淺談建筑環(huán)境與暖通空調(diào)能

1、<p><b>　　附錄一：外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　淺談建筑環(huán)境與暖通空調(diào)能</p><p>　　摘要：研究建筑環(huán)境，了解暖通空調(diào)負(fù)荷產(chǎn)生的原因及影響因素，可以更加合理地提出解決問題的方法。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：建筑環(huán)境 暖通空調(diào) 能耗</p><p>　　能源為經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了動(dòng)力，但是

2、由于各種原因，能源的發(fā)展往往滯后于經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。近幾年，中國的國民生產(chǎn)總值的增長率維持在約10％，但是能源的增長率只有3％～4％。這樣的形勢(shì)要求我們必須節(jié)能。建筑能源消耗在社會(huì)總能耗中的比例較大，發(fā)達(dá)國家的建筑用能一般占到全國總能耗的30％～40％；中國采暖區(qū)的城鎮(zhèn)人口雖然只占全國人口的13.6％，但是采暖用能卻占全國總能耗的9.6％。建筑節(jié)能是建筑發(fā)展的基本趨勢(shì)，也是當(dāng)代建筑科學(xué)技術(shù)的一個(gè)新的生長點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)代建筑的必要組成部分暖通空調(diào)領(lǐng)域也

3、已經(jīng)收到這種趨勢(shì)的影響，暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中的節(jié)能正在引起暖通空調(diào)工作者的注意，并且針對(duì)不同的國家、地區(qū)的能源特點(diǎn)和不同建筑的采暖、通風(fēng)、空調(diào)要求發(fā)展者相關(guān)的節(jié)能技術(shù)。研究建筑環(huán)境，了解暖通空調(diào)負(fù)荷產(chǎn)生的原因及影響因素，可以更加合理地提出解決問題的方法。 </p><p><b>　　暖通空調(diào)能耗的組成</b></p><p>　　為了創(chuàng)造舒適的室內(nèi)空調(diào)環(huán)境，必須消耗大量的

4、能源。暖通空調(diào)能耗是建筑能耗中的大戶，居統(tǒng)計(jì)在發(fā)達(dá)國家中暖通空調(diào)能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占總能耗的356％計(jì)算，暖通空調(diào)能耗占總能耗的比例竟高達(dá)22.75％，由此可見建筑節(jié)能工作的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是暖通空調(diào)的節(jié)能。從暖通空調(diào)的能耗組成可以看出：暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的能耗主要決定于空調(diào)冷、熱負(fù)荷的確定和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的合理配置，空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的布置和空調(diào)設(shè)備的選擇是以空調(diào)負(fù)荷為依據(jù)的。所以暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能的關(guān)鍵是空調(diào)外界負(fù)荷和內(nèi)部負(fù)荷的確定，而暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能工作

5、也應(yīng)該從這個(gè)方面著手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正確選擇外墻、門、窗、屋頂?shù)男螤罴安牧系?，盡量減少空調(diào)負(fù)荷。</p><p><b>　　室內(nèi)環(huán)境的影響</b></p><p>　　暖通空調(diào)的目標(biāo)是為人們提供舒適的生活和生產(chǎn)室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境，主要包括：室內(nèi)空氣溫度、空氣濕度、氣流速度以及人體與周圍環(huán)境（包括四壁、地面、頂棚等）之間的輻射換熱（簡稱環(huán)境熱輻射）等。在一般的舒適性空

6、調(diào)中，以能夠使人體保持平衡而滿足人們的舒適感覺為目的；在恒溫恒濕或有潔凈要求的工藝性空調(diào)中，一切以滿足生產(chǎn)工藝為目標(biāo)。而房屋的建筑熱工設(shè)計(jì)是恰當(dāng)?shù)乩梅课菥S護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的熱導(dǎo)性，抵抗室外氣候的變化，使房間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生舒適的微氣候。</p><p>　　圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)暖通空調(diào)負(fù)荷的影響</p><p>　　圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)包括外圍結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)。外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括屋面、外墻和窗戶（包括陽臺(tái)門等）；內(nèi)圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括

7、地面、頂棚、內(nèi)隔墻等。在采暖建筑中，圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱熱損失占總的熱損失的比例是較大的，以4個(gè)單元6層的磚墻、混凝土樓板的典型多層建筑為例，在北京地區(qū)，通過圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱熱損失約占全部熱損失的77％（其中外墻25％，窗戶24％，樓梯間隔墻11％，屋面9％，陽臺(tái)門下部3％，地面2％）；通過門窗縫隙的空氣滲透熱損失約占23％；在哈爾濱地區(qū)，通過圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱熱損失約占全部熱損失的71％（其中外墻28％，窗戶28％，屋面9％，陽臺(tái)門下部1％，外門

8、1％，地面4％）；通過門窗縫隙的空氣滲透熱損失約占29％。由此可見改善圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的熱工性能對(duì)于暖通空調(diào)</p><p><b>　　節(jié)能具有重要意義。</b></p><p>　　建筑規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能的影響</p><p>　　規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)的重要方面，規(guī)劃節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)從建設(shè)選址、分區(qū)、建筑和道路布局走向、建筑方位朝向、建筑體型、建筑

9、間距、冬季季風(fēng)主導(dǎo)方向、太陽輻射、建筑外部空間環(huán)境構(gòu)成等方面進(jìn)行研究。</p><p>　　以優(yōu)化建筑的微氣候環(huán)境；有利于節(jié)能，充分重視和利用太陽能、冬季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向、地形和地貌，利用自然因素。節(jié)能規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)就是分析成氣候的決定因素、輻射因素、大氣環(huán)流因素和地理因素的有利、不利影響，通過建筑的規(guī)劃布局對(duì)上述因素進(jìn)行充分利用、改造，形成良好的居住條件和有利于節(jié)能的微氣候環(huán)境。建筑旁邊的綠化不但有防風(fēng)、隔聲、防塵和美化環(huán)境

10、的作用，而且對(duì)于建筑節(jié)能也有重要作用。</p><p>　　因?yàn)槭紫葮淠究梢詮母课账郑^葉面蒸發(fā)，從而降低空氣溫度，其次樹木有很好的遮陽作用，從而使建筑物直接受到的太陽輻射及從地面得到的輻射熱減少，二是樹木有引導(dǎo)風(fēng)及擋風(fēng)的作用。此外，地面不但會(huì)反射太陽輻射，而且其本身輻射升高后又會(huì)成為新的熱輻射源。所以盡量種草、植樹，避免地面土壤裸露，并減少不必要的大面積混凝土地坪對(duì)于減少空調(diào)負(fù)荷，達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的是非常重

11、要的手段。而且清潔的室外環(huán)境對(duì)于潔凈空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的有效運(yùn)行和空調(diào)箱過濾器的壽命也是有利的。</p><p>　　總之，建筑環(huán)境是影響暖通空調(diào)能耗的重要因素，從建筑環(huán)境著手考慮是解決暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能問題的關(guān)鍵，也是一種積極的節(jié)能工作作者認(rèn)為應(yīng)著重以下方面的工作：</p><p>　?。?）制定相應(yīng)的政策法規(guī)。制定政策法規(guī)對(duì)建筑節(jié)能工作具有指導(dǎo)意義，而且以法規(guī)的形式出現(xiàn)，一則表示政府重視和鼓勵(lì)，二則可

12、以為節(jié)能工作的開展提供法律依據(jù)。近年來國務(wù)院和有關(guān)部委也頒布了相關(guān)的建筑節(jié)能法規(guī)；此外各地方政府也根據(jù)氣候條件和能源特點(diǎn)，制定了各自的建筑節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)定；但是總的來說法規(guī)和政策還有待進(jìn)一步的完善。</p><p>　　（2）推動(dòng)科技的進(jìn)步。暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能工作的順利開展離不開技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。國家在制定節(jié)能政策時(shí)，即指明了發(fā)展方向，同時(shí)也鼓勵(lì)了技術(shù)進(jìn)步。只有依靠科技的發(fā)展，不斷優(yōu)化能源結(jié)構(gòu)和用能方式，才能夠真正做到節(jié)能，創(chuàng)

13、造巨大的社會(huì)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。</p><p>　　（3）加強(qiáng)專業(yè)間的協(xié)調(diào)。建筑是各工種配合的產(chǎn)物，建筑專業(yè)在考慮建筑環(huán)境時(shí)，不但要從建筑功能、建筑美學(xué)等方面考慮，還要與設(shè)備工種進(jìn)行配合，充分重視建筑環(huán)境、建筑材料等對(duì)暖通空調(diào)乃至建筑能耗的影響，各工種協(xié)調(diào)工作，共同完成節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)?？傊畯慕ㄖ?nèi)外環(huán)境著手，不斷優(yōu)化建筑熱功能，充分利用有利的建筑環(huán)境，必然會(huì)創(chuàng)造出適宜的室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境，同時(shí)也必將有利于暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能的發(fā)展。&l

14、t;/p><p><b>　　附錄二：外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm</p><p>　　Summary:The research constructs environment

15、, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.</p><p>　　Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an a

16、ir condition can consume</p><p>　　Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm</p><p>　　The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but

17、because </p><p>　　of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of Chin

18、a are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability

19、 consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole count</p><p>　　Warm the air condition can consume of constitute</p><p>　　For creating comfortabl

20、e indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishin

21、g nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the compa

22、rison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, b</p><p>　　The influence of the indoor environmentWarm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。Take ca

23、n make the human body hold the balance but satisfy people's comfortable felling as a purpose in the general comfortable sex air condition;In the constant temperature wetly or have the craft air condition of[with] cle

24、an request, everything takes satisfying to produce a craft as a target.But the building of the house the hot work design is </p><p>　　Round to protect a warm of structure the influence of[with] air condition

25、 burden</p><p>　　Round to protect structure to include the outer circle structure with inside round to protect structure.The outer circle protects structure to mainly include the house noodles,outside wall a

26、nd window;(include the veranda door etc.)Inside round to protect structure to mainly includein ground,crest,inside separate wall etc..In adopt the warm building, the comparison that rounds to protect structure to transmi

27、t heat hot loss to share total heat to lose is bigger, with 4 units 6 the brick wall,the c</p><p>　　The economy energy has important meaning.</p><p>　　Influence constructed the programming desig

28、n an air condition economy energy to the warm.</p><p>　　Program a design construct the important aspect of[with] the economy energy design, programing economy energy a design should choose an address from th

29、e construction,cent area,the building and road set up an alignment,building directions toward,building type of figure,building be apart from,winter monsoon predominance direction,the sun radiation,building the exterior s

30、pace environment constitute etc. carry on a research.</p><p>　　With excellent turn the tiny weather environment of the building;Be advantageous to economy energy, full value and make use of the solar energy,

31、winter predominance direction of wind,geography and geography, make use of natural factor.The design of economize on energy the programming is the beneficial and disadvantageous influence of decision factor,the radiation

32、 factor,the atmospheric-circulation factor and the geography factor that analyzes to make good, passing a building of the programming la</p><p>　　building of green turn to have already defended breeze and se

33、parate a voice,dust palliative and beautify environment not only of function, and for building the economy energy also has an important function.</p><p>　　Because the tree can absorb humidity from the root f

34、irst, leading leaf's noodles to evaporate together, lowering the air temperature thus, secondly the tree is good hide the sun function, make thus the building be subjected to directly of the sun radiation and get fro

35、m the ground of the radiation heat reduce, two is the function that the tree has leading breeze and blocks breeze.In addition, the ground will reflect the sun radiation not only, and its radiation become again after go u

36、p new of hot</p><p>　　In fine, the building environment is influence a warm, the air condition can consume of important factor, from construct environment to begin consideration is the key that resolves a wa

37、rm an air condition economy energy a problem, is also a kind of aggressive economy energy work the author think and should emphasize a following work:</p><p>　　(1)the establishment correspond of policy laws.

38、Draw up the policy laws to economize on energy a work to have meaning of instruction to the building, and is appear with the form of the laws, on then meaning a government a value and encouraging, two can work for the ec

39、onomy energy of open an exhibition to provide law a basis.In recent years State Department with relevant department the also building economy energy laws;In addition each local government also according to the weather co

40、ndition and t</p><p>　　(2)the push technological advance.Warm the air condition economy energy work opens an exhibition to can not get away from a technical progress smoothly.Nation while draw up the economy

41、 energy policy, then indicated a development a direction, also encouraged a technique a progress.Only depend on the development of science and technology, continuously excellent turn the energy structure with use an abil

42、ity a method, then can be real to attain economy energy, create the huge social performance and </p><p>　　(3)strengthen the coordination of the professional.The building is the outcome that each work grows a

43、 match, the building profession wants not only to consider from the aspects, such as the building function and the building esthetics...etc. while consider the building environment, also wanting to carry on a match with