintosh.Timing was perfect. The Internet/intranet had whe

41、tted corporate America’s appetite for cost-effective, port</p><p>　　3 JAVA Virtual MachineWriting</p><p>　　JAVA programs is similar to writing C++ programsin that the programmer writes source co

42、de that contains instructions into an editor,or in an integrated developmentenvironment, and then the source code is compiled.However, that’s where JAVA andC++part ways. The compiling and linking processof a C++ program

43、results in an executablethat can be run on an appropriatemachine.In contrast, the JAVA compiler converts JAVAsource code into bytecode that is executed by the JAVA Virtual Machine (JVM).</p><p>　　Machine-spe

44、cific instructions are not included in bytecode. Instead, they alreadyreside in the JVM, which is machine specific. This means that the bytecode might contain fewer instructions that need to be translated than a comparab

45、le C++program.</p><p>　　Although the JAVA compiler generates bytecode that must be interpreted by theJVMat run time, the number of instructions that need translation are usually minimal andhave already been

46、optimized by the JAVA compiler.4 Back to the Future: J2ME Remember that JAVA began as a programming language to create programs for embedded systems—microcomputers found in consumer and industrial products such as</p&

47、gt;<p>　　those used to control automobiles and appliances. The development team at SUNworked on JAVA in the early 1990s to address the programming needs of the fledgling embedded computer market, but that effort w

48、as sidetracked by more compelling opportunities presented by the Internet.</p><p>　　As those opportunities were addressed, a new breed of portable communicationsdevices opened other opportunities at the turn

49、 of the century. Cell phones expanded</p><p><b>　　4 J2ME</b></p><p>　　The CompleteReference from voice communications devices to voice and text communications devices. Pocket electro

50、nic telephone directories evolvedinto personal digital assistants. Chipmakers were releasing new products at this time that weredesigned to transfer computing power from a desktop computer intomobile small computers that

51、 controlled gas pumps, cable television boxes, and an assortment of other appliances.</p><p>　　The time was right for the next evolution of JAVA. However, instead of beefing up JAVA with additional APIs, the

52、 team at SUN, along with the JAVA community process Program, dismantled both the JAVA programming language and the JAVAVirtual Machine. Theystripped down JAVA APIs and the JVM to the minimum coding required to provideint

53、elligence to embedded systems and microcomputer devices. This was necessary because of resource constraints imposed upon the hardwaredesign of these devices. Theresult </p><p>　　5 How J2ME Is Organized</p

54、><p>　　Traditional computing devices use fairly standard hardware configurations such as a display, keyboard,mouse, and large amounts of memory and permanent storage.However, the new breed of computing devices

55、lacks hardware configuration continuity among devices. Some devices don’t have a display, permanent storage, keyboard,or mouse. And memory availability is inconsistent among small computing devices. The lack of uniform h

56、ardware configuration among the small computing devices poses a formidable ch</p><p>　　J2ME must service many different kinds of small computing devices, includingscreenphones, digital set-top boxes used for

57、 cable television, cell phones, and personal digital assistants. The challenge for the JAVA community process Program is to develop a JAVA standard that can be implemented on small computing devices that have nonstandard

58、 hardware configurations. The JAVA community process Program has used a twofold approach to addressing the needs of small computing devices. First, they defined</p><p>　　6 J2ME and Wireless Devices</p>

59、<p>　　With the dramatic increase and sophistication of mobile communications devicessuchas cell phones came demand for applications that can run on those devices. Consumers and corporations want to expand mobile c

60、ommunications devices from voice communications to applications traditionally found on laptops and PCs. They want tosend and receive email, store and retrieve personal information, perform sophisticated calculations, and

61、 play games.</p><p>　　Developers, mobile communications device manufacturers, and mobile network p roviders are anxious to fill this need, but there is a serious hurdle: mobile communications devices utilize

62、 a number of different application platforms and operating systems.Without tweaking the code, an application written for one device cannot runon another device.</p><p>　　Mobile communications devices lack a

63、standard application platform and operating system, which has made developing applications for mobile communications devices a risky economic venture for developers.The lack of standards is nothing new to computing or to

64、 any developing technology.</p><p>　　Traditionally, manufacturers of hardware devices try to corner the market and enforce their own proprietary standard as the de facto standard for the industry. Usually on

65、e upstart succeeds, as in the case of Microsoft. Other times, industry leadersform aconsortium, such as the JAVA community process Program, to collectively develop a standard.</p><p>　　The Wireless Applicati

66、on Protocol (WAP) forum became the initial industry group that set out to create standards for wireless technology. Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unvired Planet formed theWAP forum in 1997, and it has since grown to inc

67、lude nearly all mobile device manufacturers, mobile network providers, and developers.The WAP forum created mobile communications device standards referred to astheWAP standard.</p><p>　　The WAP standard is

68、an enhancement of HTML, XML, and TCP/IP. One element of this standard is the Wireless Markup Language specification, which consists of ablend of HTML and XML and is used by developers to create documents thatcan be displ

69、ayed by a microbrowser. A microbrowser is a diminutive webbrowser that operates on a mobile communications device.The WAP standard also includes specifications for aWireless Telephony ApplicationInterface (WTAI) specific

70、ation and the WMLScript specification. W</p><p>　　7 J2ME applications</p><p>　　J2ME applications referred to as a MIDlet can run on practically any mobile communications device that implements a

71、 JVM and MIDP. This encourages developers toinvest time and money in building applications for mobile communications devices without the risk that the application is device dependent. However, J2ME isn’tseen as a replace