外文翻譯--柱塞式液壓缸起重器和柱塞

1、<p><b>　　附錄A譯文</b></p><p>　　(一) 柱塞式液壓缸、起重器和柱塞</p><p>　　液壓缸、起重器和柱塞的基本術(shù)語可以被看作為同義詞。通常首先描述的是其基本質(zhì)特征，“jack” 通常用來描述，應(yīng)用于起重器中的液壓缸，而且在大多數(shù)應(yīng)用驅(qū)動器的特定工業(yè)場合來提供起重裝置，“ram” 經(jīng)常被應(yīng)用于高輸出力的大型、重型液壓缸，其它一些

2、權(quán)威書籍可能將“ram”定義為活塞和桿是相同直徑的液壓缸，盡管這種液壓缸更準(zhǔn)確的應(yīng)該被叫做柱塞式油缸，或置換式液壓缸，這些形式的液壓缸單一作用式并有其相對的應(yīng)用局限。</p><p>　　液壓缸可為單作用式，在單作用液壓缸情況下，運動由彈簧或某種外力或重力使活塞返回到起始位置時釋放壓力來完成，在這種情況下彈簧返回，再液壓條件下可獲得的輸出力可以被彈簧抗力所減輕。 </p><p>　　雙作

3、用液壓缸再普通應(yīng)用場合是最常用的，液流上被安裝液壓缸兩端，被選擇器交替實現(xiàn)輸入口，輸出口作用。最大的可獲得的輸出的僅比單作用液壓缸所獲得的輸出稍小些，因為當(dāng)液體壓力被反向加壓時組織泄露，因而增加了摩擦力抵抗運動。</p><p>　　在反向運動時，可獲得的力會由于活塞和桿面積的不同而降低了活塞作用面積減少，反向壓力也是存在的，這種性能損失也許會很小，但在實際中明顯地減少理論性能，而且液壓缸的理論性能是有一定規(guī)格的

4、，允許的公稱公差以適應(yīng)摩擦損失。</p><p>　　大多數(shù)的液壓缸是單桿式的，雙桿式的液壓缸可能被應(yīng)用在要求特高剛度下。對于雙作用式液壓缸，沖壓力在伸出和縮回是相等的，這里可以估計到相比在相同直徑的液壓缸由于桿的封閉作用，摩擦力也會兩端的密封桿和密封軸承而增大。</p><p>　　液壓缸被廣泛用于工業(yè)液體系統(tǒng)中，這些液壓缸也別稱為線性原動機或往復(fù)原動機。通常液壓缸由循環(huán)管，活塞和桿運動

5、處兩側(cè)的密封組織，活塞桿可被設(shè)計在液壓缸的一側(cè)或兩側(cè)，圍繞活塞桿向液壓缸外的液體溫度可以由正確設(shè)計的還有密封墊用途的應(yīng)用。再這當(dāng)中我們將學(xué)習(xí)各種類型的液壓缸以及它們是如何應(yīng)用的液壓缸的用途會對工業(yè)水利學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)有很大幫助。</p><p>　　(二) 液壓動力鉗的發(fā)展</p><p>　　近年來，隨著我國國民經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，我國的石油消費量逐年增加。2002年達到2．457億噸，排名已超

6、過日本，成為繼美國之后的第二大石油消費國。相比之下，我國石油機械制造生產(chǎn)增長比較緩慢，供需矛盾日益突出。而現(xiàn)在人類的機械創(chuàng)新的不斷進步，使機械代替了人。以前在油田修井時或者下油管時，管與管連接時是用管鉗來上扣和卸扣，現(xiàn)在使用這種液壓鉗，就給人類帶來很多方便，使工作效率和安全系數(shù)提高，也減少了很多井口的工作人員，因此這是油田經(jīng)常使用的卸管工具。針對修井作業(yè)中人力上卸抽油桿螺紋效率低,勞動強度大,又不能保證不同規(guī)格抽油桿所要求的上扣扭矩等問

7、題,研制了液壓抽油桿鉗,這種抽油桿鉗由主鉗,手動換向閥,液壓馬達,底鉗,彈簧吊筒和調(diào)節(jié)彈簧等組成,在設(shè)計中省掉了轉(zhuǎn)速換擋機構(gòu),同時通過改變制動板上壓簧螺栓的結(jié)構(gòu),解決了制動板減薄時顎板滾子爬坡力量不足這一技術(shù)難題，介紹了這種抽油桿鉗的工作原理!主要技術(shù)參數(shù)和室內(nèi)試驗情況，現(xiàn)場應(yīng)用結(jié)果表明,采用液壓抽油桿鉗可大大減少抽油桿脫扣次數(shù),提高修井質(zhì)量和修井速度。但液壓元件的制造精度和密封性能要求高，加工和安裝都比較困難。泄漏難以避免，并且油液有

8、一定的可壓縮性，</p><p>　　(三) 鉆井設(shè)備與技術(shù)</p><p>　　鉆井設(shè)備第一需要是配備扭矩為三十萬ft/lbs的電力裝置，安裝在直徑21米的海上平臺上，是兩年前印尼研制的項目。這個安裝交叉生產(chǎn)線項目范圍其中包括建筑連接10萬多FT配對扭矩和20多萬配對液壓扭矩。這些新型的螺紋連接是專為生產(chǎn)海上平臺和輸出扭矩建設(shè)的。新型螺紋的生產(chǎn)極力用于海上浮動平臺管道連接，當(dāng)面臨巨大的海

9、浪的力量，并夾雜著水流不斷的沖擊，可起著穩(wěn)固平臺的艱巨任務(wù)。這些參數(shù)是完全按照設(shè)計要求和建設(shè)需求去做的。21-300型鉗子也是為設(shè)計而生產(chǎn)的配套產(chǎn)品。以上產(chǎn)品在不到12個月里，完成設(shè)計、建造、測試實驗室，可迅速完成建設(shè)投入使用。在新產(chǎn)品中包括新概念的液壓馬達系統(tǒng)，以液壓馬達啟動和組合泵、工程液壓系統(tǒng)內(nèi)都具有獨立轉(zhuǎn)子堂.這些都成功用在海上平臺。這種新概念馬達的體積和重量是以前沒有過的可帶動旋轉(zhuǎn)。在其它一些項目中也應(yīng)用了包括專門設(shè)計框架伺服

10、支持的框架。而且裝置都提供了遙控和完全的電子計算機操作。</p><p><b>　　技術(shù)要求</b></p><p>　　扭矩輸出力所需螺紋生產(chǎn)建筑連接的技術(shù)要求包括大型輻射干擾，并且之間有內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。大扭矩要求"預(yù)先裝載"的扭矩后線干擾,能頂住了動力海洋和抗壓力。這種事先裝配的裝置叫做三角扭矩，它有著全功能的重要通道,是決定性的機械方面的機械摩擦

11、裝置，緩沖、解壓等功能，可使幾何扭矩高達輸出扭矩的2至3倍。而且有其共同點就是扭矩輸出最小15萬余FT/，最大高達30萬FT。這些典型參數(shù)都是技術(shù)上所必須的，很好的利用在建筑上是很容易解決綜合技術(shù)所需的理論。綜合扭矩抗壓反應(yīng)則需重新設(shè)計新概念，找住典型的生產(chǎn)建筑技術(shù)是必要的，設(shè)計不可缺少的因素。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)展構(gòu)想</b></p><p>　　對這些

12、概念進行討論,以便找出最佳設(shè)計方案. 常規(guī)力量經(jīng)常用動力鉗凸輪曲線的形狀進行系統(tǒng)內(nèi)容的分析. 優(yōu)點是依靠著力量直接應(yīng)用輸出的扭矩上,這是特別重要的，而且外殼和管道連接所需最大扭矩值三十萬FT/配對,但需要相當(dāng)高的輸出扭矩系統(tǒng)提供比凸輪曲線，以便解決利用液壓系統(tǒng)帶動動力鉗夾緊管箍，并按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定設(shè)計。</p><p>　　這些技術(shù)可用在有<系統(tǒng)啟動水壓調(diào)節(jié)式獨立液壓驅(qū)動的汽車電路上，還可以用在液壓鉗彈簧轉(zhuǎn)子上。

13、然后是馬達、泵股(在備份和堂)由水壓驅(qū)動的汽車上,塘房的活塞泵裝上塘生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)子液壓筒的沖擊，活塞泵的活塞上裝有6門的裝置運動，兩個活塞泵供應(yīng)壓力增大每個液壓缸.這可確保每個銑鏜得到同樣數(shù)量的油量,確保完成整個工作過程。</p><p><b>　　動力安排</b></p><p>　　它把兩種不同的裝備系統(tǒng),可以把行星減速器裝置的運行模式兩個(外殼和建筑模式)和液壓裝置

14、,總共將包括輪換速度從0.2-16分鐘. 三個平行驅(qū)動液壓汽車外殼堂位于輪換分起床,從西三面部隊駕駛系統(tǒng). 大型工具扶輪成績封閉和輪換的建筑-聽著. 機械動力傳遞的液壓馬達將加強扶輪來往. 扶輪是一具大直徑裝置已分三節(jié),關(guān)鍵在于構(gòu)件和機制. 小扶輪起開放部分漁具建筑包圍,然后設(shè)法接近工作的同時,門閂建筑國內(nèi)直徑的地面裝備有加的打擊部隊,這是一個單獨的驅(qū)動馬達/泵股之上的情況下,確保液壓堂在輪換. 該裝置由三個液壓汽車列車裝在一個單獨的行

15、星變速器堂扶輪社的房屋. 每個液壓馬達直接帶動了鳥羽,進而扶輪驅(qū)動裝置.</p><p><b>　　自由浮動</b></p><p>　　自由浮動的備份在鉗子之下克制它從行動在管道附近當(dāng)扭矩是應(yīng)用的。會導(dǎo)致可能的安全危險在高扭矩值鉗子可能提供的備用線路不必需。它并且包含三個水力夾緊的磁道提供肯定的字符串夾子以最大扣人心弦的強制。自由浮動的類型回應(yīng)系統(tǒng)消滅所有剪和彎曲

16、的負(fù)荷橫跨工具聯(lián)接, 服從聯(lián)接只對扭力負(fù)荷和因此使殘損的線程數(shù)側(cè)面或肩膀減到最小風(fēng)險由擦傷?？煞珠_的自由浮動的備份(通過水喉) 與鉗子機械上和水力被鏈接和對連接數(shù)線程數(shù)差旅自已補償在構(gòu)成和包圍突破方向。</p><p>　　壓電池(扭矩磁道) 適合在鉗子和備份之間和, 由選擇, 可能被使用記錄構(gòu)成或包圍突破扭矩。三個下頜提供夾住的平均值。一個扣人心弦的系統(tǒng)相似和在鉗子(還以分開的水力電路) 保證水力夾緊的磁道的一

17、個中心夾緊的活動。備用夾緊的范圍被設(shè)計容納在衣領(lǐng)直徑上所有變化在他們有名無實的范圍范圍之內(nèi)從通過最大24米直徑。 </p><p><b>　　扭矩評定</b></p><p>　　彎曲的和剪切力被自由浮動的備用系統(tǒng)消滅當(dāng)這些強制對稱地被分配入扭矩過帳, 允許應(yīng)用的扭矩的評定非常準(zhǔn)確地被做。扭矩評定的系統(tǒng)與力量鉗子被結(jié)合以自由浮動的備份消滅動擺和額外干涉的強制。結(jié)果

18、, 構(gòu)成和包圍突破扭矩可能被評定以同樣準(zhǔn)確性。扭矩負(fù)荷被評定以一個有效的壓縮類型壓電池。強制直接地被評定在自由浮動的備份的扭矩回應(yīng)系統(tǒng)之內(nèi)。如果需要, 構(gòu)成或包圍突破與造反者鉗子21-300 可能是受控的使用記錄扭矩輪圖形當(dāng)化妝的torque/turn 系統(tǒng)(或中斷) 連接數(shù)。那止步不前構(gòu)成進程當(dāng)被預(yù)先選定的最佳扭矩值被到達。許多生產(chǎn)造反者連接今天被使用外部被擔(dān)負(fù)和要求"預(yù)先輸入" 那些肩膀保證他們將承受彎曲的重音由

19、環(huán)境造成當(dāng)不取消。這由申請達到"三角洲扭矩" 向連接數(shù)在連接數(shù)擔(dān)負(fù)了之后。制造商要求, 這三角洲扭矩是應(yīng)用和受控的在非常緊的容差之內(nèi)。新建私有的軟件被設(shè)計分析連接數(shù)torque/turn 數(shù)據(jù)在實時, 然后運用被預(yù)先決定的相當(dāng)數(shù)量三角洲扭矩或三角洲輪向連接數(shù)為最終構(gòu)成。 </p><p><b>　　鉗子操縱</b></p><p>　　造液壓鉗

20、子21-300型被設(shè)計了以各種各樣的類型船具在頭腦里。鉗子可能或者被暫停從推力磁道和被操作到/從好的中心以Weatherford 力量范圍, 或另一選項將集成造反者鉗子21-300 Weatherford 軌行力量框架和伺服框架系統(tǒng)。取決于申請, 所有鉗子的功能可能被控制或直接地從水力控制面板在鉗子的邊或通過一個遙控盤區(qū)。遙控可能是成功的通過航空在水力控制或電子與鉗子是電子控制系統(tǒng)的整體部分。在這種情況下, 鉗子和鉗子承運人設(shè)備可能被連

21、接到船的區(qū)域管理系統(tǒng)防止碰撞在不同的設(shè)備譬如力量框架, 頂層驅(qū)動器, 或管道操作系統(tǒng)之間。</p><p><b>　　案件歷史記錄</b></p><p>　　一、21-300型鉗子被傳送了為西方Seno 緊張行程平臺(TLP) 由管理在海峽在印度尼西亞。挑戰(zhàn)被存在對Weatherford 將運行大3,000 ft 13 3/8鋼框(在泥線路之下), 鈦逐漸變細(xì)的重

22、音聯(lián)接(天橋聯(lián)接), 和大約3,000 ft 生產(chǎn)造反者(在泥線路之上) 如同一個字符串在一個嚴(yán)重地偏離的未結(jié)漏洞。生產(chǎn)者包括了聯(lián)接以焊接在連接在要求得超過的高重音面積100,000 ft/lbs 做輸出扭矩, 并且專門研究穿線的和耦合的連接為字符串的余數(shù)在泥之上排行。由于疲勞關(guān)心, 處理生產(chǎn)造反者的需求是最小的標(biāo)號對造反者的OD 。結(jié)果, 微夾子滑動被開發(fā)了為項目和被使用了在一只500 噸輸出與一塊遠(yuǎn)程地被管理的可撤回的基本的板材?；?/p>

23、動沒有擊穿入管道機體并且蜘蛛遠(yuǎn)程地和安全地被縮回從好的中心容納所有大OD 制造者字符串要素。二把鉗子被裝配同時在彼此對面在船具樓層上處理穿線的和耦合的造反者的非標(biāo)號需求和高扭矩需求焊接在造反者連接數(shù)。由于未結(jié)漏洞適應(yīng), 它是必要減少時刻在滑動為管道字符串避免陷進的管道。一把24-80鉗子與pneumatic/hydraulic扣人心弦的設(shè)備和鋁插入未</p><p><b>　　附錄B英文文獻</

24、b></p><p>　　(One) Cylinders, Jacks and Rams</p><p>　　The terms cylinder, jack and ram can be considered synonymous, the first being the general description. The description “jack” is commonly

25、 used for cylinders employed as lifting devices, and also on specific industries where the most common application of a linear actuator is to provide a “jacking” action. The description “ram” is often applied to large, h

26、eavy-duty cylinder with high output forces. Other authorities may designate a “ram” as a cylinder in which the piston and rod are of the same </p><p>　　Cylinders may be single-acting or double-acting. In the

27、 case of single-acting cylinders, motion is accomplished by the pressure when the piston as moved back to its original position by a spring or some external force, or gravity. In the case or spring return, the output for

28、ce available hydraulic pressure is modified by the resistance of the spring.</p><p>　　Double-acting cylinders are by far the more common choice for general application. Fluid ports are fitted to each end, to

29、 function alternately as inlet and outlet ports, switched by a selector. The maximum outup available is slightly less than that obtainable from a single-acting cylinder, since, when the fluid pressure is applied to the f

30、ull piston area, some back pressure will be generated on the outlet side, also a rod seal will be required to prevent leakage when the piston is proess in the </p><p>　　In the reverse direction of motion, th

31、e force available will be lower since the effective piston area is reduced to that of the difference between the piston and rod areas. Back pressure effects will, of vours, also be present. Such performance losses may be

32、 small, but can appreciably modify the theoretical performance in practive and it is usually on theoretical performance that cylinders are sized, with a nominal allowance for frictional losses.</p><p>　　Most

33、 cylinders are of single-rod type. A through rod may be see where extra rigidity is required. In the case of a double-acting cylinder, thrust will then be the same when extending and retracting. There will be an apprecia

34、ble loss of extending thrust compared with a single-rid cylinder of the same diameter due to the blanking effect of the rod. Frictional forces will also be higher since a rod seal and bearing seal are required at each en

35、d.</p><p>　　Hydraulic cylinders are widely used in industrial hydraulic systems. These cylinders are called linear motors and reciprocating motors. The usual hydraulic cylinder cost of tube, sealed at both e

36、nds, in which a piston and its rod move. The piston rod projects through either or both ends of the cylinder. Leakage of the cylinder around the piston rod is controlled by suitably designed seal usually containing packi

37、ng. A hydraulic cylinder transforms the flow of pressurized fluid into a push or pull</p><p>　　(Tow) Hydraulic pressure power pliers development</p><p>　　In recent years, continued along with o

38、ur country national economy fast to develop, our country petroleum consumption quantity added year by year. In 2002 achieved 245.7 million tons, the place have surpassed Japan, after becomes continues American second big

39、 petroleum expense country. In comparison, our country petroleum machine manufacture produces grows quite slowly, the supply and demand contradictory is day by day prominent. But the present humanity's machinery inno

40、vation unceasing progress</p><p>　　(Three) DRILLING EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY</p><p>　　The first demand for a power tong that can deliver a torque value of 300,000 ft/lbs at 21 in diameter came f

41、rom the Unocal West Seno tension-leg platform (TLP) deepwater development project in Indonesia two years ago. The scope of this project was to install 24 “hybrid” production riser strings which included production riser

42、connections that required more than 100,000 ft/lbs make-up torque and more than 200,000 ft/lbs break-out torque. These new types of threaded production riser connections we</p><p>　　Riser Tong 21-300, and is

43、 the first fully rotational tong with integral backups able to generate 300,000 ft/lbs of torque. In less than 12 months, two units were designed, built, lab tested, and delivered to Indonesia in 2002/2003 for the West&l

44、t;/p><p>　　Seno Project. The new concept includes a hydraulic gripping system that is activated by a hydraulic motor/pump combination and works with an independent hydraulic system inside the tong rotor. With t

45、he successful application of the tong on the West Seno Project, 2004 brought a new challenge. Four of the 21-300 tongs were required in a mechanized version in a “hands-free” environment to be operated on offshore floati

46、ng platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. Never before has a power tong the size and we</p><p>　　TECH REQUIRE MENTS</p><p>　　Characteristics that influence the required torque values in threaded produ

47、ction riser connections include large radial interference between the threads that increases the initial make-up of the connection, and large torque shoulders that require “pre-loading” of the shoulders after thread inte

48、rference to withstand the dynamic forces of the ocean and to resist backing out under stress. This pre-loading is called Delta-Torque and is important to the functionality of the connector and is decisive </p><

49、;p>　　DEVELOPMENT AND CONCEPT</p><p>　　Several concepts were discussed in order to find the optimum design. Conventional power tongs often use a cam curve system to engage the gripping elements. The advant

50、age is that the gripping force directly depends on the torque value applied, which is especially important for thin-wall casing and tubing connections. The required maximum torque value of 300,000 ft/lbs, however, requir

51、es a much higher radial gripping force than a cam curve system can deliver.</p><p>　　The solution was to utilize a hydraulically activated gripping system that had already been used for smaller tongs. A hydr

52、aulically activated gripping system is capable of applying the necessary clamping force of 800 k N (180,000 ft/lbs). To prevent riser damage, a three-jaw gripping system with a six-point gripping arrangement is used. <

53、;/p><p>　　The gripping system is activated hydraulically with adjustable gripping force by a separate hydraulic clamping circuit driven by a motor/pump unit. Three spring-loaded hydraulic clamping cylinders wit

54、hin the rotor force the jaws against the riser connection OD. During make-up or break-out operations, the riser to be rotated is first enclosed in the tong and backup and the tong and backup doors are closed and latched.

55、 Then a motor/pump unit (at the tong and backup) consisting of a hydraulically d</p><p>　　MOTOR ARRANGEMENT</p><p>　　With its two different gear shifting systems, a shift able planetary gear red

56、ucer for the two operation modes (riser and casing mode) and a hydraulic gear, shifting covers a total rotating speed range from 0.2-16 rpm. Three parallel-driven hydraulic motors located on the tong casing to rotate the

57、 riser and to distribute the forces symmetrically from three sides drive the system. A large rotary gear accomplishes closure and rotation of the riser-gripping jaws. Mechanical power is transmitted from</p><p

58、>　　FREE-FLOATING BACK UP</p><p>　　The free-floating backup underneath the tong restrains it from moving around the pipe when torque is applied. No backup line is required that would cause a possible safet

59、y hazard at the high torque values the tong can deliver. It also contains three hydraulic clamping cylinders to provide sure string grip with maximum gripping forces. The free-floating type of reaction system eliminates

60、any shear and bending loads across the tool joint, thereby subjecting the joint only to torsion loads and mini</p><p>　　TORQUE MEASUREMENT</p><p>　　Bending and shearing forces are eliminated by

61、the free-floating backup system as these forces are symmetrically distributed into the torque posts, allowing measurement of applied torque to be made very accurately. A torque measuring system combined with a power tong

62、 with free floating back-up eliminates oscillations and additional interfering forces. Consequently, make-up and breakout torque can be measured with the same accuracy. Torque load is measured with an active compression-

63、type load cell</p><p>　　TONG MANEUVERING</p><p>　　The Riser Tong 21-300 was designed with various types of rigs in mind. The tong can either be suspended from a lift cylinder and manipulated to

64、and from well center with the Weatherford Power- Scope, or the other option is to integrate the Riser Tong 21-300 into the Weatherford rail-mounted Power Frame and Servo Frame system. Depending upon the application, all

65、functions of the tong can be controlled either directly from the hydraulic control panel at the side of the tong or via a remote control</p><p>　　CASE HISTORIES</p><p>　　Two 21-300 tongs were de

66、livered for the West Seno Tension Leg Platform (TLP) operated by Unocal in the Makassar Strait in Indonesia. The challenge presented to Weatherford was to run approximately 3,000 ft of 13 3/8-in. steel casing (below mud

67、line), titanium tapered stress joint (crossover joint), and approximately 3,000 ft of production risers (above mud line) as one string in a severely deviated open hole. The production risers consisted of joints with weld

68、 on connectors in the high stress ar</p><p>　　The semi-mechanized 21-300 tong was used to make up all weld-on specialty connections and was positioned on and off the pipe with the Power Scope. The tong doors

69、 were also actuated remotely open/close. All production risers and casing was installed with no human stabber in the derrick. The derrick mounted Stab Master was used to vertically align all joints during makeup. All equ

70、ipment was manufactured by Weatherford; lab tested and delivered to Indonesia within 12 months from the design kick-off</p><p>　　As a result of the success of the 21-300 in Indonesia, two follow-up projects

71、were awarded in 2004 to install production riser in the Gulf of Mexico. These projects required four additional 21-300 tongs to be built. The Front Runner development project for Murphy Exploration also required a tong t