孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行發(fā)展模式研究外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3340字</b></p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p><b>　　英文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　學(xué) 院： 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 金融學(xué)

2、 </p><p>　　班 級： </p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p>

3、<p><b>　　2012年 6 月</b></p><p>　　In Rural Bangladesh Bank Development Pattern </p><p>　　Claudio Gonzalez Vega </p><p>　　Bangladesh grameen bank the historical backg

4、round of the emergence </p><p>　　The Nobel peace prize for 2006 was awarded in Bangladesh muhammad yunus and grameen bank established. In rural Bangladesh bank also called grameen grameen bank since its ince

5、ption and successfully in Bangladesh introduced a poor peasant households microfinance model the whole world a tremendous echo its founder muhammad yunus earned banker to the poor reputation. </p><p>　　In 19

6、76 muhammad yunus lending expanded to hundred villages. In 1983 classics by congress Bangladesh government licences muhammad yunus create established to his Grameen Bank and named somebody i.e. Grameen Bank Grameen in Be

7、ngali in the quotvillagequot means. This emerging banking soon received a lot of public support for developing countries and implement microfinance provides a good reference.</p><p>　　In rural Bangladesh ban

8、k operation mode </p><p>　　For ordinary commercial Banks in Bangladesh it provides small loans often is a not yet braved also Disdain to set foot in the field. </p><p>　　First the operating cost

9、 is high. Need microfinance villagers often comes from different social fields their business projects is multifarious: textile gauze and selling ice cream bar production bronzes repaired the radio processing mustard oil

10、 planting rice jackfruit etc. And each project loan only a few tens of dollars and even a few dollars this will give a bank officer brought a nightmare scenario: daily need tracking hundreds of different for each project

11、 management project and trifling doz</p><p>　　Secondly repay the risk is too large. Provide their loans the Banks often needs to guarantee in order to reduce the risks of borrowers cannot reimbursement and t

12、his is where the poor are lacking. No warranties bank worried that they wont get loans in repay as scheduled thus causing the bank is always on this population tight gate situation. So muhammad yunus and how to work and

13、get rid of the two major problems The key is two words: trust and mutual responsibility. In order to strive for to Bang</p><p>　　Crucially each team member must engage the other four members of the situation

14、 is responsible. At this moment supervision and repayment of roles have changed a lot. The original Banks and borrowers between the supervision and be supervision relations and now it has been loan team members of mutual

15、 supervision and hold each other accountable substituted Banks and borrowers relation also scattered into a bank and small-scale collective relationship. On the one hand Banks and group between is quott</p><p&

16、gt;　　As long as the team every member on time reimbursement they can get to the bank loan unceasingly the right But if one breach the team other members also will be so quotreputationquot damaged. On the other hand team

17、members are responsible for quotbetweenquot mutual relationship. Due to their own interests are closely related everyone in choosing a loan group mates always caution credit not beautiful person often no man take reason.

18、 So bank previously had to pay the cost of supervision and qualif</p><p>　　Therefore in rural Bangladesh banking model is a non-governmental organizations working in microfinance mode the management institut

19、ion itself implement commercialized management which requires the same community social economic status of similar lives on voluntary basis and composition mutual help choose loan group project mutual supervision and pro

20、ject implementation Shared borrowed responsibility In group established on the basis of center as loan deal and technical training places Allow farm</p><p>　　Dishes gallas kingdom grameen bank operation mode

21、 of another important characteristic is marketized operations. Muhammad yunus highly not always rely on the government or external assistance sustain bank also not unconditionally to poor villagers alms charities but as

22、a fully market-oriented means self-reliance of enterprises. For example in rural Bangladesh bank provides small loans of interest than ordinary commercial bank interest rate is up to four percentage points Even if floodi

23、ng or torna</p><p>　　In addition the bank has also begun to take a series of practices including expenses paid indemnities encouraging older employees to retire early and in a power supply area branch of ban

24、k popularization of computer etc. If borrowers long-term credit is good the bank can improve loans repayment method can also pay double week from week to repay. So in does not affect the loan profits under the situation

25、of Banks operation cost could drop by one-third. </p><p>　　Bangladesh grameen bank of organization structure and management </p><p>　　In rural Bangladesh bank organizational structure is the hig

26、hest in the capital of depositors. It is mainly responsible for fundraising and government departments to coordinate and subordinate section of management training. Head office for various areas under branch coordinate a

27、 district activity. A branch have below the lO 15 subbranch of a bank for in rural Bangladeshs basic-level organization each one inline six - 7 working staff 2 3 training personnel an accountant and a subbranch of a mana

28、</p><p>　　Dishes gallas kingdom grameen bank of developing performance </p><p>　　In 1976 muhammad yunus lending expanded to 100 villages. In 1983 classics by congress Bangladesh government licen

29、ces muhammad yunus create founded his own bank named grameen bank. In rural Bangladesh bank to become the worlds second microfinance organizations. In 1983 the dishes gallas kingdom grameen bank has developed into the 86

30、 branches 5.8 million borrowers independent bank. </p><p>　　Gradually the international community have also started to really helper in rural Bangladesh attention on the Banks offer microfinance mode to the

31、poor brings change. In 1984 to 1985 during the international fund for agricultural development the ford foundation Norway and Sweden government to dishes gallas kingdom grameen bank were offers 38 million dollars in low-

32、interest loans. In 1989 Canada and the German government joined the ranks to aid in rural Bangladesh bank provides 87m. Meanwhile to </p><p>　　In rural Bangladesh bank development speed is moving from one ti

33、mes velocity toward two times velocity muhammad yunus extend more than 10 billion loan not aid let poor villagers in microfinance under the support of the changed life. Millions of villagers from everyday can eat a meal

34、to get three meals a day. Villagers clothes from one or two good one of three or four sets of change.</p><p>　　Muhammad yunus financial concepts and development mode of the bank in rural Bangladesh has been

35、copied successfully to the vast number of developing countries in Asia Africa and Latin America and played an important role in the world anti-poverty career has caused great echo its founder muhammad yunus professor the

36、refore he is regarded as the world use small loans to poor of declared the most symbolic and rallying point characters. </p><p>　　Muhammad yunus by filled with passion and devotion and strongly led to pay at

37、tention to those in the poor of hunger and poverty unswerving spirit and clinking tenacity and challenges the traditional financial system and inefficient bureaucracy. In only 30 years from 27 lend 42 poverty woman trivi

38、al loan difficult start the development becomes has nearly 4 million borrowers 96 for women 1277 a branch branch throughout 46620 a village 12546 a staff as the vast 98.89 repayment rates grameen bank ne</p><p

39、>　　More surprisingly this model not only in poor areas and the obtained widely practiced such rich countries also successfully set up the grameen bank network and effectively implemented anti-poverty projects. Can say

40、 in rural Bangladesh Banks have to move towards the world now of our local government and non-governmental persons are also trying to introduce combined with market mechanism of microfinance instead of one-way subsidy ty

41、pe poverty alleviation. </p><p>　　In April 2006 the bank to keep in rural Bangladesh was nine years of earnings record became both public and efficiency of benchmarking and in May in India to open branches a

42、nd rely on unsecured microcredit 639 million borrowers the bank has 58 of borrower and their family has successfully from the population. Yunus thinks cultural differences everywhere but his poverty alleviation experienc

43、e also indicated that the local cultural 95 is mutually difference exists only in another 5 percent between</p><p>　　Since grameen bank was founded is to rely on unsecured microfinance this quotliberationquo

44、t the strength have sex 639 million from muhammad yunus Banks get loans have 58 of borrower and family success from the poverty. The success of poverty alleviation way more be copied into the world make countless people

45、benefit. Indeed everyone in the world has power may also have a prosperous and a decent life. Muhammad yunus and grameen bank Bangladesh has confirmed that even the poorest of the poor and t</p><p>　　孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀

46、行發(fā)展模式研究 </p><p>　　Claudio Gonzalez Vega</p><p>　　一、孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行產(chǎn)生的歷史背景 </p><p>　　2006年諾貝爾和平獎授予了孟加拉國的穆罕默德·尤努斯及其創(chuàng)辦的鄉(xiāng)村銀行。孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行也稱格萊珉鄉(xiāng)村銀行自創(chuàng)立以來成功地在孟加拉國推行了貧困農(nóng)戶小額貸款的模式在全世界引起了巨大的反響其創(chuàng)始人穆

47、罕默德·尤努斯因此贏得了窮人銀行家的美譽(yù)。 </p><p>　　1976年穆罕默德·尤努斯的貸款范圍擴(kuò)大到了一百個村莊。1983年經(jīng)國會通過孟加拉國政府特許穆罕默德·尤努斯創(chuàng)建成立屬于他自己的銀行取名為Grameen Bank也就是鄉(xiāng)村銀行Grameen在孟加拉語中有“村子”的意思。這種新興的銀行業(yè)務(wù)很快得到了眾多的民眾支持并為發(fā)展中國家推行小額信貸提供了很好的借鑒作用。</

48、p><p>　　二、孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的運(yùn)作模式</p><p>　　對于孟加拉國的普通商業(yè)銀行來說提供小額貸款往往是一個不愿涉足、也 不屑于涉足的領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　首先運(yùn)作成本高昂。需要小額貸款的村民往往來自不同的社會領(lǐng)域他們的經(jīng)營項(xiàng)目五花八門紡織紗布、賣雪糕棒、生產(chǎn)銅器、修理收音機(jī)、加工芥子油、種植、大米菠蘿蜜等等。而每人每個項(xiàng)目的貸款只有幾十美元、甚至幾美

49、元這就給銀行工作人員帶來了一個噩夢般的場景每天需要跟蹤數(shù)以百計的不同經(jīng)營項(xiàng)目以及為每個項(xiàng)目區(qū)區(qū)幾十美元貸款做備案統(tǒng)計銀行本身為此付出的運(yùn)營成本也大大提高。舉例來說同樣是提供一筆100萬美元的貸款把它借給幾個人和借給幾萬個人做比較的話前者的成本要無疑會降低很多。</p><p>　　其次償還風(fēng)險過大。提供貸款銀行往往需要擔(dān)保以降低貸款者不能還款帶來的風(fēng)險而這一點(diǎn)正是那些窮人所欠缺的。沒有擔(dān)保銀行擔(dān)心他們在獲得貸款后

50、不會如期償還因此造成了銀行總是對這一人群關(guān)緊大門的局面。那么穆罕默德·尤努斯又是如何運(yùn)作、擺脫這兩大問題困擾的呢關(guān)鍵是兩個詞信任和相互負(fù)責(zé)。 </p><p>　　為了爭取到孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的小額貸款村民必須提前做一件事那就是證明自己的家產(chǎn)還達(dá)不到銀行提供貸款的最低擔(dān)保額度這樣就保證了貸款發(fā)放到了那些最窮、最希望改善生活的人群手中。如果孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行向這些貧困婦女發(fā)放了貸款她們需要做的不是拿東西抵押在

51、銀行而是加入一個由5名貸款婦女組成的小組和一個40人組成的貸款成員中心。由于一筆幾十美元的一年期貸款往往以等額方式分作每周償還這些貸款者必須每星期參加一次小組會議互相通報以及商談貸款償還事宜。</p><p>　　最關(guān)鍵的是每個小組成員必須對其他4名成員的還貸情況負(fù)責(zé)。這時監(jiān)督還款的角色已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大變化。原來銀行與貸款者之間的監(jiān)督和被監(jiān)督關(guān)系現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被貸款小組成員的相互監(jiān)督、相互負(fù)責(zé)所取代銀行與分散貸款者的關(guān)系

52、也變成了銀行與小規(guī)模集體的關(guān)系。一方面銀行和小組之間是“信任”。 關(guān)系只要小組每個成員都按時還款他們可以獲得向銀行不斷貸款的權(quán)利但如果一人違約小組其他成員也會因此而“信譽(yù)”受損。另一方面小組成員之間是“相互負(fù)責(zé)”關(guān)系。由于與自身利益息息相關(guān)每個人在挑選貸款小組的伙伴時總會格外謹(jǐn)慎信用不佳者往往沒有人搭理。這樣銀行原來不得不付出的監(jiān)督和資質(zhì)審查成本就被轉(zhuǎn)移到了貸款者的身上運(yùn)營成本自然隨之降低。</p><p>　　

53、因此孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行模式是一種非政府組織從事小額信貸的模式經(jīng)營機(jī)構(gòu)本身實(shí)行商業(yè)化管理即要求同一社區(qū)內(nèi)社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位相近的貧困者在自愿的基礎(chǔ)上組成貸款小組相互幫助選擇項(xiàng)目相互監(jiān)督項(xiàng)目實(shí)施相互承擔(dān)還貸責(zé)任在小組基礎(chǔ)上建立中心作為進(jìn)行貸款交易和技術(shù)培訓(xùn)的場所允許農(nóng)戶分期還款但必須定期參加中心活動對于遵守銀行紀(jì)律、在項(xiàng)目成功基礎(chǔ)上按時還款的農(nóng)戶實(shí)行連續(xù)放款政策。</p><p>　　盂加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行運(yùn)作模式的另一個重要的特

54、點(diǎn)是市場化經(jīng)營。穆罕默德·尤努斯所推崇的不是永遠(yuǎn)依靠政府或者外來援助維持生存的銀行也不是無條件地給貧困村民施舍的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)而是以完全市場化手段自力更生的企業(yè)。比如孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行提供小額貸款的利率比普通商業(yè)銀行的利率要高出4個百分點(diǎn)即使遭受洪水或者龍卷風(fēng)等災(zāi)難銀行也不會免去村民的貸款而只是幫他們重組還貸方案在向村民提供服務(wù)時銀行從來不提供無償服務(wù)即便是幫助他們批發(fā)蔬菜種子、碘化鹽等生活必備品雖然曾接受數(shù)千萬美元的捐助或者低息貸款

55、孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行仍然屬于私人企業(yè)等等。</p><p>　　除此以外銀行還開始采取一系列節(jié)省開支的做法包括支付補(bǔ)償金鼓勵年長員工提前退休、在有電力供應(yīng)地區(qū)的分支銀行普及計算機(jī)等。如果貸款者長期信用良好銀行則可以提高貸款額度償還方式也可以從每周償還改為雙周償還。這樣在不影響貸款利潤的情況下銀行的運(yùn)營成本可以下降三分之一。</p><p>　　三、孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的組織結(jié)構(gòu)與管理 </p

56、><p>　　孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的組織結(jié)構(gòu)最高為設(shè)在首都的總行。它主要負(fù)責(zé)籌款、與政府部門協(xié)調(diào)以及對下屬部門的管理、訓(xùn)練?？傂邢旅鏋楦鞯貐^(qū)分行協(xié)調(diào)一地區(qū)的活動。一個分行下面有l(wèi)O15個支行為孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的基層組織每一支行內(nèi)有6--7個工作人員23個培訓(xùn)人員一個會計和一個支行經(jīng)理。一個支行要管120一150個鄉(xiāng)村中心。每一支行財務(wù)上自負(fù)盈虧。孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行總部把款發(fā)到支行并收取1096的利息而支.而支行貸給農(nóng)戶則收

57、取20%的利息。利息差為支行運(yùn)營開支所用。每個支行的利潤率為評價這一支行業(yè)績的主要指標(biāo)。</p><p>　　四、孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的發(fā)展業(yè)績</p><p>　　1976年，穆罕默德·尤努斯的貸款范圍已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展到了100個村莊。1983年，經(jīng)國會同意，孟加拉國政府允許穆罕默德·尤努斯成立自己的銀行，取名為鄉(xiāng)村銀行。孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行成為全球第一家小額貸款組織。1983年孟加

58、拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行發(fā)展成為一家擁有86家分支機(jī)構(gòu)，5.3萬貸款者的獨(dú)立銀行。</p><p>　　漸漸地，國際社會援助者也開始慢慢關(guān)注孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行所提供的小額貸款給窮人所帶來的變化。1984年到1985年期間，國際農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展基金、福特基金、挪威和瑞典政府想孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行提供了3800萬美元的低息貸款。1989年，加拿大和德國政府也加入了援助行列，共向孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行捐贈了8700萬美元。與此同時，孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的

59、規(guī)模也在迅速擴(kuò)大.1988年，孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行已經(jīng)擁有了501家分支機(jī)構(gòu)和49萬村民客戶。四年后，孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行開設(shè)了第1000家分支機(jī)構(gòu)。此后三年，銀行每月向村民提供的貸款多達(dá)4000萬美元。</p><p>　　孟加拉國村鎮(zhèn)銀行的發(fā)展速度正從一倍聲速邁向二倍聲速，穆罕默德·尤努斯發(fā)放的10多億美元貸款（非援助）讓貧困村民在小額信貸的支持下自己改變了生活。數(shù)百萬村民從每天只能吃一頓飯到一天三頓。村

60、民的衣服也從一人一兩套改善為一人三四套。</p><p>　　穆罕默德·尤努斯的金融概念和孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行的發(fā)展模式已經(jīng)成功的復(fù)制到廣大發(fā)展中國家，在亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲發(fā)揮著重要作用，在全世界反貧困事業(yè)中引起了極大反響，其創(chuàng)始人穆罕默德·尤努斯教授因而被視為全世界利用小額貸款向貧困宣戰(zhàn)最具象征性和號召力的人物。</p><p>　　穆罕默德·尤努斯以強(qiáng)烈的激

61、情、虔誠和強(qiáng)烈的道義感，去關(guān)注那些處于饑餓和赤貧中的窮人，以百折不撓的精神和無比的堅(jiān)韌，挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)的金融體系和無效率的官僚體制。在短短的30年中，從27美元（借給42個赤貧農(nóng)婦）微不足道的貸款艱難起步，發(fā)展成為擁有400萬貸款者（其中96%為婦女）、1277個分行（分行遍及46620個村莊）、12546個員工、還款率高達(dá)98.89%的龐大鄉(xiāng)村網(wǎng)絡(luò)。</p><p>　　更為令人驚奇的是，該模式不僅在貧困地區(qū)得到廣泛

62、推行，而且在美國等富裕國家也成功的建立了鄉(xiāng)村銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)并有效實(shí)施反貧困項(xiàng)目。可以說，孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行已經(jīng)走向了世界?，F(xiàn)在中國的地方政府和非政府人士也在嘗試結(jié)合市場機(jī)制推行小額貸信貸，代替單向的補(bǔ)助式扶貧。</p><p>　　2006年4月，孟加拉國鄉(xiāng)村銀行以保持了九年的盈利記錄成為兼顧公益和效率的標(biāo)桿。并與五月份在印度開設(shè)分行，而依靠無抵押的小額貸款，該銀行639萬個借款人中有58%的借款人和家庭成功的脫離了貧困

63、線。尤諾斯認(rèn)為，文化差異無處不在，但是他的扶貧經(jīng)驗(yàn)也表明，各地文化有95%是相通的。差異僅僅存在于另外5%之間。雖然提高人們生活水平的方法各異，窮人們改變生活狀況動機(jī)不外乎為了家庭、子女以及自己。所以，扶貧需要創(chuàng)造人們“不必依靠任何人的仁慈”的自我認(rèn)同和自尊自立的思想。銀行和人們是平等的。他們在商業(yè)上擁有平等的合作伙伴關(guān)系。</p><p>　　只鄉(xiāng)村銀行成立以來，正在依靠無抵押小額貸款這種“解放性的力量”有69