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1、<p><b>  外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文</b></p><p><b>  原 稿</b></p><p>  Integrated Framework for Reverse Logistics</p><p>  Heng-Li Yang,Chen-Shu Wang</p><p>

2、  出處:New Trends in Applied Artificial Intelligence Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 4570, 2007, pp 501-510</p><p>  Abstract: Although reverse logistics has been disregarded for many y

3、ears, pressures from both environmental awareness and business sustainability have risen. Reverse logistical activities include return, repair and recycle products. Traditionally, since the information transparency of th

4、e entire supply chain is restricted, business is difficult to predict, and prepare for these reverse activities. This study presents an agent-based framework to increase the degree of information transparency. Th</p&g

5、t;<p>  Keywords: Reverse Logistics information transparency agent-based system</p><p>  1 Introduction</p><p>  A complete supply chain concept typically includes forward and reverse

6、 logistics. However, reverse logistics has been much less examined than forward logistics. Reverse logistics has recently emerged as crucial issues in both practices and academic studies. Reverse logistics encompasses pl

7、anning, implementing and controlling the efficient and cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin to </p>

8、<p>  2 Problem Descriptions</p><p>  Previous studies have categorized reverse logistic activities into three groups, as shown in Table 1, namely return, repair and recycle. In the process of forward

9、 logistics, suppliers provide raw material to manufacturers, who make products, which are then sent to customers, generally through distributors. Conversely, a customer might send a product back for return, repair or rec

10、ycling. Additionally, manufacturers and suppliers also need to deal with defective or nonworking products. Recycling c</p><p>  All these problems are customer-centric and difficult to predict. However, if t

11、he ITD of the entire supply chain could be improved, then the prediction accuracy could be enhanced to enable the upstream and downstream enterprises of supply chain to be prepared early.</p><p>  3 Proposed

12、 Framework</p><p>  This study assumes symbiosis in the entire supply chain system. The supply chain’s participants are assumed to share three databases, namely customer, product and transaction. The access

13、permissions are as follows. (1) In the customer DB, the distributor can insert and update and all other participants can only query. (2) In the product DB, the manufacturer can insert and update and all other participant

14、s can only query. (3) In the transaction DB, the distributor can insert and update; manufactu</p><p>  Since most reverse activities are triggered by customers, and are hard to predict accurately by conventi

15、onal analytic approaches, heuristics and AI techniques might help. In the forward supply chain, Piramuthu developed an agent-based framework to automate supply chain configuration, and to improve the performance of the s

16、upply chain with dynamic configuration. However, to our knowledge, no study has applied agents to reverse activities. This study presents an agent-based approach. As illustrate</p><p>  3.1 The Sensor Agent&

17、lt;/p><p>  The sensor agent autonomously monitors the recent data, and transmits warning signals to the disposal agent at appropriate times. Additionally, it performs marketing surveys if required. Since produ

18、ct returns might result in serious supply chain problems, return data should be monitored at least weekly. Conversely, since monitoring repair data is likely to be less urgent than monitoring return data, a monthly monit

19、oring period might be sufficient. The possible product recycle time could be estim</p><p>  The monitoring should follow rules to detect possible reverse activities. Table 2 lists some such rules.These rules

20、 come from heuristics and data mining results. The sensor agent should periodically perform data mining on the historical data or data warehouse. Some data mining techniques (e.g., those in Table 3) could be considered.

21、The cluster analysis considers some transaction level attributes, e.g., recency, frequency and monetary(RFM) attributes, to cluster customer and discover the reverse</p><p>  3.2 The Disposal Agent</p>

22、<p>  After receiving signals from the sensor agent, the disposal agent recommends treatments by case-based reasoning (CBR) [1], and reference supplementary rules if necessary. The case base stores successful case

23、s from previous experience. The rule base includes some supplementary heuristics from domain experts. </p><p>  As revealed in Figure 2, a warning signal consists of three parts {urgent degree(UF), signal fl

24、ag (SF), trigger features}. SF could be “return”, “recycle”, or “repair”.UF indicates degrees of impact. In Figure 3, depending on the different UF, the system would have different actions. It compares {SF, trigger featu

25、res} to those {CF, case features} of cases in case base, and retrieve the treatments of the fittest case to decision maker. It might refer to supplementary rules for detailed suggestion</p><p>  3.3 The Inte

26、grated System Framework</p><p>  The framework has three stages. At stage I, the sensor agent monitors the data; predicts the possibilities of reverse activities, and transmits different warning signals to t

27、he disposal agent. The rule base comes from heuristics, and is periodically updated by data mining techniques (e.g., clustering and association analyses). At stage II, the disposal agent recommends feasible treatments fr

28、om past cases and referencing rules. At stage III, for possible serious effects, disposal might further re</p><p>  4 Business Illustrative Scenarios</p><p>  To understand the proposed framewor

29、k clearly, the three classes of reverse logistic activity are described as follows.</p><p>  4.1 Return Scenario</p><p>  According to the proposed framework, the sensor agent monitors the data,

30、 which are gathered from the consumer site and shared data center; performs weekly cross analyses to diagnose the return probability, and transmits alarm signals. For instance, assume customer is making an increasing num

31、ber of complaints, and that her (his) profile (Gender, Education)=(Female, High) matches one return pattern in Table 3. The sensor agent verifies the warrant period of the related transaction. If the guarante</p>

32、<p>  4.2 Repair Scenario</p><p>  Based on the proposed framework, the sensor agent would analyze the complaints from consumers monthly, and calculate the repair possibilities. For instance, suppose th

33、at some customers of electronic products live in the moist area, matching a rule in Table 2. The sensor agent judges, according to the past data, that some parts of these products might malfunction later. If these parts

34、are normal materials, then a“ mode rate” signal is transmitted. If these parts contain special materials, then an</p><p>  4.3 Recycling Scenario</p><p>  According to the proposed framework, da

35、tabase triggers notify the sensor agent the possibilities for recycling when the product approaches the end its life. The product size and materials is checked. If the product materials are normal, then the sensor agent

36、sends a moderate signal. If the products contain toxic or harmful materials, then the senor agent sends “serious” signal. The disposal agent then recommends treatments to the decision maker. For a “moderate” signal, dist

37、ributors are recommen</p><p>  material. For serious signals, the disposal agent should report to the decision maker to comply with WEEE and RoHS requirements. The proposed framework raises the ITD of SCM. M

38、oreover, the recycling ratio could be expected to increase if the recycling promotion becomes more active.</p><p>  5 Conclusions</p><p>  Reverse logistic activities have recently become a crit

39、ical issue for both consumer and producer sites, but present some dilemmas. (1) Businesses are increasingly adopting loose return policy as strategy. However, in practice, the returned products are stocked by distributor

40、s, cannot be processed quickly by manufacturers to regain economic value quickly. (2) As new environmental laws are increasingly being enforced, recycling activities are additional burdens to the manufacturer, but are al

41、so so</p><p><b>  譯文</b></p><p><b>  綜合框架逆向物流</b></p><p>  摘 要: 盡管壓力來(lái)自環(huán)保意識(shí)和商業(yè)的可持續(xù)性增長(zhǎng),逆向物流已經(jīng)無(wú)被視多年。逆向物流活動(dòng)包括回報(bào),維修和回收產(chǎn)品。傳統(tǒng)上,自從整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈的信息透明度被限制,業(yè)務(wù)就很難預(yù)測(cè)和準(zhǔn)備這些反向活動(dòng)。本研

42、究提出了一個(gè)基于主體的模型框架用來(lái)增加信息透明度的程度。傳感器和處理代理之間的合作可以幫助預(yù)測(cè)反向活動(dòng),避免退回,加快修復(fù)和準(zhǔn)備回收行為。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:逆向物流 信息透明度</p><p>  1 引言   一個(gè)完整的供應(yīng)鏈的概念,通常包括正向和反向物流。然而,逆向物流比正向物流研究得少的多。逆向物流最近已逐漸成為重要的問(wèn)題并分為兩種方法進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)研

43、究。逆向物流就是規(guī)劃執(zhí)行和控制的效率和成本原料的有效流動(dòng),從消費(fèi)點(diǎn)開(kāi)始在過(guò)程庫(kù)存,成品及相關(guān)信息處置適當(dāng)以?shī)Z回原點(diǎn)價(jià)值。在歐盟,廢棄電器及電子設(shè)備( WEEE協(xié)議)協(xié)議在2005年8月開(kāi)始生效,有害物質(zhì)限制(官方協(xié)議)的協(xié)議在 2006年生效;協(xié)議要求公司對(duì)出售的整個(gè)產(chǎn)品的整個(gè)生命周期反向物流負(fù)責(zé),這已成為公司刻不容緩的責(zé)任。許多以前的研究曾試圖制訂的逆向物流數(shù)學(xué)模型,Min等人就在這些研究的基礎(chǔ)上介紹了部署集中返回中心的遺傳算法的模型

44、。克勞斯諾和亨德里克森探索了產(chǎn)品的回報(bào)率和逆向物流的策略之間的關(guān)系。 庫(kù)勒和塞蘭奇研究回收和價(jià)格貶值之間的聯(lián)系。雖然這些優(yōu)化模型提供部分逆向物流解決方案但它們包括的許多假設(shè)在現(xiàn)實(shí)中很難得到實(shí)施。由于逆向物流活動(dòng)不太明朗,關(guān)于他們的信息最好以公式化結(jié)合起來(lái)。此外,一些研究調(diào)查表明這個(gè)問(wèn)題要從整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈角度來(lái)看,舉例來(lái)說(shuō),蒙在延長(zhǎng)供應(yīng)鏈里提出了綠色供應(yīng)鏈的概念。 雷蒙德和羅杰斯討論正向和反向物流在多</p><p>

45、;  2 問(wèn)題說(shuō)明 先前的研究將逆向物流活動(dòng)分為3組,即返回,修理和回收。在這一過(guò)程中正向物流中供應(yīng)商提供原材料到制造商,制造商制造產(chǎn)品通過(guò)分銷商然后再發(fā)送給客戶。反之,客戶可能會(huì)讓一個(gè)產(chǎn)品返回、修理或循環(huán)再造。此外制造商和供應(yīng)商還需要處理非工作原因或有缺陷的產(chǎn)品?;厥照咝枰幚磉@些循環(huán)再造的產(chǎn)品,妥善轉(zhuǎn)讓可重復(fù)使用的材料給供應(yīng)商和制造商,這一過(guò)程被稱為逆向物流。這些逆向的活動(dòng)有以下的問(wèn)題:</p><p&g

46、t;  1)如果客戶將產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)回給分銷商,然后分銷商將可返回的產(chǎn)品以某一方式傳送回制造商。這種做法會(huì)對(duì)制造商產(chǎn)生不利影響,因?yàn)樵谶@過(guò)程中誰(shuí)能減少傳回的產(chǎn)品的時(shí)間就能降低其剩余的價(jià)值。 </p><p>  2)回收的法律,如歐盟的電子設(shè)備協(xié)議和RoHS 協(xié)議明確了回收活動(dòng)的重要性,企業(yè)需要監(jiān)察回收比率以提高他們遵守回收的法律的意識(shí)。 </p><p>  3)在處理解決方面,處理解決的時(shí)間應(yīng)

47、減少可以以維持一個(gè)企業(yè)的形象 ,這也是逆向物流活動(dòng)的定義,消費(fèi)的產(chǎn)品在買了一定的時(shí)間內(nèi)以任何理由(合理或不合理的)結(jié)果都要回報(bào)消費(fèi)者。保證客戶可能會(huì)收到一個(gè)完全相同的新產(chǎn)品并且相當(dāng)于收回產(chǎn)品交換或全部的錢 , 客戶一般會(huì)從廠家得到可使用的產(chǎn)品 ?;厥辗交厥障M(fèi)者發(fā)送的沒(méi)有價(jià)值的或不想要的產(chǎn)品但這樣的客戶可能會(huì)得不到廠家給的優(yōu)惠。</p><p>  所有這些問(wèn)題都是以客戶為中心的和難以預(yù)料的。但如果在信息技術(shù)的整

48、個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈可以加以改善的話那么預(yù)測(cè)精度可以提高,讓上游和下游企業(yè)的供應(yīng)鏈盡量準(zhǔn)備早。</p><p><b>  3 擬議的框架</b></p><p>  本研究假設(shè)在整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)的共生。供應(yīng)鏈的參與者都分享三個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),即客戶,產(chǎn)品和交易。訪問(wèn)權(quán)限如下。(1)在客戶數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),經(jīng)銷商可以插入、更新和所有其他參與者只能查詢。(2)在產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),制造商可以插入、更新和所有其

49、他參與者只能查詢。(3)在事務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),經(jīng)銷商可以插入和更新;制造商可以更新,和所有其他參與者只能查詢。共享數(shù)據(jù)的定期更新。這種共生關(guān)系的假設(shè)是與戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴的概念相一致,在創(chuàng)新企業(yè)的銷售數(shù)據(jù),客戶的購(gòu)買模式和與他們的合作伙伴的未來(lái)計(jì)劃。</p><p>  由于大多數(shù)反活動(dòng)引發(fā)的客戶,而且很難預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確地通過(guò)常規(guī)的分析方法,啟發(fā)式算法和人工智能技術(shù)可以幫助。在正向供應(yīng)鏈,piramuthu開(kāi)發(fā)自動(dòng)化的供應(yīng)鏈配置一個(gè)

50、基于代理的框架,以提高動(dòng)態(tài)配置的供應(yīng)鏈績(jī)效。然而,據(jù)我們所知,還沒(méi)有研究反向活動(dòng)應(yīng)用代理。本研究提出了一個(gè)基于代理的方法。如圖1所示,兩個(gè)代理,代理的傳感器和處理劑,集成在所提出的架構(gòu)。由于代理可以自主地改變環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)和反應(yīng),自動(dòng)完成一個(gè)目標(biāo),他們可能會(huì)幫助管理這種以客戶為中心的問(wèn)題。</p><p><b>  3.1傳感器代理</b></p><p>  傳感器代理

51、自主監(jiān)控最近的數(shù)據(jù),并發(fā)送報(bào)警信號(hào)的處理劑,在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候。此外,如果需要進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)調(diào)查。由于產(chǎn)品的回報(bào)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的供應(yīng)鏈問(wèn)題,返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)的監(jiān)測(cè)應(yīng)至少每周一次。相反,由于監(jiān)測(cè)維修數(shù)據(jù)可能比監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)返回不那么緊迫,每月監(jiān)測(cè)期間可能就足夠了??赡艿漠a(chǎn)品回收的時(shí)間可以從產(chǎn)品生命周期的估計(jì)。因此,本研究建議能夠主動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)觸發(fā)器在顧客資料提供的通知信號(hào)。</p><p>  監(jiān)測(cè)應(yīng)遵循的規(guī)則來(lái)檢測(cè)可能的反向活動(dòng)。出了一些規(guī)則

52、。這些規(guī)則是啟發(fā)式算法和數(shù)據(jù)挖掘結(jié)果。傳感器代理應(yīng)定期進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)挖掘歷史數(shù)據(jù)或數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)。一些數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)可以考慮。聚類分析認(rèn)為一些事務(wù)級(jí)的屬性,例如,近因,頻率和貨幣(RFM)屬性聚類客戶,發(fā)現(xiàn)客戶的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)信息的逆向活動(dòng)模式。此外,在產(chǎn)品層面,產(chǎn)品特性可以通過(guò)集群的產(chǎn)品而不是原始的產(chǎn)品類型。此外,由于一些模式可能是跨集群的關(guān)聯(lián)分析,至少需要兩個(gè)聚類的聚類分析結(jié)果作為發(fā)現(xiàn)相反的模式,這兩個(gè)輸入之間的輸入。例如,用戶的集群,誰(shuí)買的產(chǎn)品,可能

53、會(huì)有高回報(bào)率。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)的模式將被審查的專家,然后進(jìn)入了傳感器代理商倉(cāng)庫(kù)。因此,傳感器的代理會(huì)有學(xué)習(xí)能力的提高自己的監(jiān)測(cè)的正確性。</p><p><b>  3.2處理器</b></p><p>  接收來(lái)自傳感器的信號(hào)處理后,推薦治療的基于案例的推理(CBR)[ 1 ],如果必要,參考補(bǔ)充規(guī)則。案例庫(kù)中存儲(chǔ)的成功案例,從以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。規(guī)則庫(kù)包括從領(lǐng)域?qū)<业囊恍┭a(bǔ)充的啟

54、發(fā)式算法。</p><p>  一個(gè)警告信號(hào),由三部分組成,緊急程度(UF),信號(hào)旗(SF),觸發(fā)功能}。SF可能是“回歸”,“回收”,或“修理”。用友表示程度的影響。根據(jù)不同的脲醛樹(shù)脂,系統(tǒng)會(huì)有不同的行為。比較了{(lán) SF,觸發(fā)功能}的{ CF,在案例庫(kù)的案例特征},和檢索的優(yōu)勝劣汰的治療決策。它可能是指具體的建議或其他建議補(bǔ)充規(guī)則(如果沒(méi)有合適的例子可以發(fā)現(xiàn))。然后,處理劑進(jìn)行處理,可以自動(dòng)或建議決策者。它將與

55、其他系統(tǒng),如合作,計(jì)劃,調(diào)度,庫(kù)存管理或質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)。如果這個(gè)問(wèn)題解決的反應(yīng)良好,那么經(jīng)驗(yàn)可能是由人類專家的注釋,然后保留在案例庫(kù)作為參考。因此,處理劑能有學(xué)習(xí)能力,提高其性能的下一次。</p><p><b>  3.3集成系統(tǒng)框架</b></p><p>  該框架有三個(gè)階段。在第一階段,傳感器劑監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù);預(yù)測(cè)反向活動(dòng)的可能性,并將不同的預(yù)警信號(hào)的處理劑。規(guī)則庫(kù)是啟發(fā)

56、式的,并定期更新的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)(例如,聚類分析和關(guān)聯(lián)分析)。在第二階段,該處理劑建議可行的處理從過(guò)去的案例和引用的規(guī)則。在第三階段,可能有嚴(yán)重的影響,處理可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步建議或自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)流程的準(zhǔn)備(例如,調(diào)度)。此外,該處理劑應(yīng)通知其治療的傳感器劑,和要求一個(gè)必要的隨訪。例如,如果一個(gè)傳感器代理發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客投訴電話的頻率上升,并預(yù)測(cè)可能的回報(bào)率很可能會(huì)增加,然后處理劑使用客戶推薦專家聽(tīng)取客戶的關(guān)注。治療后已經(jīng)完成,該傳感器代理執(zhí)行客戶滿意

57、度調(diào)查,檢查是否的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)解決了。傳感器代理也給出了處理劑對(duì)療效的評(píng)價(jià)反饋?;诜答伒奶幚韯?,添加注釋到原來(lái)的案例庫(kù),并提出進(jìn)一步的治療,如果需要的話。</p><p><b>  4 商業(yè)說(shuō)明情況</b></p><p>  要明白擬議的框架,三類逆向物流活動(dòng)的描述如下:</p><p>  4.1 返回的情況 根據(jù)建議的框架內(nèi),傳感器

58、劑監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),這是所收集到的消費(fèi)者的網(wǎng)站和共享數(shù)據(jù)中心;執(zhí)行每周交叉分析診斷的回報(bào)概率,并傳送報(bào)警信號(hào)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),假設(shè)顧客是使越來(lái)越多的投訴,和她(他)個(gè)人資料(性別,教育)或女士較多 。傳感器代理驗(yàn)證手令日期的關(guān)聯(lián)交易。如果保證期間已經(jīng)過(guò)期,那么“委婉”的發(fā)送信息。反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō),如果產(chǎn)品仍然是不保證,那么發(fā)送一個(gè)“有威懾力的”信號(hào),而如果初始的交易金額很大那么會(huì)發(fā)送標(biāo)志“情況嚴(yán)重”的信號(hào)。系統(tǒng)處理器處理情況然后建議適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q,如果是溫和的信

59、號(hào)處理器自動(dòng)發(fā)送電子郵件給客戶確認(rèn)客戶的關(guān)注。 “有威懾力”的信號(hào)是處理器的意見(jiàn)通過(guò)客戶代表聯(lián)絡(luò)客戶以防止可能的投訴升級(jí)為嚴(yán)重的信號(hào),處理器的建議執(zhí)行相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)處理流程比如治療后完成準(zhǔn)備返回股票的位置,該傳感器的代理人應(yīng)跟進(jìn)客戶滿意度并給予反饋給處置的信息。擬議的框架可以提供一個(gè)早期預(yù)警以防止制造商可能的回收情況,另外可以總結(jié)先前產(chǎn)品重新設(shè)計(jì)的原因,該信息技術(shù)將增加本框架下的效率。</p><p>  4.2

60、處理情況 在提出的框架的基礎(chǔ)上,傳感器的代理人分析消費(fèi)者每月投訴并計(jì)算解決問(wèn)題的可能性。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),假設(shè)有些客戶的電子產(chǎn)品放置在潮濕的地區(qū)不符合匹配的規(guī)則,傳感器代理法官根據(jù)過(guò)去的數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)部分這些產(chǎn)品可能發(fā)生故障的情況。如果這些零件是正常的材料,然后以“模式率”的信號(hào)傳送。如果這些部分含有特殊的材料,然后一個(gè)“有威懾力的”信號(hào)發(fā)出。如果處理的行為將需要工程師的技能,那么發(fā)出“情況嚴(yán)重”的信號(hào)。由決策者處置代理人建議適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼椒ā?/p>

61、一個(gè)“模式的影響”的信號(hào),處理器的驗(yàn)證材料儲(chǔ)存并自動(dòng)安排這些處理的要求。 “有威懾力”的信號(hào),以決策者來(lái)處理器的建議來(lái)采購(gòu)材料,在這種情況下由于較長(zhǎng)的處理期間所以需要為客戶安排一個(gè)臨時(shí)替代產(chǎn)品。為當(dāng)遇到處理器發(fā)出嚴(yán)重的信號(hào)或建議要資深的工程師來(lái)解決。處理傳感器代理人跟進(jìn)客戶的意見(jiàn)并在一定期限內(nèi)(例如一個(gè)月)給出反饋給處置的代理人進(jìn)一步的改善。該信息技術(shù)的供應(yīng)鏈管理讓維修中心準(zhǔn)備可能發(fā)生的維修比在其他制度有更高的可靠性這樣可以減少處理的時(shí)

62、間。 4.3 回收情況 根據(jù)建議的框架內(nèi),數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)觸發(fā)器通知傳感器通過(guò)產(chǎn)品的大小和材料的檢查</p><p>  5 結(jié)論 逆向物流活動(dòng)最近已成為消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者維護(hù)自身利益立場(chǎng)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題但目前還有一些難題。 </p><p>  1)企業(yè)正在越來(lái)越多地采取寬松的退貨政策作為戰(zhàn)略。然而在實(shí)踐中收回的產(chǎn)品分銷商無(wú)法迅速處理其庫(kù)存安置這樣制造商就不能迅速恢復(fù)其經(jīng)濟(jì)

63、價(jià)值。</p><p>  2)作為新的環(huán)保法律越來(lái)越多地被執(zhí)行,回收活動(dòng)確實(shí)是企業(yè)對(duì)社會(huì)和環(huán)境 責(zé)任是制造商額外的負(fù)擔(dān) 。此外對(duì)是沒(méi)有必要進(jìn)行回收的客戶,能給他們的答復(fù)是有限的,并且 在實(shí)際操作中循環(huán)再造是難以實(shí)施的 。</p><p>  3)維修中心維修給客戶帶來(lái)不便??蛻粼诋a(chǎn)品修復(fù)期無(wú)法使用他們的產(chǎn)品,因此減少維修的時(shí)間可以改善客戶的滿意度。但是如果沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y料維修中心不能獲得附

64、表所需的資源就難以縮短維修時(shí)間。這項(xiàng)研究提出了一種基于Agent的框架用來(lái)提高在這些反向活動(dòng)中的信息透明度的程度。一個(gè)傳感器代理的運(yùn)作像一個(gè)早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng),以偵測(cè)可能扭轉(zhuǎn)活動(dòng)積極。處置代理的運(yùn)作就像一個(gè)顧問(wèn)向決策人推薦處理方法,甚至可以讓相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)流程自動(dòng)運(yùn)行。擬議的框架預(yù)計(jì)將增加供應(yīng)鏈的資訊透明度的程度以及改善逆向供應(yīng)鏈的活動(dòng)性能 。今后的研究將集中于執(zhí)行本框架并通過(guò)真實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)和通過(guò)實(shí)地調(diào)查研究來(lái)核實(shí)其業(yè)績(jī)和成效。</p>

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