數(shù)字印刷翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文2490字</b></p><p>　　Digital printing</p><p>　　Phil Green</p><p>　　Digital printing is currently the most rapidly growing print sector, and one which is op

2、ening up new possibilities of short-run color work. It is also enabling entirely different relationships between the purchaser and supplier of printed products and making possible all kinds of new products.</p>&l

3、t;p>　　The conventional printing processes described earlier in this chapter are mature technologies. The technological development of these processes will continue, but will tend to deliver only incremental improvemen

4、ts in performance. Digital printing, by comparison, is still at an early stage in its development and will continue to develop rapidly, opening up new markets and making increasing inroads into the conventional process.&

5、lt;/p><p>　　In the medium term at least, it is highly unlikely that digital printing will entirely replace the conventional processes. This is for two fundamental reasons:</p><p>　　The cost of colo

6、rants used makes unit prices too high to compete on longer runs; </p><p>　　Modern printing equipment is designed around production economies of scale, with high speeds, large formats and inline processes suc

7、h as folding and coating, and it will be some time before manufacturers build digital presses that can compete on high production volumes.</p><p>　　The strength of digital printing is therefore largely in sh

8、orter print runs. However, the short-run market is expanding fast as print runs for all types of product are falling, and new products are made possible by integrated digital production. A direct cost comparison between

9、digital and conventional printing may not be relevant in every case as digital printing can often provide a better solution to a communication problem, adding value and generating savings elsewhere in the production cycl

10、e</p><p>　　The point at which digital and conventional printing breaks even tends to be at a run length of around 1000 copies(more for black and white and less for color). Run lengths that do not fall automa

11、tically into the province of conventional or digital will be decided by the added value of the process: for digital printing this includes distributed printing and the ability to vary the image with each copy, while for

12、conventional processes such as litho it will include the higher quality levels, the </p><p>　　Digital printing technologies</p><p>　　Digital printers currently fall into four basic types:</p&

13、gt;<p>　　Page printers that print flat sheets of paper, usually in A4 format but sometimes up to A3 (these range from desktop printers to high-speed copier/printers like DocuTech, and include high-quality continuo

14、us tone printers used mostly for proofs and presentation materials);</p><p>　　Large-format devices that print on continuous rolls, mainly for short-run posters;</p><p>　　Overprinting heads for a

15、dding product codes (mainly for packaging) that are mounted onto conventional presses or finishing equipment, or on packaging lines; </p><p>　　Reel-fed machines that print at speeds comparable to conventiona

16、l printing presses.</p><p>　　A digital printer has two fundamental components: a marking engine that transfers colorant to the paper, and a front-end that prepares the data used to drive the marking engine.

17、The front end will include a RIP and a memory buffer. The page data is transferred directly to the front end without the need for films and plates, so there are large potential savings in costs.</p><p>　　Bec

18、ause the digital printing device is driven by data and requires no plates, the image can be changed for each successive print. This ‘variable image’ printing concept has great potential interest to publishers and adverti

19、sers who are interested in tailoring their communications more closely to what is known about their audience, often in conjunction with sophisticated marketing databases.</p><p>　　Digital printing systems th

20、at operate at high speeds or high resolutions require dedicated front ends and large memory buffers, but low-end devices such as desktop[ printers can make use of software-based printer drivers that sit on the user’s hos

21、t computer.</p><p>　　The most widely-used technologies in marking engines are ink jet, laser and dye sublimation.</p><p><b>　　Ink jet</b></p><p>　　Ink jet printers deplo

22、y an array of nozzles to project ink droplets onto the paper surface. The nozzles are relatively cheap to produce, and wider arrays that can image a moving web of paper are currently in development. Ink jet print heads a

23、re found in all the types of digital printer listed earlier, and dominate the large-format and overprinting markets. They can print on the widest range of substrates (including cheaper grades such as part mechanicals).&l

24、t;/p><p><b>　　Laser</b></p><p>　　Laser printers transfer toner to the paper surface electro-statically. An image is created on a photoconductive surface by adding or removing an electri

25、cal charge, and toner is attracted to the charged areas on this imaging surface (laser printers are perhaps more accurately known as electrostatic printers, since other energy sources such as electron beams can also be u

26、sed to alter the conductive properties of the imaging surface). Most systems use dry toner powder, but liquid toner systems are </p><p>　　Dye sublimation</p><p>　　Dye sublimation printers vapori

27、ze a waxy colorant and transfer it to the paper surface. The unit cost of prints made by this process are extremely high, and as a result its use is restricted largely to one-off prints for proofing or presentation purpo

28、ses. Quality can be extremely high, comparable to a glossy photographic print.</p><p>　　With all the digital printing systems there is a trade-off between resolution and speed. The more device pixels there a

29、re to be imaged on a page, the slower the print speed will be in pages per minute.</p><p>　　Digital workflow----the mainstream of develop</p><p>　　speedy development of digital processing and in

30、ternet information exchange </p><p>　　All-digital workflows are on their way. They will soon replace the traditional analogue imaging and reliable digital performance in graphical processing, proofing, outpu

31、t, and transfer. It will also enable no-film involved Computer-To-Plate system to take the lead. Multi-media documental output is no longer a dream anymore. Pre-press production line has becoming more integrated, profess

32、ional and diversified. The main development trends of application software are openness, cross-platform functio</p><p>　　The implementation of digital workflow is the irresistible trend development in printi

33、ng industry. Maturing printing technologies such as CopyDot scanning, digital proofing, computer-to-plate, and digital workflow gradually remove the obstacles to the implementation of digital technologies. Advanced outpu

34、t technology, together with intelligentization of digital workflow management will also improve the efficiency of digital printing operation.</p><p>　　The digital technology process has almost replaced the t

35、raditional technology. The design and pictures can be transferred by network or through electronic medium. The corporation of pan-region, pan-country, pan-continent will be a common thing. We can offer the need, exchange

36、 information, remote proofing, and production tracking etc. The product can be designed in somewhere of the world, and printed in another place of the world.</p><p>　　Direct-to-press</p><p>　　On

37、e of the success stories of digital printing is Heidelberg’s Quickmaster DI, which uses digital imaging on an otherwise conventional press design. Machines have been installed in a large number of bureau-type operations,

38、 and deliver many of the advantages of digital printing at the quality and cost associated with litho.</p><p>　　Anew production model</p><p>　　The traditional model of print production can be su

39、mmarized as ‘print a large enough quantity of a product to make unit costs economic, and then distribute to the end-user’. Digital technologies make it possible to completely rethink the way in which visual communication

40、s are produced and distributed.</p><p>　　Print-on-demand</p><p>　　Because the amount of prepress work and press make-ready are minimal when compared with conventional printing, production costs

41、are almost entirely variable, with a very small fixed element. This means that they become cost-effective to print copies as they are needed, instead of producing for stock.</p><p>　　Distribute, then print&l

42、t;/p><p>　　Printed products are usually distributed over a wide geographical area, and it can sometimes be more cost-effective to distribute the pages in digital form for local reproduction.</p><p>

43、;　　Distribute electronically </p><p>　　For items whose function is information rather than marketing, end-users will often accept the end product in electronic form (on disc or CD): the pages can be printed

44、individually as required. This allows the originator of the product to focus on its content instead of its reproduction.</p><p>　　Alternatively, it may be possible to use an online distribution medium such a

45、s the World Wide Web, and create pages that are intended for viewing on screen rather than reproduced on paper.</p><p>　　Variable image printing </p><p>　　As each page is imaged separately, and

46、there is no physical printing plate, it is possible to change some or all of the page with each successive print. This enables, for example, each communication to be personalized for its intended recipient, and groups of

47、 readers can then be targeted with information appropriate to their interests, their social background or their geographical location. </p><p><b>　　數(shù)字印刷</b></p><p><b>　　費(fèi)爾 格林&l

48、t;/b></p><p>　　數(shù)字印刷是當(dāng)前印刷行業(yè)發(fā)展最快的部分。其中一個(gè)原因是他實(shí)現(xiàn)了彩色印刷的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。他使得印刷品的消費(fèi)者和供應(yīng)商之間建立了完全不同的關(guān)系。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)印刷技術(shù)是相當(dāng)成熟的技術(shù)，并將繼續(xù)進(jìn)步，但將只傾向于只提供增值的改進(jìn)。與傳統(tǒng)印刷相比，數(shù)字印刷剛剛起步，并將快速發(fā)展，開辟新的市場(chǎng)，不斷沖擊傳統(tǒng)印刷。</p><p>　　

49、但是，最終在信息時(shí)代數(shù)字印刷不大可能取代整個(gè)傳統(tǒng)印刷。這有兩個(gè)根本的原因：</p><p>　　1.單張印品所使用色料（油墨）的價(jià)格較長(zhǎng)版活高出很多。</p><p>　　2.現(xiàn)代印刷設(shè)備是圍繞印刷產(chǎn)品的經(jīng)濟(jì)性而設(shè)計(jì)的，要求速度高.規(guī)格大.能在線進(jìn)行折頁.涂布等。在制造商生產(chǎn)出可以在線完成大批量產(chǎn)品的數(shù)字印刷機(jī)前，傳統(tǒng)印刷技術(shù)將長(zhǎng)期存在。</p><p>　　數(shù)字印

50、刷技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于短版活。然而短版市場(chǎng)快速擴(kuò)張，更如能印刷各種印刷品的印刷機(jī)快速減少，新的產(chǎn)品將通過與數(shù)字印刷技術(shù)的結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生。</p><p>　　一個(gè)直接的消費(fèi)變化并不是與任何情況都相關(guān)的，比如數(shù)字印刷技術(shù)對(duì)于連接問題提供了一種更好的解決方法。在生產(chǎn)的整個(gè)過程中，有些地方增加了成本，有些地方則節(jié)約成本。例如在管理和拆版的費(fèi)用。當(dāng)考慮要將數(shù)字印刷作為其操作的一部分，實(shí)現(xiàn)在線設(shè)計(jì)和印前處理時(shí)，這種邏輯也被印刷機(jī)購買

51、者所采用。拿零售商為例，必將出現(xiàn)印刷設(shè)備與核心價(jià)格及市場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫聯(lián)系起來，這樣就可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)生產(chǎn)出新賣點(diǎn)的材料進(jìn)行安裝運(yùn)行，而不是從其他供應(yīng)商處購買，市場(chǎng)利潤(rùn)將可能超過傳統(tǒng)工藝的成本。</p><p>　　數(shù)字印刷的賣點(diǎn)在于生產(chǎn)1000個(gè)左右印品（黑白地較多，彩色少）。印數(shù)由印刷流程的附加費(fèi)用決定：如數(shù)字印刷中就包括分類印刷和個(gè)性印刷。而對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)工藝如膠印則包括較高質(zhì)量要求，大量片基需求，在線涂布等。</p

52、><p><b>　　數(shù)字印刷技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　數(shù)字印刷機(jī)通常有四種類型：</p><p>　　單張紙印刷機(jī)，幅面通常為A4，也有的達(dá)到A3（此范圍從桌面打印機(jī)到高速印刷機(jī)如DocuTech,包括通常用來打樣和印刷圖象稿件的高質(zhì)量的連續(xù)調(diào)印刷機(jī)）</p><p>　　卷筒紙印刷機(jī)等大型設(shè)備，主要為速遞服務(wù)者所

53、用。</p><p>　　套加印設(shè)備，用于傳統(tǒng)印刷或作為最后一道工序，給印刷品（通常為包裝印刷）加印代碼。</p><p>　　卷筒紙印刷機(jī)，印速可與傳統(tǒng)印刷機(jī)相比。</p><p>　　一臺(tái)數(shù)字印刷機(jī)由兩部分組成：一套印刷裝置，將油墨轉(zhuǎn)移到紙張上；一套印前系統(tǒng)，為印刷提供數(shù)據(jù)資料。該印</p><p>　　前系統(tǒng)包括RIP和記憶緩沖器。數(shù)據(jù)

54、頁面直接傳輸?shù)接∏跋到y(tǒng)，不需要菲林和印版，因此省卻了大量的印前費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　由于數(shù)字印刷機(jī)用數(shù)字形式取代了印版，在連續(xù)印刷中就可以改變圖象。這種“可變數(shù)據(jù)”印刷的概念對(duì)于印刷商和廣告業(yè)者有著潛在的影響，他們經(jīng)常在生產(chǎn)中使用高度復(fù)雜的市場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫，針對(duì)人們的興趣及時(shí)對(duì)圖文進(jìn)行修改。</p><p>　　高速或高分辨率的數(shù)字印刷系統(tǒng)配有先進(jìn)的印前裝置和大容量的記憶緩沖器。而低檔設(shè)備

55、如桌面打印機(jī)可以利用電腦軟件進(jìn)行工作。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用最廣泛的技術(shù)是噴墨打印，激光打印和染料升華技術(shù)。</p><p><b>　　噴墨技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　噴墨打印機(jī)配置了一排噴嘴，將墨滴噴射到紙張表面。制造噴嘴是相當(dāng)便宜的，而能夠連續(xù)繪圖的寬排噴嘴也在不斷發(fā)展中。很早以前，各種型號(hào)的噴墨打印機(jī)出現(xiàn)并系列化，主宰著套

56、印市場(chǎng)，而且他們的承印物范圍是最廣泛的。</p><p><b>　　激光技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　激光打印機(jī)以帶電的方式將色劑轉(zhuǎn)移到紙張表面。通過增加或轉(zhuǎn)移電荷使圖象呈現(xiàn)在一光導(dǎo)面上，帶相反電荷的色料被吸附在光導(dǎo)面有圖文的地方。（激光打印機(jī)更確切的說應(yīng)該稱為靜電轉(zhuǎn)移印刷機(jī)，其它能源如電子束也可以用來改變圖象表面的傳導(dǎo)特性）大多數(shù)機(jī)器使用干粉色料，也有些使用液

57、體油墨（同樣是可變的，印刷質(zhì)量更高）：油墨粒子的微小尺寸產(chǎn)生高的分辨率而與有光澤的樹脂融合一體，更使得數(shù)字印刷品與傳統(tǒng)印品相差無幾。</p><p>　　激光打印主要用于單張紙或卷筒紙印刷機(jī)。</p><p><b>　　染料升華技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　染料升華印刷機(jī)通過將蠟質(zhì)的色料蒸發(fā)而轉(zhuǎn)移帶紙張上。由于其單張成本較高，在應(yīng)用上有一

58、定限制，大多用于單張打樣或以贈(zèng)送為目的的印刷。質(zhì)量很高，可與有光澤的光傳導(dǎo)印刷相媲美。</p><p>　　對(duì)所有的數(shù)字印刷機(jī)而言，在分辨率和速度之間要進(jìn)行權(quán)衡。系統(tǒng)的象素越高，其印速越低。</p><p>　　數(shù)字化工作流程-----發(fā)展主流</p><p>　　數(shù)字化工作流程正在穩(wěn)步推進(jìn),他們將取代模擬式圖象和桌面處理系統(tǒng).采用全數(shù)字化工作流程,你將得到高分辨率

59、的,可靠的數(shù)字化操作的體驗(yàn),包括圖文處理,打樣,輸出及傳輸?shù)?它也將使無膠片的直接制版(CTPlate)處于主導(dǎo)地位.多媒體文件輸出不再是一個(gè)神話.印前工藝生產(chǎn)線更趨于集成化,專業(yè)化,多元化,開放式,跨平臺(tái)化,智能化和文件格式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化成為應(yīng)用軟件的發(fā)展趨勢(shì).</p><p>　　推行數(shù)字化工藝流程是印刷業(yè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì).隨著網(wǎng)點(diǎn)拷貝掃描技術(shù),數(shù)字化打樣,計(jì)算機(jī)直接制版和數(shù)字化工藝流程等技術(shù)的發(fā)展完善,阻礙數(shù)字化技術(shù)

60、推廣的因素逐步消失.先進(jìn)的輸出技術(shù)加上工作流程智能化管理,使得數(shù)字化印刷的運(yùn)作更加高效.</p><p>　　數(shù)字化技術(shù)在印前領(lǐng)域已基本取代了傳統(tǒng)工藝,印前設(shè)計(jì)及圖片等可通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)或電子媒介傳遞,印前業(yè)的跨地區(qū),跨國(guó),跨洲的協(xié)作可成為普遍的現(xiàn)象,我們可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行交流.我們可以提出業(yè)務(wù)需求,交換信息進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程打樣及跟蹤生產(chǎn)等.產(chǎn)品可在世界的某個(gè)地方完成設(shè)計(jì)制作,然后可方便的到任何其他地方進(jìn)行印刷.</p>

61、;<p><b>　　直接印刷</b></p><p>　　數(shù)字印刷中的一個(gè)成功范例是海德堡的快霸DI，它將數(shù)字圖文成像于經(jīng)過改裝的傳統(tǒng)印刷設(shè)備上。機(jī)器中設(shè)定了大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式的操作方式，吸收了數(shù)字印刷機(jī)高質(zhì)量的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而成本與膠印相當(dāng)。</p><p><b>　　一種新的生產(chǎn)模式</b></p><p>　　

62、印刷生產(chǎn)的傳統(tǒng)模式是生產(chǎn)足夠大量的印刷品來實(shí)現(xiàn)單件印品的經(jīng)濟(jì)性，然后將其分散銷售給用戶。</p><p><b>　　按需印刷</b></p><p>　　由于減少了大量的印前工作和印刷準(zhǔn)備工作，除一部分費(fèi)用是固定的，幾乎大部分成本都是可變的。這就意味著在很多時(shí)候不需要積存大量存貨，因此在成本上是很劃算的。</p><p><b>　

63、　先分發(fā)，再印刷</b></p><p>　　印刷產(chǎn)品經(jīng)常在全世界范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行銷售，先將版面以電子文檔形式分發(fā)到各地再分別進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，就會(huì)取得顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。</p><p><b>　　電子商業(yè)銷售</b></p><p>　　這種行為是依靠電子傳媒而不是市場(chǎng)。終端用戶通過電子形式（disc 或CD）獲得最終產(chǎn)品：這種頁面可以按照個(gè)人

64、的意愿進(jìn)行印刷。這就幫助創(chuàng)作者將精力集中在作品的內(nèi)容上，而不是生產(chǎn)復(fù)制品上。</p><p>　　你可以使用在線銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可以制作成頁面以便于瀏覽信息而不是把他們復(fù)制到紙張上。</p><p><b>　　可變圖象印刷</b></p><p>　　由于每一頁面都是獨(dú)立成象，也不需要印版，就可以很方便的改變部分或全部圖文。</p>