機(jī)械類-機(jī)械設(shè)計-外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p><b>　　機(jī)械設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　摘要： 機(jī)器是由機(jī)械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來轉(zhuǎn)換或傳遞能量的裝置，例如：發(fā)動機(jī)、渦輪機(jī)、車輛、起重機(jī)、印刷機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、照相機(jī)和攝影機(jī)等。許多原則和設(shè)計方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計，也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計。術(shù)語中的“機(jī)械裝置

2、設(shè)計” 的含義要比“機(jī)械設(shè)計”的含義更為廣泛一些，機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計包括機(jī)械設(shè)計。在分析運(yùn)動及設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)時，要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計中。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域中，以及其它工程領(lǐng)域中，所有這些都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備，比如：開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機(jī)等。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： 設(shè)計流程 設(shè)計規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計</p><p><b>　　設(shè)計流程</b><

3、/p><p>　　設(shè)計開始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性，現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機(jī)器必需具有以前機(jī)器所能執(zhí)行的功能。</p><p>　　在設(shè)計的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會在設(shè)計的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設(shè)計方案，然后加以比較。很

4、有可能在這個計劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。</p><p>　　一般的當(dāng)外型特點(diǎn)和組件部分的尺寸特點(diǎn)分析得透徹時，就可以全面的設(shè)計和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競爭力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。每一個至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。</p><p>　　也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法

5、。通過力學(xué)原理來分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如那些靜態(tài)反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像動力慣性、加速動力和能量；包括彈性材料的強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力和剛度等材料的物理特性，以及流體潤滑和驅(qū)動器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計的過程是重復(fù)和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行，對設(shè)計者來說每個階段都很重要。</p><p>　　最后，以圖樣為設(shè)計的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并建立將來的模型。如果它的測試是符合事先要求的，則再將對初步設(shè)計進(jìn)行某些修改，使它能夠在制造

6、成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個工程學(xué)問題的內(nèi)容是獨(dú)特的，但是設(shè)計師可以按照類似的步驟來解決問題。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計人員和公司在選擇材料時，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮材料的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一

7、步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長期不更新；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。</p><p>　　通過對上述五個問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由而存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免

8、這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。</p><p>　　從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解。</p><p>　　在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)的幾年中，要接受新觀念的變化，或者由試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，進(jìn)一步分析并改進(jìn)。</p&g

9、t;<p><b>　　一些設(shè)計規(guī)則</b></p><p>　　在本節(jié)中，建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進(jìn)。也許會創(chuàng)造出更實(shí)用、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設(shè)計和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個規(guī)則對設(shè)計者來說特別適用。</p><p>　　要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。</

10、p><p>　　認(rèn)識負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。</p><p>　　預(yù)測沒有想到的負(fù)載。</p><p>　　創(chuàng)造出對載荷更為有利的條件。</p><p>　　提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。</p><p>　　運(yùn)用最簡單的方程來優(yōu)化體積和面積。</p><p><b>　　選擇組合材

11、料。</b></p><p>　　仔細(xì)選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。</p><p>　　調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。</p><p>　　規(guī)定好準(zhǔn)確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時不干涉。</p><p>　　機(jī)械設(shè)計包括一下內(nèi)容：</p><p>　　對設(shè)計過程、設(shè)計所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)

12、進(jìn)行介紹。</p><p>　　回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動態(tài)載荷分析，包括梁、振動和沖擊載荷。</p><p>　　回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。</p><p>　　介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機(jī)械斷裂分析。</p><p>　　介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計，這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計中。</p><

13、p>　　深入探討機(jī)械磨損機(jī)理、表面接觸應(yīng)力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計。</p><p>　　討論潤滑油膜與滾動軸承的理論和應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動力學(xué)、設(shè)計和應(yīng)力分析，并簡單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問題。</p><p>　　討論彈簧設(shè)計、螺桿等緊固件的設(shè)計，

14、包括傳動螺桿和預(yù)緊固件。</p><p>　　介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動器的設(shè)計和技術(shù)說明。</p><p><b>　　機(jī)械設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　一臺完整機(jī)器的設(shè)計是一個復(fù)雜的過程。機(jī)械設(shè)計是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。

15、</p><p>　　任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計時第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計師所使用。對產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對材料的特性必須事先作出仔細(xì)的評估。</p><p>　　仔細(xì)精確的計算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設(shè)計中有有缺陷的部件。計算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。一個小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放

16、錯，就可以導(dǎo)致一個本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計工作的各個方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。</p><p>　　計算機(jī)是一種工具，它能夠幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計師減輕繁瑣的計算，并對現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析?；酉到y(tǒng)基于計算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計（CAD）和計算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個對

17、所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個重要問題，設(shè)計工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計人員必須就初步設(shè)計同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。</p><p>　　如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品

18、進(jìn)行設(shè)計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設(shè)計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯，也會使正確的設(shè)計變成錯誤的。</p><

19、p>　　一個好的設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設(shè)計，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。</p>

20、;<p>　　新設(shè)計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。</p><p><b>　　外文原文（復(fù)印件）</b></p><p>　　Mechanic

21、al Design</p><p><b>　　Abstract:</b></p><p>　　A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hois

22、ts, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical des

23、ign" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention an</p><p>　　Keywords: Mechanical Design mechan

24、isms Design Process</p><p>　　The Design Process</p><p>　　Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparat

25、us may be needed to perform a function previously</p><p>　　done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly</p><p>　　In the design preliminary stage,

26、 should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corre

27、cted. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which fina

28、lly designated, has used cer</p><p>　　When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactor

29、y or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the

30、 strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives </p><p>　　Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best pro

31、gram. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable us

32、e material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt th</p><p>　

33、　Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance

34、 indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material acco

35、rding to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsu</p><p>　　May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing metho

36、d have comprehensive and the basic understanding.</p><p>　　Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifica

37、tions that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upo

38、n tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.</p><p>　　Some Rules for Design</p><p>　　In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to im

39、portant improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,</p><p>　　and durable products. </p><p>　　To stimulate creative thought, the following

40、 rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.</p><p>　　1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.</p>&

41、lt;p>　　2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.</p><p>　　3. Anticipate unintentional loads.</p><p>　　4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.</p><p>　　5. Provide

42、 for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.</p><p>　　6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.</p><p>　　7. Choose materials for a combination of pro

43、perties.</p><p>　　8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.</p><p>　　9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.</p><p>　　10. Provide f

44、or accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.</p><p>　　Machinery design covers the following contents.</p><p>　　1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formu

45、lation ,safety factors.</p><p>　　2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,</p><p>　　Including beam , vibration and impact loading.</p><p>　　3. Rev

46、iews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.</p><p>　　4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the d

47、esign of rotation machinery.</p><p>　　5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.</p><p>　　6. Investigates shaft design using the fat

48、igue-analysis techniques.</p><p>　　7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application</p><p>　　8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analy

49、sis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.</p><p>　　9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.</p><p>　　10. Deals wi

50、th screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.</p><p>　　11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.</p><p>　　Machine Design</p>

51、<p>　　The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawi

52、ng, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.</p><p>　　One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the ma

53、terial from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in ma

54、king a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.</p><p>　　Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any

55、part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point

56、can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. </p><p>　　The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and pro

57、vide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psycholog

58、ist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This c</p><p>　　If f

59、ront sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, onl

60、y has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product</p&g

61、t;<p>　　Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity

62、. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good des

63、ign needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all op</p><p>　　A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the n

64、ew method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new