外文翻譯--變形監(jiān)測研究現(xiàn)狀綜述

1、<p><b>　　附錄：</b></p><p>　　Distortion monitor research present situation summary </p><p>　　[ Abstract ] this article on from distortion monitor technology, monitor data thick dif

2、ference recognition, displacement analysis and distortion forecast and so on several aspects, summary distortion jail Measured the research the present situation, carries on the thorough analysis to the existing distorti

3、on monitor theory and the technical method serviceability and its the existence question, and discusses its development tendency.</p><p>　　[ Key word ] distorts the monitor； The displacement analyzes； Distor

4、tion forecast； Research present situation </p><p>　　1 introduction </p><p>　　The distortion (Deformation) is refers to the deformable body in under each kind of influence factor function, its sh

5、ape, size and position in time air zone change. The nature has each kind of form the distortion, like the earth's crust deformation, the landslide, mining cave in, the high-rise construction swings as well as the dam

6、 distortion and so on. Studies and in the project domain distortion said, when the distortion quantity does not surpass the certain scope, cannot cause the harm, but w</p><p>　　2 distortions monitors technol

7、ogy</p><p>　　Along with the science and technology progress and to the distortion monitor request unceasing enhancement, the distortion monitor technology also in unceasingly develops. Before 1980s, the dist

8、ortion monitor mainly is uses the convention ground survey technology and certain special survey methods. The convention ground survey, is uses routine measurement instrument station the and so on the altazimuth, level,

9、distance gauge, entire station meter distortion value. Its merit： (1) Can provide the </p><p>　　In the recent 10 years, the short distance photo grammetry in the tunnel, the bridge, the dam, the landslide an

10、d aspect and so on high-rise construction distortion monitor obtained the wide spread application, its monitor precision may achieve the mm level. Short distance photo grammetry merit： (1) May absorb under the instantane

11、ous precise recording the object the information and the position relations； (2) May use in the rule, is irregular or can contact the object the distortion monitor； (3) </p><p>　　The GPS global positioning s

12、ystem application has brought a profound revolution for the survey technology. According to the material in troduced that, overseas starts from the 1980s with GPS to carry on the distortion monitor. In recent years, our

13、country in carried on the landslide using GPS to distort, the dam distorts, mining area aspect and so on ground settlement and earth's crust deformation monitor, has done the massive research work. The GPS distortion

14、 monitor mainly has following merit：</p><p>　　3 displacements analysis method. After the distortion monitoring network two issues obtain the coordinates difference, possibly moves the quantity, also possibly

15、 is the observation error reflection (namely test point moves by no means). Therefore, must carry on the displacement analysis in the distortion monitor data processing. The existing distortion monitoring network displac

16、ement analysis method, may in duce into the simple point displacement analysis, the whole displacement analysis and the</p><p>　　The simple point displacement analysis has the comparison test and the t inspe

17、ction method. Comparison test use simple, but quite rough, the t inspection method effect is better, at present applies widely. Pelzer proposed in 1971 at present widely uses whole displacement analysis average gap law.

18、The steady iteration power estimated the law is first carries on bythe free freedom method to two issue of nets , obtains the coordinates two groups smallest two to ride the solution and the coordinates</p><p&

19、gt;　　4 distortions analyzes and forecasts the method</p><p>　　As a result of the deformable body structure, the constituentarchery target physics mechanical properties, the exogenic process complexity and th

20、e determinism, does not establish the appropriate indeed qualitative model to be difficult, therefore, through promulgates the distortion monitor data sequence the structure and the rule, establishes the performance fore

21、cast model, reflected the distortion characteristic, the inference change tendency, becomes one effective method. In recent years, appr</p><p>　　The definite function model main characteristic is： Using the

22、deformable body mechanical properties and the physical parameter, establish between the load and the distortion the indeed qualitative functional relation, is one kind has "first examines" the nature forecast m

23、ethod. The modelling does not need the massive distortions monitor material, can carry on the distortion forecast in the distortion monitor initial period. When the complex deformable body distortion uses the determinati

24、on the t</p><p>　　Gradually the linear return model is the establishment the one by one admits the remarkable factor in the F examination foundation to enter the regression equation. This method applies to d

25、istortion observation data processing is one static data processing method, establishes the model is one kind of static model. The time series analysis model uses in to distort the analysis to have a better effect, and m

26、ay carry onthe analysis to "dynamic" the distortion with the Fourier method oftransformatio</p><p>　　5 forecasts </p><p>　　Along with the distortion analysis research comprehensive dev

27、elopment, in particular the cybernetics, the information theory,the operations research, system dynamics, the fuzzy mathematics and the pessimistic theory constitution systems science system emerges as well as in the dis

28、tortion analysis research area significant application, in the mapping, the authority surveys the scientist generally to feel, the distortion analysis already arrived has devoted to the distortion dynamic model research&

29、lt;/p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　變形監(jiān)測研究現(xiàn)狀綜述</p><p>　　【摘　要】本文就從變形監(jiān)測技術(shù)、監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)粗差的識別、位移顯著性分析和變形預(yù)報等幾個方面,簡述變形監(jiān)測研究的現(xiàn)狀,對現(xiàn)有變形監(jiān)測理論和技術(shù)方法的適用性及其存在的問題進行深入分析,并探討其發(fā)展趨勢。</p><p>　　

30、【關(guān)鍵詞】變形監(jiān)測；位移分析；變形預(yù)報；研究現(xiàn)狀</p><p><b>　　1　引　言</b></p><p>　　變形(Deformation)是指變形體在各種影響因素的作用下,其形狀、大小及位置在時空域中的變化。自然界存在各種形式的變形,如地殼形變、滑坡、采礦塌陷、高層建筑的擺動以及大壩變形等。就地學(xué)和工程領(lǐng)域中的變形來說,當(dāng)變形量不超過一定范圍時,不會造成危害

31、,而當(dāng)變形量超過變形體所能承受的允許范圍時,則往往會帶來嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難。地震、火山爆發(fā)、巖崩、滑坡、潰壩和橋梁的垮塌等等,都是典型的變形破壞現(xiàn)象。這些災(zāi)害的發(fā)生,嚴(yán)重地危害人類的生命財產(chǎn)的安全,世界各國每年都因此而遭受巨大的損失。由于許多災(zāi)害的發(fā)生與變形有著極為密切的聯(lián)系,因而,變形監(jiān)測研究在國內(nèi)外受到了廣泛的重視。</p><p><b>　　2　變形監(jiān)測技術(shù)</b></p>&

32、lt;p>　　隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進步和對變形監(jiān)測的要求的不斷提高,變形監(jiān)測技術(shù)也在不斷地發(fā)展。在20世紀(jì)80年代以前,變形監(jiān)測主要是采用常規(guī)地面測量技術(shù)和某些特殊測量手段。常規(guī)地面測量,是采用經(jīng)緯儀、水準(zhǔn)儀、測距儀、全站儀等常規(guī)測量儀器測定點的變形值。其優(yōu)點：①能夠提供變形體整體的變形狀態(tài)；②適用于不同的監(jiān)測精度要求、不同形式的變形體和不同的監(jiān)測環(huán)境；③可以提供絕對變形信息。但外業(yè)工作量大,布點受地形條件影響,不易實現(xiàn)自動化監(jiān)測。特殊

33、測量手段包括應(yīng)變測量、準(zhǔn)直測量和傾斜測量,它具有測量過程簡單、可監(jiān)測變形體內(nèi)部的變形、容易實現(xiàn)自動化監(jiān)測等優(yōu)點,但通常只提供局部的和相對的變形信息。</p><p>　　近10年來,近景攝影測量在隧道、橋梁、大壩、滑坡及高層建筑變形監(jiān)測等方面得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,其監(jiān)測精度可達到mm級。近景攝影測量的優(yōu)點：①可在瞬間精確記錄下被攝物體的信息及點位關(guān)系；②可用于規(guī)則、不規(guī)則或不可接觸物體的變形監(jiān)測；③像片上的信息豐富、客

34、觀而又可長期保存,有利于進行變形的對比分析；④監(jiān)測工作簡便、快速、安全。近幾年發(fā)展起來的數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測量技術(shù),也在建筑物及滑坡等變形監(jiān)測中得到了成功的應(yīng)用,并顯示出良好的應(yīng)用前景。目前變形監(jiān)測的最新技術(shù)是變形監(jiān)測機器人的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用給測量技術(shù)帶來了一場深刻的革命。據(jù)資料介紹,國外從20世紀(jì)80年代開始用GPS進行變形監(jiān)測。近年來,我國在利用GPS進行滑坡變形、大壩變形、礦區(qū)地面

35、沉陷和地殼形變監(jiān)測等方面,做了大量的研究工作。GPS變形監(jiān)測主要有如下優(yōu)點：①精度較高,在基線長度大于10km時,其相對精度可達到10-6~10-7,明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)大地測量監(jiān)測技術(shù)；②監(jiān)測不受天氣條件限制,可以進行全天候監(jiān)測；③監(jiān)測、記錄、計算全自動完成,確保了監(jiān)測成果的客觀性及可靠性,同時大大減小了監(jiān)測人員的勞動強度；④監(jiān)測點之間不需通視,選點不受地形條件限制；⑤監(jiān)測點的三維坐標(biāo)可以同時測定；⑥其建網(wǎng)費用約為常規(guī)大地測量技術(shù)建網(wǎng)費用的1

36、/6~1/3。隨著計算機技術(shù)、無線電通訊技術(shù)、空間技術(shù)及地球科學(xué)的迅速發(fā)展,“3S”(GPS、GIS、RS)技術(shù)已從各自獨立發(fā)展進入相互集成融合的階段?！?S”技術(shù)集成可為分析和研究各種災(zāi)變信息之間的相互關(guān)系提供技術(shù)支撐,特別是時態(tài)GIS(Temporal GIS,簡稱TGIS)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,它可以描述四維空間的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象,除具有一般GIS的功能外,還能夠記載研究區(qū)域內(nèi)各種地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象隨時間的</p><p>　　3　位

37、移顯著性分析方法</p><p>　　變形監(jiān)測網(wǎng)兩期平差后求得的坐標(biāo)差,可能是位移量,也可能是觀測誤差的反映(即監(jiān)測點并未移動)。因此,在變形監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)處理中必須進行位移顯著性分析?，F(xiàn)有的變形監(jiān)測網(wǎng)位移分析方法,可歸納為單點位移顯著性分析、整體位移顯著性分析和穩(wěn)健迭代權(quán)估計3種方法。</p><p>　　單點位移顯著性分析有比較法和t檢驗法。比較法使用簡單,但比較粗糙,t檢驗法效果較好,目前

38、應(yīng)用廣泛。Pelzer在1971年提出了目前廣泛采用的整體位移顯著性分析的平均間隙法。</p><p>　　穩(wěn)健迭代權(quán)估計法是首先由任意的自由網(wǎng)平差方法對兩期網(wǎng)進行平差,求得坐標(biāo)的兩組最小二乘解及坐標(biāo)差。然后,通過單點穩(wěn)定性檢驗和選取權(quán)函數(shù),不斷地改變平差參考基準(zhǔn)中的基準(zhǔn)權(quán),逐次迭代計算,最終使穩(wěn)定點的位移權(quán)為1,活動點的位移權(quán)依其位移量大小取小于1的正數(shù)。由于穩(wěn)健迭代權(quán)估計具有較強的定位模型誤差的能力,用于位移

39、分析效果較好,尤其當(dāng)存在較大位移時效果更好。但上述各種位移顯著性分析方法均存在如下缺點：①對于具體的形變網(wǎng),其點位移動情況不同、觀測值預(yù)處理時選擇的平差基準(zhǔn)不同,對位移的判定將得出不同的結(jié)論,有時甚至得出錯誤的結(jié)論；②如果兩期監(jiān)測的精度不同,即兩期的母體單位權(quán)方差不一致,則不能應(yīng)用；③進行假設(shè)檢驗時,顯著水平的選取帶有極大的主觀隨意性。因此,位移顯著性的分析方法尚需進一步研究和完善。</p><p>　　4　變形

40、分析與預(yù)報方法</p><p>　　由于變形體的結(jié)構(gòu)、組成物質(zhì)的物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)、外力作用的復(fù)雜性和不確定性,建立合適的確定性模型困難,因此,通過揭示變形監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)序列的結(jié)構(gòu)與規(guī)律,建立動態(tài)預(yù)測模型,反映變形特征,推斷變化趨勢,就成為一種有效的方法。近年來,用數(shù)學(xué)模型來逼近、模擬和揭示變形體的變形和動態(tài)特性成為新的研究方向,其中比較有代表性的模型是：確定函數(shù)模型、回歸分析模型、時間序列分析模型、灰色系統(tǒng)模型、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模

41、型、馬爾柯夫模型</p><p>　　確定函數(shù)模型的主要特點是：利用變形體的力學(xué)性質(zhì)和物理參數(shù),建立荷載與變形之間的確定性函數(shù)關(guān)系,是一種具有“先驗”性質(zhì)的預(yù)報方法。建模不需要大量的變形監(jiān)測資料,在變形監(jiān)測的初期就能進行變形預(yù)報。但復(fù)雜變形體的變形難以用確定的理論關(guān)系式來表達,采用有限單元法計算時,由于變形體不可能是完全的彈性體,會由于彈性假設(shè)而引入誤差,故這種方法未能推廣應(yīng)用?；貧w分析模型是依據(jù)實測數(shù)據(jù)用最小二

42、乘法確定回歸方程的參數(shù),所建模型屬于經(jīng)驗?zāi)Ｐ突颉昂篁災(zāi)Ｐ汀钡姆懂?。這類模型的建模過程簡單,使用方便,目前在國內(nèi)外應(yīng)用廣泛。如果采用擴展回歸法,則預(yù)測精度會更高。但在監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)較少或變形體發(fā)生以往未曾經(jīng)歷的變形情況時,回歸模型的預(yù)報偏差較大。該模型又分為以下幾種：①曲線擬合,此法適合于各種光滑曲線來近似描述事物發(fā)展的基本趨勢。②多元線性回歸分析,該方法通過分析所觀測的變形(效應(yīng)量)和外因(原因)之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系,來建立荷載-變形之間關(guān)系的數(shù)學(xué)

43、模型。 </p><p>　　逐步線性回歸模型是建立在F檢驗的基礎(chǔ)上逐個接納顯著因子進入回歸方程。該方法應(yīng)用于變形觀測數(shù)據(jù)處理是一種靜態(tài)的數(shù)據(jù)處理方法,所建立的模型是一種靜態(tài)的模型。時間序列分析模型用于變形分析有較好效果,并可對“動態(tài)”變形用Fourier變換法進行分析。但該法在模型適用性和時序間距等方面有待進一步研究。該方法是建立在輸出等價原則上的等價系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型?；疑到y(tǒng)模型,部分系統(tǒng)已知部分系統(tǒng)未知的系統(tǒng)

44、稱為灰色系統(tǒng)?；疑到y(tǒng)理論是研究解決灰色系統(tǒng)分析、建模、預(yù)測、決策和控制的理論?；疑到y(tǒng)模型的優(yōu)點是在數(shù)據(jù)樣本較少(4個以上)時就可建模預(yù)測,能夠克服回歸分析方法的不足,當(dāng)監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)序列中蘊含有確定性的指數(shù)函數(shù)規(guī)律時,其預(yù)測精度高。但若監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)為不等時距,必須進行變換。</p><p><b>　　5　展　望</b></p><p>　　隨著變形分析研究的全面開展,尤其

45、是控制論、信息論、運籌學(xué)、系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)和灰色理論構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)科學(xué)體系的興起以及在變形分析研究領(lǐng)域中的重大應(yīng)用,在測繪界,權(quán)威測量學(xué)家已普遍感到,變形分析已經(jīng)到了致力于變形動態(tài)模型的研究與應(yīng)用。非線性理論的迅速發(fā)展,特別是突變論、分形論、混沌動力學(xué)理論以及神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)理論的出現(xiàn)與應(yīng)用,為自然界復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象的研究帶來新的方法。在自然災(zāi)害的預(yù)測預(yù)報研究方面,人們開始運用突變理論進行滑坡危險性判斷與預(yù)測,用分型理論研究地震發(fā)生前后的維數(shù)變化等。隨