外文翻譯-工程造價管理淺論(中英文對照)

1、<p>　　the stage of the project cost management</p><p>　　Abstract：Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current st

2、age of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. </p><p>　　Keywords：project

3、 cost；the current stage of the project；project cost management；</p><p>　　Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community， China's construction industry how to effectively control cons

4、truction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However， the current budget for the construction projects - estimate， budget， Super budget accounts for the "super three" is stil

5、l widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and e</p><p>　　As the project cost to the projec

6、t runs through the entire process， stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage， the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction

7、plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages， use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limi

8、ts. </p><p>　　Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s， 1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in

9、 the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget， content， methods and approval

10、， the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of </p><p>　　With the historical process， after recovery， reform and development， formed a relatively complete budget estim

11、ate of quota management system. However， as the socialist market economic development， the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking， the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the man

12、agement of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time und</p><p>　　In severe shortage of c

13、ommodities under the conditions， as long as a certain level of investment， will be certain outputs. In this environment， the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control o

14、f the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices， wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment， the budget estimate for the system approved project co

15、st， help the government to carry out </p><p>　　As the socialist market economic system established， requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years， international investment project de

16、veloped to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China， the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making， implementation heavy， light the economy and technology，&l

17、t;/p><p>　　First， the consequences of victimization， Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control， cost management makes the quality difficu

18、lt to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals. </p><p>　　Second， the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances， My first academia in the 1980s made

19、the whole process of cost management and control concept， building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put

20、 our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height. </p><p>　　Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal，

21、learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries， and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system， efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase

22、of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determin</p><p>　　China's current stage of the project c

23、ost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price， and focusing only on the construction process of cost control， neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control.

24、 Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accur

25、acy. Because of this p</p><p>　　The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost， many owners have the wrong understa

26、nding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue， and should be a number of factors， a combination of practical， comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-m

27、aking stage， the project's technical and economic decision-making， Cost of the project after the completi</p><p>　　In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study

28、， the work is done well， returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise， invest more， less effective， resulting in loss of control and waste of investment. </p><p>　　At present， some of the

29、projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue， false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superi

30、ors， actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems， lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to exte

31、nd the time limit so that the projec</p><p>　　Therefore， in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs， we must do the following aspects: </p><p>　　I

32、mplementationof the construction project and corporate accountability， Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. i

33、n addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of fu

34、nds. </p><p>　　A realistic approach to market analysis， to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making， reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market compe

35、titiveness， design task more scientific and reliability. </p><p>　　Capital financing must have a formal commitment document， the parties must do investment funds in place， and funds must have documents to en

36、sure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure. </p><p>　　To s

37、trengthen the engineering geology， hydrology， geology and land， water， electricity， transport， environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient

38、 grounds. </p><p>　　Taking extensive investigation and research， comparison of similar projects， seriously functional analysis， multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economi

39、c evaluation， and the final technologically advanced， functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects， thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment， so that the project cost f

40、rom the start positioning in a more reasonable level. </p><p>　　The design phase of the project cost control for a long time， China's building control very effective， - investment projects is not uncommo

41、n， this will affect owners of investment returns， it adds to the owners and within budget， as well as difficulties in fund owners， the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears， and so on. He

42、nce， the control of the project cost is of great significance， however the project cost is the primary means of control design， </p><p>　　Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom work

43、s on cost control， and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact， it is wrong， on the contrary， Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines enginee

44、ring design， construction methods， materials and equipment types， models of the project cost is of critical significance， design optimization phase of the program or minor changes， project cost will have a signi</p>

45、;<p>　　As the owners must design， the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level， and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing

46、 of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between， We as

47、sume that with a design from two different design institute to design， Con</p><p>　　Otherwise， in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; throu

48、gh tendering the project design into the market， compared to select the best design units. </p><p>　　Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using

49、scientific group France， in accordance with applicable， economic， aesthetic principles and advanced technology， reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements， comprehensive assess

50、ment of the merits of the program design， selection of the best determination of the successful program. </p><p>　　Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scop

51、e of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology， unique novelty， adaptability， as well as to control the cost

52、 of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea， contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design qua</p><p>　　Strengthe

53、ning the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design， mature technology， reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the pro

54、gram， in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved， excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors.

55、 In the entire process of building cost control， co</p><p>　　According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy， capital

56、expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options， the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost

57、analysis and study， to the design staff costs， to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To se</p><p>　　Design actively promote the so-called cap limit design， even wi

58、th the approval of the design task and investment estimates， guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget， according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for

59、the design and construction design control. Limits， and every one professional， each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process， designers should progress to more programs， design optimization，<

60、;/p><p>　　Also known as the value of value engineering analysis， is a modern scientific management technique， is a new techno-economic analysis， is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and r

61、educe the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies， construction

62、is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period， a lot of wastage， poor </p><p>　　Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project

63、 is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise， in the investment decision-making stage， the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits， st

64、rive in various construction projects rational use of human， material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits. </p><p>　　The project cost control and management is a dy

65、namic process. The dynamic market economy， to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex， this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs thro

66、ugh the entire process， it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is the implementation of the entire process of proj

67、ect managemen</p><p>　　Bidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means， bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of constructio

68、n projects and ensure the quality of construction projects， shortening the construction cycle return on the investment， construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control. </

69、p><p>　　Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This req

70、uires the building of units conducting the tender exercise， in the tender document to include not only the usual content， like tender notes before schedule， tender notes， the conditions of the contract， the contract term

71、s of the agreement， contract format， technical specifications， drawings， tender document</p><p>　　Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory， in accordance with state or local rules

72、promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects， unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules， according to design drawings to be calculated and stati

73、stical arranged， obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective， impartial， scientific， and rational principle. Compilers must have strong m</p><p>　　Quantities of the project

74、should have a testing general， the entries must be simple， while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineerin

75、g division， the situation was different; We may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers， seriously study design drawings， Analysis of the tender documents inclu

76、de the elements of the work and th</p><p>　　In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the re

77、quirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements， and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is lik

78、ely to change smaller projects to lower the price. </p><p>　　Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price a

79、nd the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineering assessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work， construction program， a comprehensive tec

80、hnical evaluation process， thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cos</p><p>　　After the signing of the contract， to do the management contrac

81、t documentation， contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preser

82、ved， in addition to establishing a technical files， Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis， results of the analysis to take proactive measures. </p><p>　　Construction phase in the construction p

83、hase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target， Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small， but the possibility of waste is great. The

84、reby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention. </p><p>　　Construction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re -

85、 to the contents of the work， a reasonable construction plan， shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project， improving economic efficiency， Construction of the program right from the technical and

86、 economic evaluation were compared， through qualitative and quantitative analysis， the quality， time， Cost three technical and economic indicators， be ra</p><p>　　Strictly related changes to the project budg

87、et control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons， including works poorly designed， so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; The current market supply

88、of materials does not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore， in the construction process， we must tighten customs change， thro

89、ugh no design ch</p><p>　　Works on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system， the establishment of specialized departments， Professional use of the prof

90、essional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas， not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be

91、 taken to the building， Supervisor， the construction site together representatives signed the way t</p><p>　　In the course of construction， the construction units to enhance on-site construction management，

92、supervision and construction side according to the drawings， and strictly control the change of the negotiations， materials substitution， the scene visas， and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necess

93、ary changes should be done first afterwards， after money， Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time co</p><p>　　Construction un

94、it representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record， particularly concealed records and visas， reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious， works to bring a very large

95、 settlement of the trouble， lead to considerable economic losses， the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key. </p><p>　　Of project list rigorous review of the

96、project on the review of inventories， Engineers’ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects， occurred in the pre-construction engineering and

97、 construction process technology， life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender w