外文翻譯--多自由度鋁合金機(jī)械手的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)

1、<p>　　山　東　輕　工　業(yè)　學(xué)　院</p><p><b>　　中英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　院系名稱 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化08-4 </p>

2、<p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 </p><p>　　二○一二　年　四　月　二十　日</p><p>　　Aluminum multi-degreeof freedom manipulator Design and Implementation</p><p>　　Mechanical hand, is also cal

3、led from begins, auto hand can imitate the manpower and arm's certain holding function, with by presses the fixed routine to capture, the transporting thing 'OR' operation tool's automatic operation insta

4、llment. It may replace person's strenuous labor to realize the production mechanization and the automation, can operate under the hostile environment protects the personal safety, thus widely applies in departments a

5、nd so on machine manufacture, metallurgy, electron, </p><p>　　The manipulator is mainly composed of the hand and the motion. The hand is uses for to grasp holds the work piece (or tool) the part, according t

6、o is grasped holds the thing shape, the size, the weight, the material and the work request has many kinds of structural styles, like the clamp, the request hold and the adsorption and so on. The motion, causes the hand

7、to complete each kind of rotation (swinging), the migration or the compound motion realizes the stipulation movement, changes is graspe</p><p>　　The manipulator's type, may divide into the hydraulic pres

8、sure type, the air operated according to the drive type, electromotive type, the mechanical manipulator; May divide into the special-purpose manipulator and the general-purpose manipulator two kinds according to the appl

9、icable scope; May divide into the position control and the continuous path according to the path control mode controls the manipulator and so on. </p><p>　　The manipulator usually serves as the engine bed or

10、 other machine's add-on component, like on the automatic machine or the automatic production line loading and unloading and the transmission work piece, replaces the cutting tool in the machining center and so on, ge

11、nerally does not have the independent control device. Some operating equipment needs by the person direct control, if uses in the host who the atomic energy department manages the dangerous goods from the type operator a

12、lso often bei</p><p>　　Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive,

13、 sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are co

14、me into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are dif</p><p>　　With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewag

15、e is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacter

16、ia method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement </p><p>　　With the analysis

17、of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical co

18、nfiguration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical conf

19、iguration combines the character of direct</p><p>　　The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Kinemati

20、cs analysis is the basis of path programming and track control. The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed. The relationship be

21、tween manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method. The geometry method is use</p><p>　　Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulato

22、r system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle. With the d

23、emand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a. tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and di</p>

24、<p>　　The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency. In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered w

25、hen the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration. The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational met

26、hod. This can be implemented either by hardware or by software. A step </p><p>　　A t last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also list

27、ed. The development and application of robot in the future is expected.</p><p>　　多自由度鋁合金機(jī)械手的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)</p><p>　　能模仿人手和臂的某些動(dòng)作功能，用以按固定程序抓取、搬運(yùn)物件或操作工具的自動(dòng)操作裝置。它可代替人的繁重勞動(dòng)以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化，能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護(hù)人身安全，因而廣泛

28、應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。</p><p>　　機(jī)械手主要由手部和運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)組成。手部是用來抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式，如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)（擺動(dòng)）、移動(dòng)或復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動(dòng)作，改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢。運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的升降、伸縮、旋轉(zhuǎn)等獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)方式，稱為機(jī)械手的自由度 。為了抓取空間中任意位置

29、和方位的物體，需有6個(gè)自由度。自由度是機(jī) 械手設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān) 鍵參數(shù)。自由 度越多，機(jī)械手的靈活性越大，通用性越廣，其結(jié)構(gòu)也越復(fù)雜。一般專用機(jī)械手有2～3個(gè)自由度。</p><p>　　機(jī)械手的種類，按驅(qū)動(dòng)方式可分為液壓式、氣動(dòng)式、電動(dòng)式、機(jī)械式機(jī)械手；按適用范圍可分為專用機(jī)械手和通用機(jī)械手兩種；按運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡控制方式可分為點(diǎn)位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制機(jī)械手等。</p><p>　　機(jī)械手通常用作機(jī)床或其

30、他機(jī)器的附加裝置，如在自動(dòng)機(jī)床或自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線上裝卸和傳遞工件，在加工中心中更換刀具等，一般沒有獨(dú)立的控制裝置。有些操作裝置需要由人直接操縱，如用于原子能部門操持危險(xiǎn)物品的主從式操作手也常稱為機(jī)械手。</p><p>　　機(jī)器人是典型的機(jī)電一體化裝置，它綜合運(yùn)用了機(jī)械與精密機(jī)械、微電子與計(jì)算機(jī)、自動(dòng)控制與驅(qū)動(dòng)、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對自動(dòng)化程度要求的提高，機(jī)器人技

31、術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品。機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品的實(shí)用化，既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實(shí)際問題，又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)程。目前，由于機(jī)器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù)，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高，在某種程度上限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，因此，研制經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化、高可靠性機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。 </p><p>　　由于我國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展，城市污水排放量增長很快

32、，污水處理己經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識(shí)水平的提高，人們越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到污水處理的重要性和迫切性，科學(xué)家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然。</p><p>　　本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機(jī)和塑料抓取機(jī)械手的研制過程中出現(xiàn)的問題，綜述近兒年機(jī)器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況，在充分發(fā)揮機(jī)、電

33、、軟、硬件各自特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機(jī)械手整體機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了分析和設(shè)計(jì)，提出了一套經(jīng)濟(jì)型設(shè)計(jì)方案。采用直角坐標(biāo)和關(guān)節(jié)坐標(biāo)相結(jié)合的框架式機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)形式，這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動(dòng)裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動(dòng)元件的動(dòng)力傳遞給機(jī)器人機(jī)械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)各種必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)，傳動(dòng)方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動(dòng)比大的蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的螺旋傳動(dòng)。機(jī)械手驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境

34、條件的限制，同時(shí)也要考慮價(jià)格因素的影響以及能夠達(dá)到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進(jìn)電機(jī)能夠直接接收數(shù)字量，響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無累積誤差，常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力元件，因此，在驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置中采用由步進(jìn)電機(jī)構(gòu)成的開環(huán)控制方式，這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求，又能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)性、實(shí)用化目的，在此基礎(chǔ)上，對步進(jìn)電機(jī)的功率計(jì)一算及選型問題經(jīng)行了分析。</p><p>　　在完成機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)

35、學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析。運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ)，對操作臂進(jìn)行了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)正、逆問題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動(dòng)空間的映射，采用齊次坐標(biāo)變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系，采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程求解問題，對控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)提供了理論依據(jù)。機(jī)器人動(dòng)力學(xué)是研究物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和作用力之間的關(guān)系的科學(xué)，研究的目的是為了滿足是實(shí)時(shí)性控制的需要，本文采用牛頓-歐拉方法對物料抓取機(jī)械手動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析，計(jì)

36、算出了關(guān)節(jié)力和關(guān)節(jié)力矩，為步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選型和動(dòng)力學(xué)分析與結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。 </p><p>　　控制部分是整個(gè)物料抓取機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵和核心，它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的劃分和實(shí)現(xiàn)直接關(guān)系到機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實(shí)用性，也影響和制約機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開發(fā)周期。在控制主機(jī)的選用上，采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、擴(kuò)展功能強(qiáng)和可靠性高的PC工業(yè)控制計(jì)算機(jī)作為主機(jī)，配以PCL-839卡主要承擔(dān)系統(tǒng)功能初始化、數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)算與處理、步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)以

37、及故障診斷等功能;同時(shí)對PCL-839卡的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、功能原理和其高定位功能等給與了分析。硬件是整個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，軟件則是計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞，軟件設(shè)計(jì)的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來，使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運(yùn)行效率和較強(qiáng)的可靠性。在物料抓取機(jī)械手軟件的設(shè)計(jì)上，采用的是模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)，分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測與處理等幾部分。主控計(jì)算機(jī)和各控制單元之間全部由PCL-839卡聯(lián)系，并

38、且由該卡實(shí)現(xiàn)抗干擾等問題，減少外部信號(hào)對系統(tǒng)的影響。</p><p>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)的啟停頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于其最高運(yùn)行頻率，為了提高工作效率，需要步進(jìn)電機(jī)高速運(yùn)行并快速啟停時(shí)，必須考慮它的升，降速控制問題。電機(jī)的升降速控制可以歸結(jié)為以某種合理的力一式控制發(fā)送到步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的脈沖頻率，這可由硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)，也可由軟件方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡單、易于實(shí)現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進(jìn)電機(jī)變速控制策略:定時(shí)器常量修改變速控制方案。該