機(jī)械加工外文翻譯--刀具補(bǔ)償原理

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系　　部： 機(jī)械工程系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p&g

2、t;<p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　外文出處： Cutter Compensation Principle </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附

3、件裝訂成冊(cè)。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　刀具補(bǔ)償原理 </p><p>　　刀具補(bǔ)償（又稱偏置），在20世紀(jì)60～70年代的數(shù)控加工中沒有補(bǔ)償?shù)母拍?，所以編程人員不得不圍繞刀具的理論路線和實(shí)際路線的相對(duì)關(guān)系來(lái)進(jìn)行編程，容易產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。補(bǔ)償?shù)母拍畛霈F(xiàn)以后很大地提高了編程的效率。</p><p>　　

4、具有刀具補(bǔ)償功能，在編制加工程序時(shí)，可以按零件實(shí)際輪廓編程，加工前測(cè)量實(shí)際的刀具半徑、長(zhǎng)度等，作為刀具補(bǔ)償參數(shù)輸入數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，可以加工出合乎尺寸要求的零件輪廓。 </p><p>　　刀具補(bǔ)償功能還可以滿足加工工藝等其他一些要求，可以通過(guò)逐次改變刀具半徑補(bǔ)償值大小的辦法，調(diào)整每次進(jìn)給量，以達(dá)到利用同一程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)粗、精加工循環(huán)。另外，因刀具磨損、重磨而使刀具尺寸變化時(shí)，若仍用原程序，勢(shì)必造成加工誤差，用刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償可以

5、解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。</p><p><b>　　刀具補(bǔ)償分為2種：</b></p><p><b>　　☆刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償；</b></p><p><b>　　☆刀具半徑補(bǔ)償。</b></p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)《刀具補(bǔ)償在數(shù)控加工中的應(yīng)用》（工具技術(shù)，2OO4年第38卷No7，徐偉，

6、廣東技術(shù)師范學(xué)院）中提到在數(shù)控加工中有4種補(bǔ)償：</p><p><b>　　☆刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償；</b></p><p><b>　　☆刀具半徑補(bǔ)償；</b></p><p><b>　　☆?yuàn)A具補(bǔ)償；</b></p><p>　　☆?yuàn)A角補(bǔ)償（G39）。</p>&l

7、t;p>　　這四種補(bǔ)償基本上能解決在加工中因刀具形狀而產(chǎn)生的軌跡問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　1. 刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償</p><p>　　1.1 刀具長(zhǎng)度的概念</p><p>　　刀具長(zhǎng)度是一個(gè)很重要的概念。我們?cè)趯?duì)一個(gè)零件編程的時(shí)候，首先要指定零件的編程中心，然后才能建立工件編程坐標(biāo)系，而此坐標(biāo)系只是一個(gè)工件坐標(biāo)系，零點(diǎn)一般在工件上。長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償只是和Z坐標(biāo)有關(guān)

8、，它不象X、Y平面內(nèi)的編程零點(diǎn)，因?yàn)榈毒呤怯芍鬏S錐孔定位而不改變，對(duì)于Z坐標(biāo)的零點(diǎn)就不一樣了。每一把刀的長(zhǎng)度都是不同的，例如，我們要鉆一個(gè)深為50mm的孔，然后攻絲深為45mm，分別用一把長(zhǎng)為250mm的鉆頭和一把長(zhǎng)為350mm的絲錐。先用鉆頭鉆孔深50mm，此時(shí)機(jī)床已經(jīng)設(shè)定工件零點(diǎn)，當(dāng)換上絲錐攻絲時(shí)，如果兩把刀都從設(shè)定零點(diǎn)開始加工，絲錐因?yàn)楸茹@頭長(zhǎng)而攻絲過(guò)長(zhǎng)，損壞刀具和工件。此時(shí)如果設(shè)定刀具補(bǔ)償，把絲錐和鉆頭的長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償，此時(shí)機(jī)床零

9、點(diǎn)設(shè)定之后，即使絲錐和鉆頭長(zhǎng)度不同，因補(bǔ)償?shù)拇嬖?，在調(diào)用絲錐工作時(shí)，零點(diǎn)Z坐標(biāo)已經(jīng)自動(dòng)向Z+（或Z）補(bǔ)償了絲錐的長(zhǎng)度，保證了加工零點(diǎn)的正確。</p><p>　　1.2 刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償指令</p><p>　　通過(guò)執(zhí)行含有G43（G44）和H指令來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償，同時(shí)我們給出一個(gè)Z坐標(biāo)值，這樣刀具在補(bǔ)償之后移動(dòng)到離工件表面距離為Z的地方。另外一個(gè)指令G49是取消G43（G44）指令的，其

10、實(shí)我們不必使用這個(gè)指令，因?yàn)槊堪训毒叨加凶约旱拈L(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償，當(dāng)換刀時(shí)，利用G43（G44）H指令賦予了自己的刀長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)償而自動(dòng)取消了前一把刀具的長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償。</p><p>　　G43表示存儲(chǔ)器中補(bǔ)償量與程序指令的終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)值相加，G44表示相減，取消刀具長(zhǎng)度偏置可用G49指令或H00指令。程序段N80 G43 Z56 H05與中，假如05存儲(chǔ)器中值為16，則表示終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)值為72mm。</

11、p><p>　　1.3 刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償?shù)膬煞N方式</p><p>　　(1) 用刀具的實(shí)際長(zhǎng)度作為刀長(zhǎng)的補(bǔ)償（推薦使用這種方式）。使用刀長(zhǎng)作為補(bǔ)償就是使用對(duì)刀儀測(cè)量刀具的長(zhǎng)度，然后把這個(gè)數(shù)值輸入到刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償寄存器中，作為刀長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)償。使用刀具長(zhǎng)度作為刀長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)償?shù)睦碛扇缦拢?</p><p>　　首先，使用刀具長(zhǎng)度作為刀長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)償，可以避免在不同的工件加工中不斷地修改刀長(zhǎng)偏置。這

12、樣一把刀具用在不同的工件上也不用修改刀長(zhǎng)偏置。在這種情況下，可以按照一定的刀具編號(hào)規(guī)則，給每一把刀具作檔案，用一個(gè)小標(biāo)牌寫上每把刀具的相關(guān)參數(shù)，包括刀具的長(zhǎng)度、半徑等資料，事實(shí)上許多大型的機(jī)械加工型企業(yè)對(duì)數(shù)控加工設(shè)備的刀具管理都采用這種辦法。這對(duì)于那些專門設(shè)有刀具管理部門的公司來(lái)說(shuō)，就用不著和操作工面對(duì)面地告訴刀具的參數(shù)了，同時(shí)即使因刀庫(kù)容量原因把刀具取下來(lái)等下次重新裝上時(shí)，只需根據(jù)標(biāo)牌上的刀長(zhǎng)數(shù)值作為刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償而不需再進(jìn)行測(cè)量。

13、</p><p>　　其次，使用刀具長(zhǎng)度作為刀長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)償，可以讓機(jī)床一邊進(jìn)行加工運(yùn)行，一邊在對(duì)刀儀上進(jìn)行其他刀具的長(zhǎng)度測(cè)量，而不必因?yàn)樵跈C(jī)床上對(duì)刀而占用機(jī)床運(yùn)行時(shí)間，這樣可以充分發(fā)揮加工中心的效率。這樣主軸移動(dòng)到編程Z坐標(biāo)點(diǎn)時(shí)，就是主軸坐標(biāo)加上（或減去）刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償后的Z坐標(biāo)數(shù)值。 </p><p>　　（2）利用刀尖在Z方向上與編程零點(diǎn)的距離值（有正負(fù)之分）作為補(bǔ)償值。這種方法適用于機(jī)床只有

14、一個(gè)人操作而沒有足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)利用對(duì)刀儀測(cè)量刀具的長(zhǎng)度時(shí)使用。這樣做當(dāng)用一把刀加工另外的工件時(shí)就要重新進(jìn)行刀長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)償?shù)脑O(shè)置。使用這種方法進(jìn)行刀長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)償時(shí)，補(bǔ)償值就是主軸從機(jī)床Z坐標(biāo)零點(diǎn)移動(dòng)到工件編程零點(diǎn)時(shí)的刀尖移動(dòng)距離，因此此補(bǔ)償值總是負(fù)值而且很大。</p><p><b>　　2 刀具半徑補(bǔ)償</b></p><p>　　2.1 刀具半徑補(bǔ)償概念</p>

15、<p>　　在輪廓加工時(shí)，刀具中心運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡（刀具中心或金屬絲中心的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡）與被加工零件的實(shí)際輪廓要偏移一定距離，這種偏移稱為刀具半徑補(bǔ)償，又稱刀具中心偏移。如圖3-1所示，在加工內(nèi)輪廓時(shí)，刀具中心向工件輪廓的內(nèi)部偏移一個(gè)距離；而加工外輪廓時(shí)，刀具中心向工件的外側(cè)偏移一個(gè)距離，這個(gè)偏移，就是所謂的刀具半徑補(bǔ)償。圖中，粗實(shí)線為工件輪廓，虛線為刀具中心軌跡。本圖中的偏移量為刀具半徑值。而在粗加工和半精加工時(shí)，偏移量為刀具半徑和加

16、工余量之和。</p><p>　　由于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)控制的是刀具中心軌跡，因此數(shù)控系統(tǒng)要根據(jù)輸入的零件輪廓尺寸及刀具半徑補(bǔ)償值計(jì)算出刀心軌跡。由此可見，刀具半徑補(bǔ)償在數(shù)控加工有著非常重要的作用，根據(jù)刀具補(bǔ)償指令，數(shù)控加工機(jī)床可自動(dòng)進(jìn)行刀具半徑補(bǔ)償。特別是在手工編程時(shí)，刀具半徑補(bǔ)償尤為重要。手工編程時(shí)，運(yùn)用刀具半徑補(bǔ)償指令，就可以根據(jù)零件的輪廓值編程，不需計(jì)算刀心軌跡編程，這樣就大大減少了計(jì)算量和出錯(cuò)率。雖然利用CAD/

17、CAM自動(dòng)編程，手工計(jì)算量小，生成程序的速度快，但當(dāng)?shù)毒哂猩倭磕p或加工輪廓尺寸與設(shè)計(jì)尺寸稍有偏差時(shí)或者在粗銑、半精銑和精銑的各工步加工余量變化時(shí)，仍需作適當(dāng)調(diào)整，而運(yùn)用了刀具半徑補(bǔ)償后，不需修改刀具尺寸或建模尺寸而重新生成程序，只需要在數(shù)控機(jī)床上對(duì)刀具補(bǔ)償參數(shù)做適當(dāng)修改即可。既簡(jiǎn)化了編程計(jì)算，又增加了程序的可讀性。</p><p>　　刀具半徑補(bǔ)償有B功能（Basic）和C功能（Complete）兩種補(bǔ)償形式。

18、由于B功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償只根據(jù)本段程序進(jìn)行刀補(bǔ)計(jì)算，不能解決程序段之間的過(guò)渡問(wèn)題，要求將工件輪廓處理成圓角過(guò)渡如圖3-1所示，因此工件尖角處工藝性不好。而且編程人員必須事先估計(jì)出刀補(bǔ)后可能出現(xiàn)的間斷點(diǎn)和交叉點(diǎn)，并進(jìn)行人為處理，顯然增加編程的難度；而C功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償能自動(dòng)處理兩程序段刀具中心軌跡的轉(zhuǎn)接，可完全按照工件輪廓來(lái)編程，因此現(xiàn)代CNC數(shù)控機(jī)床幾乎都采用C功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償。這時(shí)要求建立刀具半徑補(bǔ)償程序段的后續(xù)至少兩個(gè)程序段必須有指定

19、補(bǔ)償平面的位移指令（G00、G01，G02、G03等），否則無(wú)法建立正確的刀具補(bǔ)償。</p><p>　　2.2 刀具半徑補(bǔ)償指令</p><p>　　根據(jù)ISO規(guī)定，當(dāng)?shù)毒咧行能壽E在程序規(guī)定的前進(jìn)方向的右邊時(shí)稱為右刀補(bǔ)，用G42表示；反之稱為左刀補(bǔ)，用G41表示。</p><p>　　G41是刀具左補(bǔ)償指令（左刀補(bǔ)），即順著刀具前進(jìn)方向看(假定工件不動(dòng))，刀具中

20、心軌跡位于工件輪廓的左邊，稱左刀補(bǔ)。如圖3.2(a)所示。</p><p>　　G42是刀具右補(bǔ)償指令（右刀補(bǔ)），即順著刀具前進(jìn)方向看(假定工件不動(dòng))，刀具中心軌跡位于工件輪廓的右邊，稱右刀補(bǔ)。如圖3.2(b)所示。</p><p>　　G40是為取消刀具半徑補(bǔ)償指令。使用該指令后，Ｇ41、Ｇ42指令無(wú)效。</p><p>　　在使用G41、G42進(jìn)行半徑補(bǔ)償時(shí)應(yīng)

21、采取以下步驟：</p><p>　?。?）設(shè)置刀具半徑補(bǔ)償值：程序啟動(dòng)前，在刀具補(bǔ)償參數(shù)區(qū)內(nèi)設(shè)置補(bǔ)償值。</p><p>　?。?）刀補(bǔ)的建立：刀具從起刀點(diǎn)接近工件，刀具中心軌跡的終點(diǎn)不在下一個(gè)程序段指定的輪廓起點(diǎn)，而是在法線方向上偏移一個(gè)刀具補(bǔ)償?shù)木嚯x。在該段程序中，動(dòng)作指令只能用G00或G01。</p><p>　　（3）刀補(bǔ)進(jìn)行：在刀具補(bǔ)償進(jìn)行期間，刀具中心軌

22、跡始終偏離編程軌跡一個(gè)刀具半徑的偏移值。在此狀態(tài)下，G00、G01、G02、G03都可以使用。</p><p>　?。?）刀補(bǔ)的取消：在刀具撤離工件、返回原點(diǎn)的過(guò)程中取消刀補(bǔ)。此時(shí)只能用G00、G01。</p><p>　　2.3 功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償</p><p>　　對(duì)直線而言，刀具補(bǔ)償后的軌跡是與原直線平行的直線，只需要計(jì)算出刀具中心軌跡的起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)值。&

23、lt;/p><p>　　如圖3-3所示，被加工直線段的起點(diǎn)在坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)，終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為A。假定上一程序段加工完后，刀具中心在O′點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)已知。刀具半徑為r，現(xiàn)要計(jì)算刀具右補(bǔ)償后直線段O′A′的終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)A′。設(shè)刀具補(bǔ)償矢量AA′的投影坐標(biāo)為,則</p><p>　　對(duì)于圓弧而言，刀具補(bǔ)償后的刀具中心軌跡是一個(gè)與圓弧同心的一段圓弧。只需計(jì)算刀補(bǔ)后圓弧的起點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)和終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)值。如圖3-4所示，被加工圓弧的圓心

24、坐標(biāo)在坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)O，圓弧半徑為R，圓弧起點(diǎn)A，終點(diǎn)B，刀具半徑為r。</p><p>　　假定上一個(gè)程序段加工結(jié)束后刀具中心為A′，其坐標(biāo)已知。那么圓弧刀具半徑補(bǔ)償計(jì)算的目的，就是計(jì)算出刀具中心軌跡的終點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)B′。設(shè)BB′在兩個(gè)坐標(biāo)上的投影為，則</p><p>　　以圖3-1的加工外輪廓為例，采用B功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償方法，加工完第一個(gè)程序段，刀具中心落在B/、點(diǎn)上，而第二個(gè)程序段的起點(diǎn)為A/

25、，兩個(gè)程序段之間出現(xiàn)了斷點(diǎn)，只有刀具中心走一個(gè)從B/、至A/的附加程序，即在兩個(gè)間斷點(diǎn)之間增加一個(gè)半徑為刀具半徑的過(guò)渡圓弧B1B2，才能正確加工出整個(gè)零件輪廓。</p><p>　　可見，B刀補(bǔ)采用了讀一段，算一段，再走一段的控制方法，，無(wú)法預(yù)計(jì)到由于刀具半徑所造成的下一段加工軌跡對(duì)本程序段加工軌跡的影響，相鄰兩程序段的刀具中心軌跡之間可能出現(xiàn)間斷點(diǎn)或交叉點(diǎn)。為解決下一段加工軌跡對(duì)本段加工軌跡的影響，在計(jì)算本程序

26、段軌跡后，提前將下一段程序讀入，然后根據(jù)它們之間轉(zhuǎn)接的具體情況，再對(duì)本段的軌跡作適當(dāng)修正，得到本段正確加工軌跡，這就是C功能刀具補(bǔ)償。C功能刀補(bǔ)更為完善，這種方法能根據(jù)相鄰輪廓段的信息自動(dòng)處理兩個(gè)程序段刀具中心軌跡的轉(zhuǎn)換，并自動(dòng)在轉(zhuǎn)接點(diǎn)處插入過(guò)渡圓弧或直線從而避免刀具干涉和斷點(diǎn)情況。 </p><p>　　2.4 功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償</p><p>　　目前，通常的CNC系統(tǒng)中，實(shí)際所能控

27、制的輪廓只有直線和圓弧，相應(yīng)的有如下轉(zhuǎn)接線形：直線與直線轉(zhuǎn)接、直線與圓弧轉(zhuǎn)接、圓弧與圓弧轉(zhuǎn)接、圓弧與直線轉(zhuǎn)接。</p><p>　　根據(jù)兩段軌跡的矢量夾角和刀具補(bǔ)償方向的不同，有以下幾種轉(zhuǎn)接過(guò)渡方式：縮短型、伸長(zhǎng)型、插入型。 </p><p>　　3 夾具偏置補(bǔ)償（坐標(biāo)系偏置）</p><p>　　正如刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償和半徑補(bǔ)償一樣，讓編程者可以不用考慮刀具的長(zhǎng)短和大

28、小，夾具偏置可以讓編程者不考慮工件夾具的位置而使用夾具偏置。當(dāng)一臺(tái)加工中心在加工小的工件時(shí)，工裝上一次可以裝夾幾個(gè)工件，編程者不用考慮每一個(gè)工件在編程時(shí)的坐標(biāo)零點(diǎn)，而只需按照各自的編程零點(diǎn)進(jìn)行編程，然后使用夾具偏置來(lái)移動(dòng)機(jī)床在每一個(gè)工件上的編程零點(diǎn)。夾具偏置是使用夾具偏置指令G54～G59來(lái)執(zhí)行的。還有一種方法就是使用G92指令設(shè)定坐標(biāo)系。當(dāng)一個(gè)工件加工完成之后，加工下一個(gè)工件時(shí)使用G92來(lái)重新設(shè)定新的工件坐標(biāo)系。</p>

29、<p><b>　　4 夾角補(bǔ)償</b></p><p>　　加工中兩平面相交為夾角，可能產(chǎn)生超程過(guò)切現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致加工誤差的產(chǎn)生，此時(shí)可采用夾角補(bǔ)償(G39)來(lái)解決。使用夾角補(bǔ)償(G39)指令時(shí)需注意，本指令為非模態(tài)指令，只在本程序段內(nèi)有效，而且只能在G41或G42指令后才能使用，該指令主要用于加工中心和數(shù)控銑床。</p><p>　　以上是數(shù)控加工中的四種

30、補(bǔ)償方式，給我們的編程和加工帶來(lái)很大的方便，能大大地提高生產(chǎn)效率和產(chǎn)品合格率。</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　Cutter Compensation Principle </p><p>　　The cutter compensation (calls bias), in the 20th century 60~ the 70s

31、's numerical control processing compensation concept,</p><p>　　Therefore the programmers can not but revolve cutting tool's theory route and the actual route's relative relations carry on the pro

32、gramming, easy to make the mistake. The compensation concept will appear later very greatly raised the programming efficiency. </p><p>　　Has the cutter compensation function, when establishment processing pr

33、ogram, may according to the components real profile</p><p>　　programming, before the processing, survey the actual cutting tool radius, the length and so on, as the cutter compensation </p><p>　

34、　parameter input numerical control system, may process conforms with the size request the components outline.</p><p>　　The cutter compensation function may also satisfy the processing craft and so on other r

35、equests, may through change the cutting tool radius compensation value size gradually the means that the adjustment each time to feed quantity, achieves the use identical procedure to realize, the precision work circulat

36、ion thickly. Moreover, when because of the tool wear, the grind causes the tool dimension change, if still used the original procedure, will create the processing error inevitably, may solve h</p><p>　　The c

37、utter compensation divides into 2 kinds: </p><p>　　☆ cutting tool length compensation; </p><p>　　☆ cutting tool radius compensation. </p><p>　　The literature "Cutter compensati

38、on in Numerical control Processing's Application" (tool technology, 2OO4 year 38th volume No7, </p><p>　　Xu is great, Guangdong technology Normal school) mentioned that has 4 kind of compensations i

39、n the numerical control processing: </p><p>　　☆ cutting tool length compensation; </p><p>　　☆ cutting tool radius compensation; </p><p>　　☆ jig compensation; </p><p>　　

40、☆ included angle compensation (G39). </p><p>　　These four kind of compensations basically can solve in the processing the path question which produces because of the cuttingtool shape. </p><p>　

41、　1. cutting tool length compensation </p><p>　　1.1 cutting tool length concept </p><p>　　The cutting tool length is a very important concept. We in programs to components, must first assign th

42、e components the programming center, then can establish the work piece programming coordinate system, but this coordinate system is only a work piece coordinate system, zero generallyon work piece. The length compensatio

43、n is only and the Z coordinate related, it does not look like in X, Y plane the programming zero spot, because the cutting tool is by the main axial cone hole localization, but </p><p>　　screw tap length, ha

44、s guaranteed a processing zero correctness. </p><p>　　1.2 cutting tool length compensation instruction </p><p>　　Includes G43 through the execution (G44) and the H instruction realizes the cutt

45、ing tool length compensation, simultaneously we give a Z coordinate figure, </p><p>　　such cutting tool after compensation moves to leaves the work piece surface distance is the Z place. Other instruction G4

46、9 is cancels G43 (G44) the instruction, actually we do not need to use this instruction, because has every time the cutting tool own length compensation, when trades the knife, (G44) the H instruction entrusted with the

47、own knife long compensation using G43 to cancel the preceding cutting tool's length compensation automatically. G43 expressed that in the memory compensates th</p><p>　　1.3 cutting tool length compensat

48、ion two ways </p><p>　　(1) uses cutting tool's virtual length (recommendation to use this way) as the knife long compensation. Uses the knife long is uses the tool setting gauge as the compensation to s

49、urvey cutting tool's length, then inputs this value to the cutting tool length compensation register, takes the knife long compensation. </p><p>　　The use cutting tool length the reason which long compen

50、sates as the knife is as follows: </p><p>　　First, uses the cutting tool length to take the knife long compensation, may avoid in the different work piece processing repairing unceasingly cuts again the long

51、 bias. This kind of cutting tool uses on the different work piece does not need to repair cuts again the long bias. In this case, may defer to certain cutting tool serial number rule, makes the file for each cutting tool

52、, inscribes with a small product label every time cutting tool's related parameter, including material and so on cutt</p><p>　　Next, uses the cutting tool length to take the knife long compensation, may

53、let one side the engine bed carry on the processing movement, at the same time carries on other cutting tool's linear measure on the tool setting gauge, but does not need because of takes the engine bed running time

54、on the engine bed to the knife, like this may display the machining center fully the efficiency. Such main axle moves to when programs the Z fiducial mark, after is the main axle coordinate adds on (or subtra</p>

55、<p>　　(2) uses the knife point (to have the positive and negative division) in the Z direction with the programming zero distance value to take the compensation value. This method is suitable in the engine bed has

56、a person to operate, but does not have the enough time to survey time cutting tool's length using the tool setting gauge uses. Does this, when processes other work piece with a knife must carry on the knife long comp

57、ensation the establishment. Uses when this method carries on the knife long</p><p>　　2 cutting tool radius compensation </p><p>　　2.1 cutting tool radius compensation concept </p><p

58、>　　When contour machining, the cutting tool central motion path (cutting tool center or tinsel center's path) with is processed the components the real profile to displace certain distance, this kind of displaceme

59、nt is called the cutting tool radius compensation, also calls the cutting tool off-centering. As shown in Figure 3-1, when processing outline, the cutting tool center displaces a distance to the work piece outline's

60、interior; But outside processes time the outline, the cutting tool center </p><p>　　What because numerical control systems control is the cutting tool center path, therefore the numerical control system must

61、 calculates the knife heart path according to the input components overall size and the cutting tool radius compensation value. Thus it can be seen, the cutting tool radius compensation has the very vital role in the num

62、erical control processing, according to the cutter compensation instruction, the numerical control processing engine bed may carry on the cutting tool radius</p><p>　　The cutting tool radius compensation has

63、 the B function (Basic) and the C function (Complete) two kind of compensation forms. Because the B function cutting tool radius compensation only acts according to this section of procedures to carry on the knife to mak

64、e up the computation, cannot solve between the segment transition problem, requests 3-1 work piece outline processing full circle angle transition as shown in Figure, therefore the work piece acute angle place technology

65、 capability is not g</p><p>　　2.2 cutting tool radius compensation instruction</p><p>　　Stipulated according to ISO, when cutting tool center path stipulated in the procedure direction of advan

66、ce right side when is called the right knife to make up, indicated with G42; Otherwise is called the left knife to make up, indicated with G41.</p><p>　　G41 is the cutting tool left compensation instruction

67、(left knife makes up), namely is suitable the cutting tool direction of advance to look that (hypothesis work piece motionless), the cutting tool center path located at the work piece outline's left side, said that t

68、he left knife makes up. As shown in Figure 3.2(a).</p><p>　　G42 is the cutting tool right compensation instruction (right knife makes up), namely is suitable the cutting tool direction of advance to look tha

69、t (hypothesis work piece motionless), the cutting tool center path located at work piece outline's right side, said that the right knife makes up. As shown in Figure 3.2(b).</p><p>　　G40 is to cancel the

70、 cutting tool radius compensation instruction. After using this instruction, G41, G42 instruction ignore.</p><p>　　When uses G41, G42 carry on the radius compensation should adopt the following step:</p&g

71、t;<p>　　(1) establishes the cutting tool radius compensation value: Before the procedure start, establishes the compensation value in the cutter compensation parameter area. </p><p>　　(2) the knife

72、makes up establishment: The cutting tool from a knife close work piece, the cutting tool center path's end point not the outline beginning which assigns in the next segment, but displaces a cutter compensation in the

73、 normal direction the distance. In this section of procedures, the action command can only use G00 or G01. </p><p>　　(3) the knife makes up carries on: Carries on the period in the cutter compensation, the

74、cutting tool center path deviates throughout a programming path cutting tool radius drift rate. Under this condition, G00, G01, G02, G03 may use.</p><p>　　(4) the knife makes up cancellation: In the cutting

75、 tool evacuates the work piece, to return to the zero point in the process to cancel the knife to make up. This time can only use G00, G01.</p><p>　　2.3 B function cutting tool radius compensation</p>

76、<p>　　Speaking of the straight line, after cutter compensation's path is and the original straight line parallel straight line, only needs to calculate the cutting tool center path's beginning and the end

77、point coordinate figure.</p><p>　　As shown in Figure 3-3, is processed the tangential path the beginning in the origin of coordinates, the end point coordinate is A. After supposing a segment processes, cutt

78、ing tool center in O ' coordinate known. The cutting tool radius is r, after presently must calculate the cutting tool right compensation, tangential path O ' A ' end point coordinate A '. Supposes cutter

79、 compensation vector AA ' the projection coordinate is, then</p><p>　　Speaking of the circular arc, after cutter compensation's cutting tool center path is one with circular arc concentric section of

80、 circular arcs. After only need calculate the knife makes up, the circular arc beginning coordinate and the end point coordinate figure. As shown in Figure 3-4, is processed the circular arc the center of circle coordina

81、te in origin of coordinates O, the circular arc radius is R, circular arc beginning A, end point B, the cutting tool radius is r.</p><p>　　After supposing a segment processing to finish, the cutting tool cen

82、ter was A ', its coordinate known. Then the circular arc cutting tool radius compensation computation's goal, is calculates cutting tool center path's end point coordinate B '. Supposes BB ' in two co

83、ordinate projections For, then</p><p>　　Take the Figure 3-1 processing outside the outline as an example, uses the B function cutting tool radius compensating process, processes the first segment, the cuttin

84、g tool center falls on B/, lights, but the second segment's beginning is A/, between two segments presented the break point, only then the cutting tool center walks one from B/, to a/additional procedure, namely incr

85、eases a radius between two points of discontinuity for cutting tool radius transition arc B1B2, can process the entir</p><p>　　Obviously, the B knife made up uses read a section, calculated a section, walked

86、 a section of control method again, was unable to estimate, because the cutting tool radius created the next section of processing path processed path's influence to this segment, between the neighboring two segment&

87、#39;s cutting tool center path possibly presented the point of discontinuity or the intersection. For the solution next section of processing path to this section of processing path's influence, after calcula</p&g

88、t;<p>　　2.4 C function cutting tool radius compensation</p><p>　　At present, the CNC system in usually, actual can control the outline only then the straight line and the circular arc, corresponding

89、have the following transfer linear: The straight line and the straight line switch over, the straight line and the circular arc switch over, the circular arc and the circular arc switch over, the circular arc and the str

90、aight line transfer</p><p>　　According to two section of path's vector included angles and the cutter compensation direction's difference, has the following several transfer transition way: Reduction

91、, elongation, insertion.</p><p>　　3 jig bias compensation (coordinate system bias)</p><p>　　Just like the cutting tool length compensation and the radius compensation are the same, enable the p

92、rogrammer to be possible not to need to consider that cutting tool's length and the size, the jig bias may let the programmer not consider fixture's position uses the jig bias. When a machining center when proces

93、ses the small work piece, the work clothes previous time may install clamps several work pieces, the programmer does not need to consider each work piece in programming time coordinate ze</p><p>　　4 include

94、d angle compensations</p><p>　　In the processing two plane intersections are the included angles, possibly produces ultra Cheng Guoqie the phenomenon, causes the processing error's production, this time

95、may use the included angle to compensate (G39) solves. The use included angle compensates when the current order must pay attention, this instruction for non-modality instruction, only in this segment effective, moreover

96、 can only after G41 or the G42 instruction can use, this instruction mainly uses in the machining center and</p><p>　　The above is in the numerical control processing four compensation way, brings very big c