外文翻譯---電子商務(wù)在馬來西亞中小企業(yè)的應(yīng)用

1、<p>　　本科生畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p><b>　?。?2012 屆）</b></p><p>　　課題名稱：傳化集團(tuán)有限公司電子商務(wù)實(shí)施現(xiàn)狀,問題與對策分析 　　　　　　　　　　　　</p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： </p><p&g

2、t;　　學(xué)　　號： 200808301523 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級： 電子商務(wù)082 </p><p>　　學(xué)院名稱： 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院 </p><p><b>　　指導(dǎo)教師：</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)在馬來西亞中小企業(yè)的應(yīng)用</p

3、><p><b>　　拿如丁曼索爾</b></p><p>　　馬來西亞丁加奴工商管理學(xué)院</p><p>　　摘要：該研究項(xiàng)目旨在探討電子商務(wù)是否適用于馬來西亞馬來洲的中小型企業(yè)。主要參與研究的人群是馬來西亞馬來人的德瓦恩和吉蘭丹州的登記入住人員，一共有302個受訪者被選擇參加我們的研究。根據(jù)世界商界的一般假設(shè)，一致認(rèn)為，電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)

4、的生存和挑戰(zhàn)高度相關(guān)。同時，獲取知識和認(rèn)識環(huán)境，應(yīng)對和處理變化，加快業(yè)務(wù)決策的過程能夠進(jìn)一步提高中小型企業(yè)的競爭力。通過應(yīng)用建立的模型，我們的調(diào)查集中在5個可識別的變量，以表現(xiàn)采用電子商務(wù)對推動中小企業(yè)的實(shí)用性。我們的分析表明，所有選擇的變量對加強(qiáng)電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用，從而保持其在該行業(yè)的的競爭優(yōu)勢有顯著意義。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用 物流 營銷 采購 安全 中小企業(yè)</p><p

5、><b>　　1.介紹</b></p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的出現(xiàn)正在根本性地改變商業(yè)進(jìn)行的方式?？蛻艨梢栽谄淙嫘蓍e的任何地方，任何時候購物，并且總是享受幾乎沒有任何成本的同等水平的服務(wù)。顯然，通過這種無紙化交易，顧客不再需要填寫訂購表格，或到經(jīng)營場所去放置他們的訂單。什么事都可以在客戶便利的

6、條件下電子化地完成。根據(jù)EDI報(bào)文（2000），即使中小企業(yè)因?yàn)槿狈I(yè)知識和資金而可能有困難建立一個先進(jìn)的網(wǎng)站，但是他們?nèi)匀恍枰娮由虅?wù)去繁榮和持續(xù)生存。</p><p>　　許多個人和組織在用典型的方式去解釋電子商務(wù)。當(dāng)企業(yè)開始意識到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為強(qiáng)大媒體的角色開展業(yè)務(wù)，特別是在服務(wù)行業(yè)，因?yàn)樗軌蛱岣呖蛻襞c供應(yīng)商的關(guān)系，電子商務(wù)術(shù)語出現(xiàn)了。電子商務(wù)是指主要的相關(guān)商業(yè)關(guān)系或交易通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的流程，包括采購，營銷

7、，銷售和客戶支持。勞頓和特拉弗形容電子商務(wù)涉及所有時間周期，速度和全球化，可以增強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)力，獲取新顧客和跨機(jī)構(gòu)分享知識，通過數(shù)字化實(shí)現(xiàn)跨邊界產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的交易。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)是商業(yè)圈各種關(guān)系演變而成的。它可以是企業(yè)對個人的形式（B2C），企業(yè)對企業(yè)（B2B）的形式，商業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)（BIB）的形式，和最后的個人對個人（C2C）的形式。一般來說，B2B是組織之間形成的批量的電子商務(wù)活動。雖然電子商務(wù)意味著企業(yè)間

8、的信息和技術(shù)在企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者之間和消費(fèi)者自己之間同等適用。因此，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在電子商務(wù)中作為主要工具的角色變得越來越來越顯著，同時它也作為一個分銷渠道，高于涉及傳統(tǒng)中介機(jī)構(gòu)的任務(wù)。</p><p>　　由多媒體發(fā)展公司（MDEC）做的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明電子商務(wù)在馬來西亞的滲透率正年復(fù)一年的大幅的增長，從而為中小型公司采用電子商務(wù)提供了巨大的潛力。預(yù)計(jì)這個比率會以大量率年復(fù)一年的持續(xù)增長。</p><p>　

9、　在電子市場中，主要的參與者——交易處理程序員，購房者，經(jīng)紀(jì)人和銷售者分布在不同地點(diǎn)，甚至不知道對方是誰。有些人認(rèn)為，電子商務(wù)的實(shí)現(xiàn)既昂貴又麻煩。然而，在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，它通過壓低成本因素，能夠提高性能，從而為實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品在品牌和價格上的差異化競爭優(yōu)勢提供了機(jī)會。除此之外，它為交易各方加強(qiáng)合作提供更好的渠道，另外，縮短了產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的時間。</p><p><b>　　中小企業(yè)和電子商務(wù)</b><

10、/p><p>　　為了在當(dāng)今充滿挑戰(zhàn)的環(huán)境中生存，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是中小企業(yè)的競爭力和彈性。為此，中小企業(yè)需要不斷加強(qiáng)其潛力和以有競爭力的價格生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的能力。</p><p>　　以前在馬來西亞馬來中小企業(yè)中進(jìn)行的研究表明，他們在產(chǎn)品，促銷和分配制度創(chuàng)新上薄弱，因此這些反映了中小企業(yè)表現(xiàn)欠佳。</p><p>　　以前的文獻(xiàn)曾經(jīng)從不同的角度來定義中小企業(yè)，例如雇員人

11、數(shù)，實(shí)收資本，經(jīng)營行業(yè)，還有投資費(fèi)用的強(qiáng)度。因此沒有一個有關(guān)定義中小企業(yè)可接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是，有一些測量，他們可能回考慮進(jìn)去，例如其類別，銷售營業(yè)額及員工人數(shù)。在馬來西亞，最廣泛采用的定義通常是被那些SMIDEC（中小企業(yè)發(fā)展公司）和BNM（馬來西亞中央銀行）所定義的，據(jù)此，中小企業(yè)可分為三大類：微型，小型，或中型。這些分組是要么是根據(jù)一個公司員工的數(shù)量所決定，要么是根據(jù)一年里由業(yè)務(wù)產(chǎn)生的總銷售收入所決定。總之，中小型企業(yè)是由其大小來具體

12、定義的：</p><p>　　表1：中小型工業(yè)的特征</p><p>　　來源：SMIDEC（2005）</p><p>　　中小企業(yè)是勞動力市場的主要雇主。根據(jù)國家銀行（2005），中小企業(yè)在招聘條件上提供更大的靈活性，因此中小企業(yè)的工人的76.5%是全職的。進(jìn)一步的文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，馬來西亞的絕大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)更愿意參與零售，農(nóng)業(yè)，參觀，食堂或餐廳工藝品，裁縫，小規(guī)模制造

13、，美容美發(fā)，直銷，送貨上門業(yè)務(wù)。這些行業(yè)的類型主要是較低的密集型資本和需要與客戶的個人通信。因此，發(fā)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)在這些行業(yè)的應(yīng)用是不太理想的。</p><p>　　即使電子商務(wù)在馬來西亞的應(yīng)用是令人鼓舞的，但它仍然處于嬰幼兒階段。回顧Abu Bakar和Rohaizat的發(fā)現(xiàn)（2002），大部分馬來西亞中小企業(yè)仍然停留在其商業(yè)交易中使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的階段。第一種促進(jìn)電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用的方法是，通過加快其在當(dāng)?shù)靥幱谧罡叩匚磺沂?/p>

14、全國IT策略的核心的公司的應(yīng)用。盡管在促進(jìn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)，大部分的這些處于最高地位的公司使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)做保守的工作，諸如通訊和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息收集的目的。過去對霹靂州的中小型企業(yè)的研究表明，電子商務(wù)在大多數(shù)商業(yè)行業(yè)的應(yīng)用率偏低。類似的情況在初學(xué)者狀態(tài)或是被公認(rèn)狀態(tài)下盛行。</p><p><b>　　市場營銷</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的作用在于通過匹配的信息，提供了渠道走出

15、家庭，走上消費(fèi)者的數(shù)字通信設(shè)備，從而滿足了消費(fèi)者的偏好，方便了人口統(tǒng)計(jì)，市場營銷人員將可以用正確的信息在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r間更好地對準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)收件人的權(quán)利。除此之外，市場營銷的作用在一個超媒體，以計(jì)算機(jī)為中介，且交互性和連接正在取代傳統(tǒng)的談判和溝通模式的環(huán)境下實(shí)現(xiàn)了。</p><p>　　一個成功的電子商務(wù)企業(yè)必須具備全球意識，系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)向，客戶敏感。在電子商務(wù)下，公司可以直接訪問消費(fèi)者去收集信息，然后通過自定義或創(chuàng)造新的優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)品

16、，從而能夠幫助他們更好地開發(fā)產(chǎn)品，滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。一般大部分公司使用電子商務(wù)主要是為了提供有關(guān)公司，產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，以及內(nèi)部和對外溝通的信息。此外網(wǎng)上消費(fèi)者可以很容易地獲得圖像，聲音，甚至電影，從而在選定的方便的時間，實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時交易的互動。</p><p>　　這對于中小企業(yè)在國際市場營銷其產(chǎn)品來說，是一個很好的機(jī)會，因?yàn)樾畔⒖梢栽谑澜绺鞯貜V泛傳播。</p><p>　　正如奧布萊恩所聲稱的，

17、當(dāng)大部分的商業(yè)活動通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)涉及到產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的買賣，營銷時，電子商務(wù)改變了競爭的模式，行動的速度，以及精簡了消費(fèi)者和公司之間，公司和供應(yīng)者之間的相互作用和付款方式。另一個有趣的特征是電子商務(wù)營銷相對于傳統(tǒng)方法的靈活性的吸引力。這種靈活性根據(jù)收到的客戶直接反饋，不僅增加了新的項(xiàng)目，而且更新了信息，但是強(qiáng)大的24小時訪問導(dǎo)致增加了世界各地的營業(yè)時間。</p><p><b>　　物流與采購</b&

18、gt;</p><p>　　物流涉及到產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)在有關(guān)各方之間的流動交易。零售商或中小企業(yè)應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)間接地去除了中介銷售渠道的服務(wù)，擴(kuò)大了在全球各地的分布范圍。由于電子商務(wù)易接受，并且它的實(shí)際使用正改變著分配系統(tǒng)的趨勢，因?yàn)殡娮恿闶凵掏瑫r也是一個零售商和分銷中心。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接，運(yùn)費(fèi)可實(shí)時準(zhǔn)確地確定，并且一個跟蹤號碼可以涉及到訂單下達(dá)時貨物的裝運(yùn)。</p><p>　　中小企業(yè)采用電子商

19、務(wù)還可以從物流中心獲得一些優(yōu)勢，例如通過改進(jìn)工藝的效率降級成本，提高覆蓋率，分拆業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)和降低價格。盡管存在這些優(yōu)勢，但是仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)在全國的應(yīng)用較低。 </p><p>　　電子采購成為了任何電子商貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)不可分割的一部分，并且大部分的供應(yīng)鏈管理涉及到改造或交付材料的采購。在任何業(yè)務(wù)中處理任何問題時，這一直是一個主要成本。一個精心設(shè)計(jì)的業(yè)務(wù)流程中添加互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)無疑是為其提供了一個系統(tǒng)的，有效的成本控制。電子商

20、務(wù)采購可以被解釋為任何由商業(yè)銀行或政府機(jī)構(gòu)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上所進(jìn)行的以促進(jìn)貨物收購為目的的行為，它設(shè)計(jì)到材料組件，設(shè)備，分包，IT設(shè)備和供應(yīng)品，消耗品，文具和其它構(gòu)成大量金錢交易的服務(wù)的花費(fèi)。由于它是電子招標(biāo)，是商品和服務(wù)的采購，通過申請，他們能夠獲得大量的世界各地的供應(yīng)商，從而享受更優(yōu)惠的價格，更好的質(zhì)量和更好的交付。</p><p>　　因?yàn)椴少徥且豁?xiàng)昂貴的商業(yè)活動，一旦業(yè)務(wù)切換到線上采購系統(tǒng)，他們可以立即見到效益。

21、每次購買的行政費(fèi)用會顯著地減少，因?yàn)楦俚奈臅ぷ魇峭ㄟ^采購系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的，而不是通過勞動者。此外，當(dāng)員工知道方便和符合成本效益的新的采購策略是怎么一回事的時候，他們將不太可能通過非合同供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行購買，從而為企業(yè)節(jié)省了更多的錢。</p><p>　　The Application of E-Commerce Among Malaysian Small</p><p>　　Medium Ente

22、rprises</p><p>　　Norudin Mansor</p><p>　　Faculty of Business Management,Universiti Teknologi MARA</p><p>　　Campus Dungun,23000 Dungun,Terengganu,Malaysia</p><p><b&g

23、t;　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The research project was conducted to investigate the understanding of E-commerce Application among the SMEs in one of the state in Malaysia. Focusing on the population of reg

24、istered members of Dewan Perniagaan Melayu Malaysia, Kelantan, a total of 302 respondents were selected to participate in our study. Moving in line with the general assumption of world business community it is agreed tha

25、t e-commerce application is highly relevant for the survival and meeting the challenges of borderless eco</p><p>　　Keywords: E-Commerce application, logistic, marketing, procurement, security, SMEs.</p&g

26、t;<p>　　1.Introduction</p><p>　　E-Commerce</p><p>　　The emergence of e-commerce is creating fundamental changes to the way that business is conducted. Customer can shop around comprehensi

27、vely at their leisure anywhere, at any time and always enjoy the same level of services at virtually no costs. Apparently, with paperless transaction, buyers are no longer required to fill in order forms or visit a busin

28、ess premise to place their order. Everything can be done electronically at buyers’ convenience. According to Edim(2000), even though SMEs might h</p><p>　　Numerous people and organizations interpret Electron

29、ic Commerce or E-commerce in typical ways. The term “e-commerce” emerged when businesses started to realize the role of Internet as a powerful medium for conducting business especially in the service sector as it is able

30、 to improve customer-supplier relationship. E-commerce is the flow of process which is purchasing, marketing, sales and customer support that is mainly associated with a commercial relationship or transaction over the in

31、ternet. </p><p>　　E-commerce evolved in various means of relationship within the business circle. It can be in the form of Business to Customer(B2C),Business to Business(B2B), Business in Business(BIB)and la

32、stly Customer to Customer(C2C).Generally, B2B which is between organizations formed the bulk of the e-commerce activities. Although e-commerce implies information between businesses, the technology is equally applicable

33、between business and consumers and indeed between consumers themselves. As such, the signif</p><p>　　Statistic revealed by Multimedia Development Corporation (MDEC) indicates the penetration rate of e-commer

34、ce in Malaysia which is substantially increased by year provides a huge potential for SMEs to adopt e-commerce in their business. This rate is expected to constantly growing up at substantial rate from year to year.</

35、p><p>　　In electronic markets, the principal participants–transaction handlers, buyers, brokers, and sellers are at different locations and even not knowing each other. Some people think that the implementation

36、 of e-commerce found to be both costly and cumbersome. However, in reality it driving down cost factors and able to improve performance which offers opportunities to achieve competitive advantage through product differen

37、tiation with particular reference to branding and pricing. Other than that, it</p><p>　　SMES and E-Commerce</p><p>　　In order to survive in today’s challenging environment, it is imperative that

38、 SMEs be competitive and resilient. Towards this end, SMEs need to continuously strengthen their capacity and capability to produce high quality products and services at competitive prices. </p><p>　　Previou

39、s studies conducted among Malaysian Bumiputera SMEs indicated that they were weak in product, promotion, and distribution innovation which therefore reflecting the poor performance of the SMEs.</p><p>　　Prev

40、ious literatures used to define SMEs from different perspectives such as defining based on number of employees, paid-up capital, sectors of operations, and also the intensity of investment incurred. As such there is no o

41、ne acceptable standard about defining SMEs. However, there are a few measurements that they may take into consideration such as its categories, sales turnover and number of employees. In Malaysia, the most widely adopted

42、 definition usually those as been defined by SMIDEC (Sma</p><p>　　Table 1: Characteristics of Small and Medium Industry</p><p>　　Sources:SMIDEC(2005) </p><p>　　SMEs are major employ

43、ers in the labor market. According to BNM (2005), they provided greater flexibility in employment terms whereby 76.5%of total SME workers were hired on a full-time basis. Further literatures discovered that majority of t

44、he SMEs in Malaysia prefer to be involved in retailing, agriculture, restaurants, canteen and cafeteria, handicrafts, tailoring, small-scale manufacturing, beauty saloon, direct selling, and door-to-door business. This t

45、ype of businesses largely to be less-ca</p><p>　　The application of E-commerce in Malaysia even though is encouraging, but it is still at its infant stage. Reviewing on the finding by Abu Bakar and Rohaizat(

46、2002), most of the Malaysian SMEs are still left behind in terms of using internet in their business transaction. One way to promote the application is by speeding the usage among the local MSC status companies which act

47、 as the centerpiece of the national IT strategy. Despite of the promotion most of the MSC status companies found to be usi</p><p><b>　　Marketing</b></p><p>　　The role of e-commerce i

48、n providing avenue to shift out of the home and onto consumers' digital communication devices by matching messages to consumer preferences and demographics, marketers will be able to better target the right recipient

49、 with the right message at the right time. Other than that, marketing functions are now performed under a hypermedia-computer-mediated-environment where interactivity and connectivity are replacing the traditional mode o

50、f negotiation and communication.</p><p>　　A successful e-commerce business must be globally aware, system-oriented and customer sensitive. Companies can use the direct access to consumers to collect informat

51、ion that will help them better develop products to meet the consumers need through customizations or create new niche products. In general most firms used e-commerce primarily to provide information about company, its pr

52、oduct and services, and for both internal and external communication. In addition online consumer can easily gain a</p><p>　　As indicated by O’ Brien, as most of the business activities involved with buying

53、and selling, marketing of product and services over computer network, e-commerce therefore changing the shape of competition, the speed of action, and the streamlining of interactions and payments from customers to compa

54、nies and from companies to suppliers. Another interesting features concerning marketing in e-commerce is the attractiveness of its flexibility as compared to the traditional approach. This flexibili</p><p>　

55、　Logistics and Procurement</p><p>　　Logistics is very much related to the movement of goods or services within the respective parties to the transaction. When retailers or SMEs apply e-commerce, they indirec

56、tly remove the need for intermediary distribution channels and extend the distribution coverage across the globe. As e- commerce become accepted and practically used it is changing the trend in distribution systems becau

57、se the e-retailers are at the same time a retailer and a distribution center. With connectivity of the Web, s</p><p>　　There are some advantages that SMEs can gain as they adopt in commerce from the point of

58、 logistics which is cost reduction through improved process efficiency, improved reach, the unbundling of business systems and price reductions. Despite of the advantages but still the application of e-commerce found to

59、be low throughout the nation. </p><p>　　E-procurement formed an integral part of any e-commerce operation, and most supply chain management involves the procurement of materials which are to be transformed o

60、r delivered. It is always been a major cost concerned in any business operations in addressing the issue. A well designed operation flow add-up with internet technology will no doubt provide a systematic and efficient co

61、st control. Procurement in e-commerce can be explained as any designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods by </p><p>　　Because procurement is an expensive business activity, once a business switches to a

62、n online-based procurement system, they can begin seeing benefits immediately. The administrative costs for each purchase are significantly reduced due to less paperwork running by the system and not by employees themsel