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1、<p>  中文3500字,2005英文單詞,11500英文字符</p><p><b>  畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</b></p><p>  所在學院: </p><p>  專 業(yè): </p><p>  班 級

2、: </p><p>  學 號: </p><p>  姓 名: </p><p>  指導教師: </p><p>  年 月 日</

3、p><p><b>  譯文:</b></p><p>  題目: 新型貿(mào)易壁壘下的浙江紡織業(yè)國際化進程 </p><p><b>  一、技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘</b></p><p>  “技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘”(Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT)又稱“技術(shù)性貿(mào)易措施”,是一國

4、或地區(qū)以維護其基本安全,保障人類及動植物的生命及健康安全、保護環(huán)境、防止欺詐行為、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量等為由,通過頒布法律、法令、條例,制定技術(shù)標準與技術(shù)法規(guī)、合格評定程序、包裝和標簽的要求、產(chǎn)品檢疫、檢驗制度,運用于國際貿(mào)易當中,提高進口產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)要求,增加進口難度,起到保護本國相關(guān)企業(yè)利益的作用。安全標準、衛(wèi)生標準、包裝標準和信息技術(shù)規(guī)定構(gòu)成了技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的四大要素。發(fā)達國家通過頒布一些有關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)的標準來限制發(fā)展中國家的貨物進入該國,如

5、:美國的機械工程師協(xié)會標準(ASME);日本的《藥品法》《、化妝品法》;歐盟擬定的有關(guān)電子電器產(chǎn)品的電磁兼容標準等。而這些安全法則均高于發(fā)展中國家對本國采取的行業(yè)標準和法律要求。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計,2012年有23.9%的出口企業(yè)受到國外技術(shù)性貿(mào)易措施不同程度的影響,損失達到685億美元,企業(yè)新增成本280.2億美元,比2011年增加20.6億美元,貿(mào)易損失呈逐年遞增的狀態(tài)。其中,浙江省由技術(shù)壁壘造成的直接損失額為64.5億美元,占全省出口總

6、額的</p><p><b>  二、綠色壁壘</b></p><p>  綠色貿(mào)易壁壘(Green Barriers to Trade, GBT)是指一個國家以保護人類健康和經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展為借口,對外國商品進口專門設(shè)置以限制進口、保護本國供給為目的,帶有貿(mào)易歧視和限制的貿(mào)易壁壘。綠色壁壘實質(zhì)是技術(shù)貿(mào)易壁壘的新發(fā)展,目前,國際上采用的類型主要有:綠色技術(shù)標準、綠色關(guān)稅制

7、度、綠色市場準入制度、綠色包裝制度、綠色衛(wèi)生檢疫制度、綠色反補貼等。此類壁壘是客觀存在于國際貿(mào)易中的,無論各個國家的主觀目的如何,綠色壁壘本身是與環(huán)境保護和可持續(xù)發(fā)展密切相聯(lián)的。而近年來綠色環(huán)保主義思想的形成以及各國對節(jié)能減排的需要,使綠色壁壘具有極好的隱蔽性,因而成為新貿(mào)易保護主義最好的“護身符”。2010年上半年,歐盟的非食品類快速預警系統(tǒng)(RAPEX)累計召回245項紡織服裝產(chǎn)品,同比增幅達109%,其中中國產(chǎn)紡織服裝產(chǎn)品為133

8、項,同比增長102%,占召回總數(shù)的54%;美國消費品安全委員會(CPSC)召回紡織服裝產(chǎn)品達46項,其中產(chǎn)地為中國的共有27項,占59%。窒息、化學危險是對華紡織品服裝召回的主要原因。</p><p><b>  三、社會貿(mào)易壁壘</b></p><p>  社會貿(mào)易壁壘(Social Barriers)也稱為藍色壁壘,是由社會條款而來,指社會條款中的勞動者環(huán)境和生存

9、權(quán)利為理由而采取的貿(mào)易限制措施,是把勞工標準和貿(mào)易保護相掛鉤的產(chǎn)物。社會條款并不是一個單獨的法律文件,而是對國際公約中有關(guān)社會保障、勞動者待遇、權(quán)利和勞動標準等方面規(guī)定的總稱。社會貿(mào)易壁壘主要有六種表現(xiàn)形式:對違反國際公認勞工標準國家的產(chǎn)品征收附加稅;限制或禁止嚴重違反基本勞工標準的產(chǎn)品出口;以勞工標準為由實施貿(mào)易制裁;跨國公司的工廠審核(客戶驗廠);社會責任工廠認證;社會責任產(chǎn)品標志計劃。社會貿(mào)易壁壘最典型的代表是SA8000標準,是

10、從IS09000質(zhì)量管理體系及IS014000環(huán)境管理體系演繹而來的道德規(guī)范國際標準,由美國經(jīng)濟優(yōu)先權(quán)委員會(簡稱SAI)制定并實施。中國作為“世界工廠”,主要以勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)為主,各企業(yè)間為爭搶訂單,要求員工超時作業(yè)的現(xiàn)象較為普遍,而這恰恰為發(fā)達國家通過社會貿(mào)易壁壘來抑制中國產(chǎn)品進口找到了理由。近年來,沿海地區(qū)有8000多家企業(yè)接受過跨國公司SA8000的認證審查,已有一些企業(yè)因未通過審查而流失了訂單業(yè)務(wù);而有50%的跨國公司和外資企

11、業(yè)表示,如</p><p>  四、浙江紡織服裝業(yè)的狀況分析</p><p><b> ?。ㄒ唬┈F(xiàn)狀分析</b></p><p>  紡織工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟傳統(tǒng)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)和重要的民生產(chǎn)業(yè),在繁榮市場、擴大出口、吸納就業(yè)等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。早在1995年,中國就達到并一直保持世界第一大紡織品服裝出口國的地位,而從2002年起紡織品出口配額的陸續(xù)取消,

12、更為中國紡織品服裝業(yè)的出口帶來了推波助瀾的效應(yīng)。據(jù)海關(guān)總署數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2012年紡織品服裝累計出口2549.2億美元,全年增長2.8%,其中服裝出口增幅超過紡織品。服裝出口1591.4億美元,增長3.9%,紡織品出口957.8億美元,增長1.2%。中國紡織品服裝出口量占全球總出口量的三成。但近年來,紡織品服裝業(yè)由于在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)到回收的過程中對環(huán)境影響的設(shè)置沒能達到發(fā)達國家的要求;產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)上沒能達到發(fā)達國家的標準;勞動者勞動環(huán)境及權(quán)利待

13、遇等未符合相應(yīng)的要求:出口至歐美的紡織品服裝產(chǎn)品屢次遭到召回,損失慘重。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2012年紡織品服裝出口總額同比僅增長3.3%,增幅為近幾年最低。</p><p> ?。ǘ┰庥霰趬镜膬?nèi)、外因分析</p><p><b>  1、內(nèi)因分析</b></p><p>  (1)技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)設(shè)備落后,產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)力不強。浙江是紡織服裝業(yè)的重要出口地,20

14、12年全省紡織品服裝出口598.46億美元,出口額占全國23.45%,居全國之首。由于浙江地少人多的原因所致,浙江紡織服裝企業(yè)多以小規(guī)模的家族企業(yè)為主,由于產(chǎn)品技術(shù)含量低、附加值低、創(chuàng)新能力弱等因素直接導致出口的產(chǎn)品存在“五多五少”的現(xiàn)象,即:大路貨多,品牌少;中低檔多,高檔少;粗加工多,精加工少;普通加工多,深度加工少;衣著用品多,產(chǎn)業(yè)用品少。其次,由于是家庭式企業(yè),在管理模式上也相對較為落后,對相應(yīng)的國家政策和國際政策所作出的反應(yīng)較

15、慢,往往碰到了問題才去解決問題,對行業(yè)政策的動向缺乏主動性。再次,由于機器設(shè)備相對落后,生產(chǎn)效率不高,企業(yè)只能從產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量上取勝,員工加班現(xiàn)象普遍存在,有些企業(yè)甚至全天候運作,周末無休。</p><p>  (2)企業(yè)環(huán)保意識淡漠,技術(shù)法規(guī)和標準缺乏。浙江的紡織服裝業(yè)多數(shù)仍舊處于勞動密集型的粗放式模式,技術(shù)相對落后、污染嚴重、資源浪費嚴重等現(xiàn)象比較普遍。人們對于環(huán)境保護的認識還不夠,沒有采取足夠的措施,一部分企業(yè)

16、為了減少成本而將工業(yè)污水直接排入河道中。紡織品的生產(chǎn)從原料的采購到加工以及廢棄物的處理等方面,都沒有顧及到環(huán)境和人類的健康。同時,企業(yè)對生態(tài)紡織品的研究、生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展重視不夠,很少有企業(yè)關(guān)心ISO14000國際環(huán)保標準體系的認證,取得“綠色通行證”的企業(yè)就更少了。</p><p>  (3)政府職能落后,缺乏統(tǒng)一的行業(yè)標準。浙江紡織品服裝企業(yè)在進出口貿(mào)易中缺乏通暢的信息捕捉、信息分析和信息傳遞系統(tǒng),不能及時了解國外

17、市場動態(tài),一旦遭遇貿(mào)易摩擦更是無所適從。預警機制的缺乏、技術(shù)人才的稀缺、應(yīng)對措施的遲緩都使企業(yè)在出口貿(mào)易中處于被動地位。此外,缺少與國標準接軌的強制性標準,國家、地區(qū)、行業(yè)各有一套標準體系,與發(fā)達國家相比,的標準體系相對比較混亂,容易產(chǎn)生雖有據(jù)可循,卻不知依照哪個循的現(xiàn)象。</p><p><b>  2、外因分析</b></p><p>  (1)出口市場過于集中。

18、美國、歐盟和日本是紡織服裝產(chǎn)品的主要出口國。而這三大國家即是提倡新型貿(mào)易壁壘的積極倡導者。出口市場過于集中,出口迅速增長,讓浙江紡織服裝出口的市場風險過于集中。發(fā)達國家勞動成本過高,中低檔紡織品的競爭力必然低于發(fā)展中國家,為了保護本國同類產(chǎn)品,以技術(shù)、環(huán)境保護為由對發(fā)展中國家的進口產(chǎn)品設(shè)置貿(mào)易障礙已成事實,如日本規(guī)定進口的嬰兒服裝中甲醛含量為零,而甲醛在的服裝加工過程中仍被普遍使用。</p><p>  (2)貿(mào)

19、易順差長期存在且金額較大。從上世紀90年代開始,對外貿(mào)易長足發(fā)展,出口依存度和外貿(mào)依存度逐年上升。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2011年進出口貿(mào)易順差達1551.4億美元,其中前9個月,紡織服裝貿(mào)易順差是全國貿(mào)易順差的1.64倍。面對如此巨額的貿(mào)易逆差,美國、日本和歐盟必然采取相應(yīng)措施,設(shè)置各種貿(mào)易壁壘以減少進口沖突。</p><p><b>  五、啟示</b></p><p>  (

20、一)加強環(huán)保意識,構(gòu)建綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理模式</p><p>  企業(yè)要克服綠色壁壘,必然先要解決環(huán)境保護問題,而企業(yè)要解決環(huán)境問題,一方面要技術(shù)改造和創(chuàng)新,另一方面又應(yīng)該采用先進的管理理念,建立綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理模式。通過綠色采購、綠色生產(chǎn)、綠色設(shè)計、綠色物流、綠色回收的“綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理模式”來減少企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)過程中對環(huán)境的破壞,同時,也減少紡織服裝產(chǎn)品上殘留的化學品對產(chǎn)品的危害。</p><p>

21、;  (二)加快與國際標準接軌,加強國際認證</p><p>  當前國際貿(mào)易中與環(huán)境有關(guān)的認證工作主要有ISO14000環(huán)境質(zhì)量標準體系認證和綠色標志認證。ISO14000S是應(yīng)對綠色壁壘的有效武器,獲得ISO14000認證的企業(yè)表明其具有一定的環(huán)境競爭力,通過認證的企業(yè)可以使其產(chǎn)品對環(huán)境無害提供一些間接證據(jù),還可獲得良好的企業(yè)形象,提高其國際競爭力。</p><p>  (三)調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)

22、結(jié)構(gòu),加強企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新</p><p>  要想走出國門,走向世界,紡織服裝生產(chǎn)企業(yè)應(yīng)該逐漸從勞動密集型的低附加值加工類企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向擁有自主創(chuàng)新能力,能夠打造自主品牌,掌握自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的高附加值出口企業(yè)。多數(shù)紡織服裝企業(yè)現(xiàn)在主要從事貼牌生產(chǎn),來料加工和來樣加工,企業(yè)從中獲取的利潤很少。只有通過樹立自己的品牌,打造屬于自己的產(chǎn)品,才能提高企業(yè)的國際認知度,從而提高其國際競爭力。</p><p>

23、  (四)發(fā)揮行業(yè)協(xié)會的作用</p><p>  發(fā)達國家的行業(yè)協(xié)會發(fā)展的比較早,行業(yè)組織機構(gòu)也比較完善,這些行業(yè)機構(gòu)為企業(yè)的發(fā)展提供了必要的信息。也應(yīng)建立相應(yīng)的行業(yè)協(xié)會,及時收集國際貿(mào)易相關(guān)政策信息,掌握行業(yè)動態(tài),加速專業(yè)人才的培養(yǎng),充分發(fā)揮行業(yè)協(xié)會的咨詢服務(wù)功能,幫助企業(yè)量身訂做符合其自身的國際貿(mào)易摩擦解決方案。</p><p><b>  原文:</b><

24、/p><p>  Zhejiang textile industry internationalization process under the new trade barriers</p><p>  1、Technical barriers to trade </p><p>  "TBT" (Technical Barriers to Tra

25、de, TBT), also known as "technical trade measures," is a country or region to maintain its basic security, to protect life and health and safety of humans and animals and plants, protect the environment, preven

26、t fraud, ensure product quality and other grounds, through the enactment of laws, decrees, regulations, development of technical standards and technical regulations, conformity assessment procedures, packaging and labeli

27、ng requirements, product quarantine, i</p><p>  2、Green barriers </p><p>  Green Trade Barriers (Green Barriers to Trade, GBT) is a country in order to protect human health and economic developm

28、ent coordination as a pretext for foreign goods imported specifically set up to restrict imports to protect domestic supply for the purpose of trade discrimination and restrictions with trade barriers. Green Barrier esse

29、nce is a new development technical barriers to trade, at present, the type used internationally are: green technology standards, green tariff system, green marke</p><p>  3、The social barriers to trade </

30、p><p>  Social Barriers to Trade (Social Barriers), also known as blue barriers are coming from social terms, refers to a social clause in trade restrictions laborers environment and the right to life taken as

31、a reason is to protect labor standards and trade linked product. Social clause is not a separate legal document, but rather on social security, treatment of workers rights and labor standards and other aspects of the pro

32、visions of international conventions in general. Social Barriers There are six</p><p>  4、The analysis of the situation of Zhejiang Textile & Garment Industry </p><p>  4.1 Situation analysi

33、s </p><p>  Textile industry is a traditional pillar industry of the national economy and an important livelihood industry in the prosperity of the market, expanding exports, creating jobs, and played an imp

34、ortant role. Back in 1995, China has maintained a position reached and the world's largest exporter of textiles and clothing, but from 2002 onwards the abolition of textile export quotas, Chinese textile and garment

35、exports more brought fueling effect. According to Customs data show that in 2012 China's </p><p>  4.2 Within the encounter barriers, external analysis </p><p>  4.2.1 The internal analysis

36、</p><p>  (1) technology and production equipment behind, the product is not strong productivity. Zhejiang is an important exporter of textile and garment industry, in 2012 the province's textile and app

37、arel exports 59.846 billion US dollars, with exports accounting for 23.45 percent, ranking first in the country. Due to the densely populated Zhejiang reasons caused textile and garment enterprises in Zhejiang mostly sma

38、ll-scale family businesses, mainly due to the low technological content and low added v</p><p>  (2) corporate environmental awareness apathy, lack of technical regulations and standards. Most of Zhejiang

39、9;s textile and garment industry is still in the extensive mode of labor-intensive, technology is relatively backward, pollution, waste of resources and serious phenomenon is relatively common. People for Environmental a

40、wareness is not enough, there is no adequate measures are taken, some enterprises in order to reduce costs and industrial sewage directly into the river. Textile production f</p><p>  (3) The functions of th

41、e government behind the lack of uniform industry standards. Zhejiang textile and garment enterprises in the import and export trade, the lack of clear information capture, information analysis and information delivery sy

42、stem, can not keep abreast of foreign market dynamics, once encountered trade friction is at a loss. The lack of an early warning mechanism, the scarcity of technical personnel, slow response measures are so that enterpr

43、ises in a passive position in the exp</p><p>  4.2.2 The external analysis </p><p>  (1) The export market is too concentrated. US, EU and Japan is a major exporter of textiles and clothing prod

44、ucts. And these three countries that is an active advocate of promoting new trade barriers. Export market is too concentrated, the rapid growth of exports, let Zhejiang textile and garment export market risk is too conce

45、ntrated. Developed labor costs are too high, middle and low competitiveness of textile necessarily lower than in developing countries, in order to protect their own simila</p><p>  (2) persistent and large t

46、rade surplus amount. From the beginning of the 1990s, the rapid development of China's foreign trade, export dependence and dependence on foreign trade increasing every year. According to statistics, in 2011 China

47、9;s foreign trade surplus reached $ 155.14 billion, of which the first nine months, the textile and apparel trade surplus was 1.64 times the national trade surplus. Faced with such a huge trade deficit, the US, Japan and

48、 the EU is bound to take appropriate measu</p><p>  5、Implications </p><p>  5.1 To strengthen environmental awareness, build a green supply chain management </p><p>  Enterprises t

49、o overcome the green barriers, must first solve the problem of environmental protection and enterprises to solve environmental problems, technological transformation and innovation on the one hand, on the other hand shou

50、ld adopt advanced management concepts, establish a green supply chain management. Through green procurement, green production, green design, green logistics, green recycling "green supply chain management mode"

51、 to reduce the company in the production process of the d</p><p>  5.2 Accelerate with international standards, strengthen international certification </p><p>  The current international trade e

52、nvironment-related work mainly ISO14000 environmental certification quality standard certification and green logo certification. ISO14000S is an effective weapon to deal with green barriers, access to ISO14000 certified

53、company indicated that it has a competitive environment, you can make it environmentally friendly products provide some indirect evidence, but also to get a good corporate image through the certification of enterprises,

54、improve their international</p><p>  5.3 Adjusting the industrial structure, strengthen independent innovation </p><p>  To go abroad, to the world, the textile and garment manufacturing enterpr

55、ises with independent innovation capability should gradually from labor-intensive, low value-added processing enterprises turn, be able to build their own brands, master proprietary high-value export enterprises. Most of

56、 the textile and garment enterprises are now mainly engaged in OEM production, processing and sample processing, rarely profits from acquisition. Only by establishing their own brand, to create their own pro</p>&

57、lt;p>  5.4 Action played guild </p><p>  Industry associations developed relatively early development, industry organizations are more perfect, the industry body for the development of enterprises to prov

58、ide the necessary information. China should also establish appropriate industry associations, timely collection of international trade-related policy information, grasp industry trends, speed up the training of professio

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