外文翻譯--美國農(nóng)村金融管理模式

1、<p><b>　　中文4780字</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論 文）外文翻譯</p><p>　　題目：美國農(nóng)村金融管理模式</p><p>　　姓 名 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào) </p><p>

2、;　　所在學(xué)院 經(jīng)濟(jì)與政法學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級(jí) </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 </p><p>　　日 期 2014年4月5日 </p><p>　　外文題目： Rural Financial Manegement In America

3、 </p><p>　　出 處： Rural Cooperatives </p><p>　　作 者： Steve Lockwood </p><p><b>　　原 文：

4、</b></p><p>　　Rural Financial Manegement In America </p><p>　　By Steve Lockwood</p><p>　　Rural Finance: The American Experience</p><p>　　Construction of the rural

5、 financial system the U.S. The basic principle is to provide financial support for agricultural development. After years of development, rural America as a whole formed a multi-level, full range of financial institutions

6、, through government subsidies, the development of rural financial system, increase agricultural production, agricultural loans and various channels such as social, agricultural financing funds to meet the agricultural t

7、he development of a variety of fina</p><p>　　Rural econenomic development of rural finance as the most important elements of the capital allocation system,and its role more and more obvious,rural financial X

8、ingxing is agriculture,rural finance activities,the agricultural activities.Agricultural development from the experience of other countries, both developed and developing countries have attached great importance to rural

9、 financial institution building. In some countries the rural financial development better, establish a general policy,</p><p>　　The rural financial system construction rationale </p><p>　　Rural

10、financial theory to the formation and development, has received the modern financial development theories and policies of influence. From developing countries of rural financial theory perspective, the three major genres

11、: agricultural financing theory, rural financial market theory and recent incomplete competition theory. </p><p>　　In the early 1980s, before agriculture finance theories have been rural financial theory of

12、mainstream. This theory is based on that of rural residents, especially poor strata not saving ability, rural is facing fund shortage problem. And because the agricultural output characteristics (income uncertainty, inve

13、stment long-term and low yield, etc.), agriculture and cannot be a commercial bank's investment object, this makes the rural financial mess up, a large amount of fund outflow. Therefore, i</p><p>　　In th

14、e 1980s, the rural financial market theory gradually replaced agricultural credit subsidies theory. Its main theories, the lack of rural financial capital, not because farmers not saving ability, but due to the rural fin

15、ancial system unreasonable financial arrangements (such as government regulation, interest rate control, etc.), curb its development. Its policies are: to play a role in financial markets, and reduce government intervent

16、ion, realize interest rate marketization, achieving rur</p><p>　　Since the 1990s, again appeared imperfect competition market theory. This theory is mainly, and the market mechanism is not everything, for st

17、able financial market for reasonable government intervention is necessary. Imperfect competition market is the representative figure of SiDiGeLiCi that because of the existence of market failure factors, the government i

18、n rural financial market a very important role, but the government also cannot replace market, but should become the beneficial supplement</p><p>　　The imperfect market competition theory the main policy sug

19、gestion: one is the precondition of the development of financial markets is low inflation macroeconomic stability; etc. Second, in the financial market development to a certain degree, compared with interest rate liberal

20、ization, before more attention shall be paid to the actual deposit interest rate remained at will, within the scope of positive while suppressing deposit rate of growth, if the resulting credit allocation and excessive c

21、r</p><p>　　We think, due to the particularity of agricultural production, agricultural income uncertainty, agricultural investment long-term and low yield and production of dispersion characteristics, leadin

22、g to the rural financial transaction costs and funds use cost is higher, regular commercial financial institutions generally don't want to find the rural financial market, produced the market leading of failure. Ther

23、efore, in the process of building the rural financial system, the government suitable in</p><p>　　American of rural financial system</p><p>　　The United States is the world agriculture of the mo

24、st developed countries, this with a complete the rural financial system are inseparable. American building the rural financial system are fundamental principles for agricultural development fund supports. After years of

25、development, the rural America from whole formed a multi-level and comprehensive financial systems, through government subsidy, the development of rural financial system, increase agricultural loans and agricultural prod

26、uction s</p><p>　　(a) American policy of rural financial system </p><p>　　According to the American agricultural credit law to establish a rational division of labor and cooperation of policy-re

27、lated finance system that by farmers' living bureau, rural electrification bureau, commodity credit company and small business administration composition. American policy rural financial institutions is by the U.S. f

28、ederal government leading created, especially for its agriculture development and rural development to provide financing institution. Its main function is for agric</p><p>　　1. To improve farmers' living

29、, improvement of agricultural production for the purpose of peasants living innings. Farmers' living innings of the predecessor is agricultural revitalize administration, the agency not profit-minded purpose, aims to

30、 help the poor areas and low-income farmers solve fund shortage problem, its borrower is mainly who cannot from commercial Banks and other agricultural credit institutions of agricultural loans to employees. In recent ye

31、ars, farmers living bureau also bec</p><p>　　2. To improve rural public facilities and conditions and the establishment of the rural electrification bureau. Rural community development, the construction of w

32、ater conservancy, electric power facilities and other relevant rural basic construction issue that needs to be unified planning to address common, countries should give financial support and provide the necessary credit

33、help. Founded in 1935 of rural electrification bureau, is also the usda subsidiary institutions, </p><p>　　Its main functions are on rural thermal-power cooperatives and farms the borrower loan to improve ru

34、ral electrification level. The agency's fund use is also known for loans and guarantee primarily. </p><p>　　3. Commodity credit company. In 1933, the U.S. government established commodity credit company

35、mainly in order to respond to natural disasters and agricultural crisis. Commodity credits to farm because company natural disasters caused the reduction of give subsidies, and agricultural production insurance are simil

36、ar. Its main function is implementing the administration of price and income support program that price support, control of agricultural production, avoid agriculture production waves t</p><p>　　In addition,

37、 the United States has a kind of policy-based financial institutions - small business administration, is specialized for not from other normal channel gaining sufficient funds of small businesses to provide financing to

38、help. The fund mainly comes from parliament appropriated turnover funds and withdraw the loan principal and interest, etc, the fund is mainly used for issuing direct loans, participate in joint loan and guarantee and oth

39、er special credit. Small business administration</p><p>　　(b) American rural cooperative finance system </p><p>　　Benefited from the United States highly developed economic and financial system,

40、 American rural constructed comparatively perfect cooperation financial system. In the early 20th century, American agricultural credit financing is mostly by private institutions and individuals with, such credit funds

41、of the quantity is limited, and period is shorter, as the us economy development, the financial system has clearly can not adapt to the needs of the development of modern agriculture. The U.S. governm</p><p>

42、;　　Now, the rural cooperative finance by federal medium-term credit bank, cooperative Banks, federal land bank and land bank cooperatives three system composition, the three rural cooperative financial institutions are i

43、n government leaders and capital support, using a top-down way up. Among them the federal medium-term credit bank is America's most important agricultural credit cooperative system, this system is 1923 by the U.S. go

44、vernment in 12 credit area established 12 families federal medium-t</p><p>　　(c) American agricultural insurance system </p><p>　　American agricultural insurance system is after fumble ceaseless

45、ly, development and form. Early American agricultural insurance is by private insurance companies, but due to agricultural insurance risk huge, its management of the crop insurance are ended in failure. In order to help

46、farmers deal with agricultural production risks, the American government has been very active in crop insurance plan. Since 1938 the federal crop insurance law enacted, the American agriculture insurance after 60 yea<

47、/p><p>　　Reference Documentation: </p><p>　　1:Steven Husted, Michael Melvin, International Economics [M], (the fifth edition), Higher Education Press, 2002</p><p>　　2:Beck, T., Demirgu

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51、, 48, 364–381.</p><p>　　6:Newton, K. (2001). Trust, social capital, civil society, and democracy.International Political Science Review, 22, 201–214.</p><p>　　7:Liu, Z. (2003). The economic impa

52、ct and determinants of investment in human and political capital in China. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51, 823–850.</p><p>　　8:Birner, R., & Witter, H. (2003). Using social capital to creat

53、e politicalcapital. In The commons in the New Millennium: Challenges andadaptation (pp. 291–334). Cambridge and London: MIT Press.</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　美國農(nóng)村金融管理模式</p>

54、;<p>　　美國是世界上農(nóng)業(yè)最發(fā)達(dá)的國家，這與其有完備的農(nóng)村金融體制密不可分。美國構(gòu)建農(nóng)村金融體制的基本原則是為農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展提供資金支持。經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展，美國農(nóng)村從整體上形成了多層次、全方位的金融體制，通過政府補(bǔ)貼、發(fā)展農(nóng)村金融體系、增加農(nóng)業(yè)貸款和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)社會(huì)化等各種渠道，為農(nóng)業(yè)融通資金，滿足農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的各種資金需要，為農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化提供了資金保障。</p><p>　　農(nóng)村金融作為農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中最為重要的

55、資本要素配置制度，其作用越來越明顯，農(nóng)村金融興，則農(nóng)業(yè)興，農(nóng)村金融活，則農(nóng)業(yè)活。從其他國家農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，無論是發(fā)達(dá)國家還是發(fā)展中國家，都十分重視農(nóng)村金融體制建設(shè)。在一些農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展比較好的國家，普遍建立起了包括政策性金融、合作金融以及農(nóng)村保險(xiǎn)在內(nèi)的全方位、多層次的金融體制，建立起了支持農(nóng)村建設(shè)資金循環(huán)的長效機(jī)制，較好地支持了農(nóng)村和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，維護(hù)了廣大農(nóng)民利益。我們通過對(duì)這些國家的農(nóng)村金融體制進(jìn)行比較分析，提出了我國農(nóng)村金融體制改革和

56、完善的路徑選擇。</p><p>　　農(nóng)村金融體制建設(shè)的理論基礎(chǔ)</p><p>　　農(nóng)村金融理論的形成與發(fā)展，受到了現(xiàn)代金融發(fā)展理論及政策主張的影響。從發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)村金融理論來看，主要有三個(gè)流派：農(nóng)業(yè)融資理論、農(nóng)村金融市場理論和近年來出現(xiàn)的不完全競爭理論。</p><p>　　在20世紀(jì)80年代以前，農(nóng)業(yè)融資論一直是農(nóng)村金融理論界的主流。該理論的基礎(chǔ)是，認(rèn)為農(nóng)村

57、居民、特別是貧困階層沒有儲(chǔ)蓄能力，農(nóng)村面臨的是資金不足問題。而且由于農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)出特征(收入的不確定性、投資的長期性、低收益性等)，農(nóng)業(yè)也不可能成為商業(yè)銀行的投資對(duì)象，這就使農(nóng)村金融陷入困境，大量的資金外流。因此，有必要從農(nóng)村外圍注入政策性資金，并建立非盈利性的專業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)來進(jìn)行資金分配。然而，這種過分依賴外部資金的農(nóng)村金融政策引發(fā)了資金回收率低、使用效率低下等一系列矛盾，加之對(duì)農(nóng)村金融市場機(jī)制的忽視，致使農(nóng)村金融循環(huán)發(fā)展的長效機(jī)制難以建立

58、。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)80年代，農(nóng)村金融市場理論逐漸替代了農(nóng)業(yè)信貸補(bǔ)貼論。其主要理論是，農(nóng)村金融資金的缺乏，并不是因?yàn)檗r(nóng)民沒有儲(chǔ)蓄能力，而是由于農(nóng)村金融體系中不合理的金融安排(如政府管制、利率控制等)，抑制了其發(fā)展。其政策主張有：要發(fā)揮金融市場作用，減少政府干預(yù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)利率市場化，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村儲(chǔ)蓄和資金供求的平衡；取消專項(xiàng)特定目標(biāo)貸款制度，適當(dāng)發(fā)展非正規(guī)金融市場等。</p><p>　

59、　20世紀(jì)90年代以來，又出現(xiàn)了不完全競爭市場理論。該理論主要是，市場機(jī)制并不是萬能的，對(duì)于穩(wěn)定金融市場來說，合理的政府干預(yù)也是必要的。不完全競爭市場的代表人物斯蒂格利茨認(rèn)為，由于存在市場失敗的因素，政府在農(nóng)村金融市場中的作用十分重要，但政府也不能取代市場，而應(yīng)成為市場的有益補(bǔ)充。 政府對(duì)金融市場監(jiān)管應(yīng)采取間接調(diào)控機(jī)制，并依據(jù)一定的原則確立監(jiān)管的范圍和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。農(nóng)村金融市場不是一個(gè)完全競爭的市場，尤其是放款一方(金融機(jī)構(gòu))對(duì)于借款人的情況根

60、本無法充分掌握，再加上農(nóng)村的特殊情況，金融機(jī)構(gòu)很難控制農(nóng)村系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如果完全按照市場機(jī)制就可能無法培育出一個(gè)農(nóng)村社會(huì)所需要的金融市場，為此，有必要采用諸如政府適當(dāng)介入金融市場以及借款人的組織化等非市場措施。</p><p>　　不完全市場競爭理論的主要政策建議有：一是金融市場發(fā)展的前提條件是低通貨膨脹等宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定；二是在金融市場發(fā)育到一定程度之前，相比利率自由化，更應(yīng)當(dāng)注意將實(shí)際存款利率保持在正數(shù)范圍內(nèi)，同時(shí)

61、抑制存款利率的增長，若因此而產(chǎn)生信用分配和過度信用需求問題，可由政府在不損害金融機(jī)構(gòu)儲(chǔ)蓄動(dòng)員動(dòng)機(jī)的同時(shí)從外部提供資金；三是在不損害銀行最基本利益的范圍內(nèi)，政策性金融(面向特定部門的低息融資)是有效的。四是政府應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)并利用借款人聯(lián)保小組以及組織借款人互助合作形式，以避免農(nóng)村金融市場存在的不完全信息所導(dǎo)致的貸款回收率低下的問題；五是利用擔(dān)保融資、使用權(quán)擔(dān)保以及互助儲(chǔ)金會(huì)等辦法，可以改善信息的非對(duì)稱性；六是融資與實(shí)物買賣(如肥料、作物等)相結(jié)

62、合的方法是有效的，可以確保貸款的回收；七是為促進(jìn)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展，應(yīng)給予其一定的特殊政策，如限制新參與者等。</p><p>　　我們認(rèn)為，由于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的特殊性、農(nóng)業(yè)收入的不確定性、農(nóng)業(yè)投資的長期性、低收益性以及生產(chǎn)的分散性等特點(diǎn)，導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)村金融的交易成本和資金的使用成本都比較高，正規(guī)的商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)一般不愿意涉足農(nóng)村金融市場，產(chǎn)生了市場引導(dǎo)的失效。因此，在農(nóng)村金融體制構(gòu)建過程中，政府適當(dāng)干預(yù)是必要和有效的。從各國

63、農(nóng)村金融體制的演變來看，政府干預(yù)在農(nóng)村金融構(gòu)建的早期的確起到了十分明顯的促進(jìn)作用。但政府干預(yù)并不是金融發(fā)展的最終目標(biāo)，隨著金融體制的建立和完善，政府干預(yù)只能越來越阻礙農(nóng)村金融市場的發(fā)展。尤其在一些發(fā)展中國家，由于宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的不穩(wěn)定、部門性政策傾向以及普遍存在的法律和規(guī)章性障礙，使政府干預(yù)成為農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展的瓶頸。所以，在許多國家，農(nóng)村金融體制要真正發(fā)揮作用，首先需要把握好“政府干預(yù)度”這個(gè)問題。</p><p>

64、<b>　　美國的農(nóng)村金融體制</b></p><p>　　美國是世界上農(nóng)業(yè)最發(fā)達(dá)的國家，這與其有完備的農(nóng)村金融體制密不可分。美國構(gòu)建農(nóng)村金融體制的基本原則是為農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展提供資金支持。經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展，美國農(nóng)村從整體上形成了多層次、全方位的金融體制，通過政府補(bǔ)貼、發(fā)展農(nóng)村金融體系、增加農(nóng)業(yè)貸款和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)社會(huì)化等各種渠道，為農(nóng)業(yè)融通資金，滿足農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的各種資金需要，為農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化提供了資金保障。美國

65、農(nóng)村金融制度屬于一種復(fù)合信用型模式，這種模式具有如下特點(diǎn)：一是提供農(nóng)業(yè)信貸資金的機(jī)構(gòu)中，既有專業(yè)的農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)，也有其他類型的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。二是在金融組織體系上，一般是合作性金融機(jī)構(gòu)、政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)及商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)并存。美國現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)形成了政府主導(dǎo)的農(nóng)村政策性金融體系、農(nóng)村合作金融體系以及農(nóng)村商業(yè)性金融體系。</p><p>　　(一)美國的政策性農(nóng)村金融體系</p><p>　　美國根據(jù)《農(nóng)業(yè)

66、信貸法》建立了一個(gè)分工合理、相互配合的政策性金融體系，這個(gè)體系由農(nóng)民家計(jì)局、農(nóng)村電氣化管理局、商品信貸公司和小企業(yè)管理局組成。美國政策性農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)是由美國聯(lián)邦政府主導(dǎo)創(chuàng)建的，專門針對(duì)本國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和農(nóng)村發(fā)展提供融資的機(jī)構(gòu)。其主要功能是為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)有關(guān)的活動(dòng)提供信貸資金和服務(wù)，并通過信貸活動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和發(fā)展方向，貫徹實(shí)施農(nóng)村金融政策，控制農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模等。這些金融機(jī)構(gòu)的資金主要來源于政府提供的資本金、預(yù)算撥款、貸款周轉(zhuǎn)資金和

67、部分借款，資金運(yùn)用主要是提供一些商業(yè)銀行和其他貸款機(jī)構(gòu)不愿提供的貸款，在貸款對(duì)象上各有側(cè)重。</p><p>　　1.以改善農(nóng)民生活、改進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)為宗旨的農(nóng)民家計(jì)局。農(nóng)民家計(jì)局的前身是農(nóng)業(yè)重振管理局，該機(jī)構(gòu)不以盈利為目的，旨在幫助貧困地區(qū)和低收入的農(nóng)民解決資金短缺問題，其借款人主要是那些無法從商業(yè)銀行和其他農(nóng)業(yè)信貸機(jī)構(gòu)貸到款的農(nóng)業(yè)從業(yè)人員。近年來，農(nóng)民家計(jì)局也成為美國政府貫徹實(shí)施農(nóng)業(yè)政策的主要工具。如美國政府為了

68、合理利用農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資源，通過農(nóng)民家計(jì)局對(duì)農(nóng)場主發(fā)放興修水利和土地改良貸款，期限可達(dá)40年之久。到20世紀(jì)90年代，農(nóng)民家計(jì)局在各州、縣設(shè)立的辦事處已達(dá)1700多個(gè)，有力地支持了農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。農(nóng)民家計(jì)局的資金運(yùn)用主要是提供貸款和擔(dān)保。農(nóng)民家計(jì)局的貸款分為直接貸款計(jì)劃和緊急貸款計(jì)劃兩種，包括農(nóng)場所有權(quán)貸款、經(jīng)營支出貸款、農(nóng)房建設(shè)貸款、水利開發(fā)和土壤保護(hù)貸款等；農(nóng)民家計(jì)局主要是對(duì)商業(yè)銀行和其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)按農(nóng)民家計(jì)局貸款計(jì)劃向農(nóng)民借款人發(fā)放的貸款提供擔(dān)

69、保。</p><p>　　2.為改善農(nóng)村公共設(shè)施和環(huán)境而設(shè)立的農(nóng)村電氣化管理局。農(nóng)村社區(qū)發(fā)展、水利建設(shè)、電力設(shè)施等有關(guān)農(nóng)村基本建設(shè)問題，需要統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃共同解決，國家要給予財(cái)政扶持和提供必要的信貸幫助。成立于1935年的農(nóng)村電氣化管理局，也是美國農(nóng)業(yè)部下屬機(jī)構(gòu)，</p><p>　　其主要職責(zé)是對(duì)農(nóng)村電業(yè)合作社和農(nóng)場等借款人發(fā)放貸款從而提高農(nóng)村電氣化水平。該局的資金運(yùn)用也是以貸款和擔(dān)保為主。&

70、lt;/p><p>　　3.商品信貸公司。1933年，美國政府建立商品信貸公司主要是為了應(yīng)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害和農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)。商品信貸公司對(duì)農(nóng)場因自然災(zāi)害造成的減產(chǎn)給予補(bǔ)貼，與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)保險(xiǎn)相類似。其主要功能是管理實(shí)施價(jià)格和收入支持計(jì)劃，進(jìn)行價(jià)格支持，控制農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，避免農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)波動(dòng)給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者帶來的影響，保護(hù)廣大消費(fèi)者的利益。其資金運(yùn)用形式主要為提供貸款和支付補(bǔ)貼，主要包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品抵押貸款、倉儲(chǔ)干燥和其他處理設(shè)備貸款、災(zāi)害補(bǔ)貼和差價(jià)

71、補(bǔ)貼等。</p><p>　　另外，美國還有一種政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)——小企業(yè)管理局，專門是為不能從其他正常渠道獲得充足資金的小企業(yè)提供融資幫助。該局資金主要來源于國會(huì)撥款的周轉(zhuǎn)基金和收回的貸款本息等，資金主要用于發(fā)放直接貸款、參與聯(lián)合貸款、擔(dān)保以及其他特殊信貸。小企業(yè)管理局對(duì)小農(nóng)場的貸款是與農(nóng)民家計(jì)局分工協(xié)作的，如果小農(nóng)場借款人經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況不好且貸款額度小，則由農(nóng)民家計(jì)局提供資金支持，當(dāng)小農(nóng)場借款人經(jīng)濟(jì)地位得到改善后，其

72、更多的貸款需求則由小企業(yè)管理局提供。</p><p>　　(二)美國農(nóng)村合作金融體系</p><p>　　受益于美國高度發(fā)達(dá)的經(jīng)濟(jì)金融體系，美國農(nóng)村也構(gòu)建了比較完善的合作金融體系。在20世紀(jì)初，美國農(nóng)業(yè)信貸資金幾乎都是由私營機(jī)構(gòu)和個(gè)人提供的，這樣的信貸資金數(shù)量有限，而且期限較短，隨著美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，這種金融體系顯然已不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的需要。美國政府于1916年開始制定了一系列農(nóng)貸法律

73、，由美國政府主導(dǎo)設(shè)立農(nóng)貸專業(yè)銀行及其基層機(jī)構(gòu)組成信貸系統(tǒng)。其主要目的是通過對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)組織、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目放貸，擴(kuò)大農(nóng)業(yè)可用資金的來源，改善農(nóng)民工作條件和福利，增加農(nóng)民收入，加快農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。最初的農(nóng)村金融合作組織都是在政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)并出資支持下建立起來的，隨著國家資金的逐步推出，現(xiàn)在的農(nóng)村合作金融已成為由農(nóng)場主擁有的合作金融機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　目前，美國農(nóng)村合作金融由聯(lián)邦中期信用銀行、合作銀行、聯(lián)邦土地銀行及土地銀行

74、合作社三大系統(tǒng)組成，這三個(gè)農(nóng)村合作金融機(jī)構(gòu)都是在政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和出資扶持下，采用自上而下的方式建立起來的。其中聯(lián)邦中期信用銀行是美國最重要的農(nóng)業(yè)信用合作系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)是1923年由美國政府在12個(gè)信用區(qū)建立的12家聯(lián)邦中期信用銀行組成的，其主要解決農(nóng)民中短期貸款難的問題。每一個(gè)信用銀行下屬許多生產(chǎn)信用合作社，合作社實(shí)行股權(quán)所有制，借款人必須擁有相當(dāng)于借款額5%-10%的合作社股金或參與權(quán)證。貸款期限一般為1年，最長不超過7年。與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的便是聯(lián)

75、邦土地銀行系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)由12個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)信用區(qū)的聯(lián)邦土地銀行及其下屬的合作社組成，該系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為農(nóng)場主長期貸款的主要提供者；聯(lián)邦土地銀行實(shí)行股份所有制，每個(gè)合作社必須向聯(lián)邦銀行繳納占本社社員借款總額5%的股金，銀行股權(quán)歸全體合作社所有，也間接地歸全體借款人所有；聯(lián)邦土地銀行只辦理長期不動(dòng)產(chǎn)貸款，貸款對(duì)象主要是個(gè)體農(nóng)場主，貸款期限為法定的5-40年。合作銀行系統(tǒng)則是美國專門為了給合作社添置設(shè)備、補(bǔ)充營運(yùn)資金、購入商品等提供貸款而設(shè)立的，它由13

76、家合作銀行組成，12個(gè)信用區(qū)各設(shè)立一家，還包括</p><p>　　(三)美國的農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)體系</p><p>　　美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)體系是經(jīng)過不斷摸索、發(fā)展而形成的。早期美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)也是由私營保險(xiǎn)公司提供的，但由于農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)巨大，其經(jīng)營的農(nóng)作物保險(xiǎn)均以失敗而告終。為了幫助農(nóng)民對(duì)付農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，美國政府積極參與了農(nóng)作物保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃。自1938年《聯(lián)邦農(nóng)作物保險(xiǎn)法》頒布，美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)過60多

77、年的發(fā)展，形成了比較完備的農(nóng)作物保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)，保障水平和農(nóng)民參與率不斷提高，對(duì)于穩(wěn)定農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、提高國民福利水平起到了重要作用?，F(xiàn)行的美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)完全由商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)公司經(jīng)營和代理，當(dāng)然，商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)公司會(huì)得到政府在經(jīng)營管理費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼等方面的有力支持。美國農(nóng)作物保險(xiǎn)的運(yùn)行主要分三個(gè)層次，第一層為聯(lián)邦農(nóng)作物保險(xiǎn)公司(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理局)，主要負(fù)責(zé)全國性險(xiǎn)種條款的制定，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的控制，向私營保險(xiǎn)公司提供再保險(xiǎn)支持等；第二層為有經(jīng)營農(nóng)險(xiǎn)資格的私營保險(xiǎn)公司，它們與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)