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1、<p><b> 附錄A</b></p><p> 智能樓宇的電氣保護與接地</p><p> 本文通過對幾種保護接地系統(tǒng)的概括介紹,提出適合作為智能樓宇的保護接地系統(tǒng)方法,并對其所應(yīng)采取的各類接地措施作了較為詳盡的說明與分析。</p><p><b> 1、最小的電力系統(tǒng)</b></p>
2、<p> 能源可以是煤、油或天然氣,他們在鍋爐爐膛內(nèi)燃燒,將水加熱成蒸汽;也可以是核反應(yīng)堆中可裂變的核燃料;也可以是高于發(fā)電廠的池塘中的水,或是在內(nèi)燃機中燃燒的油或天然氣。</p><p> 原動機可以是汽輪機、水輪機、水車或內(nèi)燃機。無論是哪一種原動機,都是將蒸汽的熱能、落水的勢能或燃料燃燒發(fā)出的能量轉(zhuǎn)變成了傳動軸的傳動,從而驅(qū)動發(fā)電機。</p><p> 電力負(fù)載則可能是
3、單一的燈、電機、加熱器以及其它用電器或是它們的組合。當(dāng)然隨著需求的變化,負(fù)載會不時地變化。控制系統(tǒng)的作用是,在負(fù)載有可能變化的情況下仍能保持機器的穩(wěn)定,并將電壓控制在規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)。為了適應(yīng)符合的變化,有必要改變?nèi)剂系耐度肓亢驮瓌訖C的輸入以及從原動機到發(fā)電機的傳動軸的力矩,以便使發(fā)電機保持勻速運轉(zhuǎn)。此外,須調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)電機的磁場電流,以使輸出的電壓恒定。控制系統(tǒng)可能會包括一位派守在電廠的值班員,該值班員觀察發(fā)電機輸出終端的一套儀表,并做出一些必
4、要的手動調(diào)整。在一個現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)電廠,控制系統(tǒng)實際上是一個能表明輸出的情況,自動對能量輸入及磁場電流進行必要調(diào)節(jié),以便使電力輸出滿足技術(shù)指標(biāo)的伺服機構(gòu)。</p><p> 2、較復(fù)雜的電力系統(tǒng)</p><p> 在大多數(shù)情況下,負(fù)載并不是直接接在發(fā)電機終端的,而可能是在遠(yuǎn)離發(fā)電機的地方,這就需要有輸電線路與之相連。理想情況下,應(yīng)該使負(fù)載供電滿足規(guī)定要求。然而控制則往往在發(fā)電機附近進行,可
5、能在幾英里以外的另一座樓里。</p><p> 倘若發(fā)電機距離負(fù)載有相當(dāng)長的距離,最理想的方法是在發(fā)電機和負(fù)載端安裝變壓器,并采用高壓線路輸電。電壓越高則電流越小,對相同線徑的導(dǎo)線來說損耗越小,電壓則越穩(wěn)定。有些情況下不宜采用架空線,此外采用埋地電纜則更為有利。采用上述電力系統(tǒng)時,當(dāng)系統(tǒng)中任何部件因檢修或其它原因必須從系統(tǒng)中切除的話,就得對其用戶斷電。當(dāng)此發(fā)電機無法滿足系統(tǒng)新增加負(fù)荷時,可增加一臺變壓器及相應(yīng)的
6、變壓器和高壓線路。</p><p> 3、供電系統(tǒng)的主結(jié)線</p><p> 電力的輸送與分配,必須由母線、開關(guān)、配電線路、變壓器等組成一定的供電電路,這個電路就是供電系統(tǒng)的一次結(jié)線,即主結(jié)線。智能化建筑由于功能上的需要,一般都采用雙電源進線,即要求有兩個獨立電源,常用的供電方案如圖1-1所示。</p><p><b> a)</b>&l
7、t;/p><p><b> b)</b></p><p> 圖1-1 常用的高壓供電方案</p><p> a)一備一用 b)同時供電</p><p> 圖1-1a為兩路高壓電源,正常時一用一備,即當(dāng)正常工作電源事故停電時,另一路備用電源自動投入。此方案可以減少中間母線聯(lián)絡(luò)柜和一個電壓互感器柜,對節(jié)省投資和減小高壓配
8、電室建筑面積均有利。這種結(jié)線要求兩路都能保證100%的負(fù)荷用電。當(dāng)清掃母線或母線故障時,將會造成全部停電。因此,這種接線方式常用在大樓負(fù)荷較小,供電可靠性要求相對較低的建筑中。</p><p> 圖1-1b為兩路電源同時工作,當(dāng)其中一路故障時,由母線聯(lián)絡(luò)柜開關(guān)對故障回路供電。該方案由于增加了母線聯(lián)絡(luò)柜和電壓互感器柜,變電所的面積也就要增大。這種接線方式是商用性樓宇、高級賓館、大型辦公樓宇常用的供電方案。當(dāng)大樓的
9、安裝容量大,變壓器臺數(shù)多時,尤其適宜采用這種方案,因為它能保證較高的供電可靠性。</p><p><b> 4、低壓配電方式</b></p><p> 低壓配電方式是指低壓干線的配線方式。低壓配出干線一般是指從變電所低壓配電屏分路開關(guān)至各大型用電設(shè)備或樓層配電盤的線路。用電負(fù)荷分組配電系統(tǒng)是指負(fù)荷的分組組合系統(tǒng)。智能化建筑由于負(fù)荷的種類較多,低壓配電系統(tǒng)的組織是否
10、得當(dāng),將直接影響大樓用電的安全運行和經(jīng)濟管理。</p><p> 低壓配電的結(jié)線方式可分為放射式和樹干式兩大類。放射式配電是一獨立負(fù)荷或一集中負(fù)荷均由一單獨的配電線路供電,它一般用在下列低壓配電場所:</p><p> 1)供電可靠性高的場所</p><p> 2)單臺設(shè)備容量較大的場所</p><p> 3)容量比較集中的地方<
11、;/p><p> 對于大型消防泵、生活水泵和中央空調(diào)的冷凍機組,一是供電可靠性要求高,二是單臺機組容量較大,因此考慮以放射式專線供電。對于樓宇用電量較大的大廈,有的也采用一回路供一層樓的放射式供電方案。</p><p> 樹干式配電是一獨立負(fù)荷或一集中負(fù)荷按它所處的位置依次連接到某一條配電干線上。樹干式配電所需配電設(shè)備及有色金屬消耗量較少,系統(tǒng)靈活性好,但干線故障時影響范圍大,一般適用于用
12、電設(shè)備比較均勻,容量不大,又無特殊要求的場合。</p><p> 在高層住宅中,住戶配電箱多采用單極塑料小型開關(guān):一種自動開關(guān)組裝的組合配電箱。對一般照明及小容量插座采用樹干式接線,即住戶配電箱中每一分路開關(guān)帶幾盞燈或幾個小容量插座;而對電熱水器、窗式空調(diào)器等大宗用電量的家電設(shè)備,則采用放射式供電。</p><p><b> 5、供配電系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測</b></p
13、><p> 供配電系統(tǒng)是智能大樓的命脈,因此電力設(shè)備的監(jiān)控和管理是至關(guān)重要的。由監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)對供配電設(shè)備的運行狀況進行監(jiān)測,并對各參量進行測量,如電流、電壓、頻率,有功功率、功率因數(shù)、用電量、開關(guān)動作狀態(tài)、變壓器的油溫等等。管理中心根據(jù)測量所得的數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計、分析,以查找供電異常狀況、預(yù)告維護保養(yǎng),并進行用電負(fù)荷控制及自動計費管理。電網(wǎng)的供電狀況隨時受到監(jiān)視,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)全部斷電的情況,控制系統(tǒng)作出相應(yīng)的停電控制措施,
14、應(yīng)急發(fā)電機將自動投入,確保消防、安保、電梯及各通道應(yīng)急照明的用電,而類似空調(diào)、洗衣房等非必要用電負(fù)荷可暫時不與供電。同樣,復(fù)電時控制系統(tǒng)也將有相應(yīng)的復(fù)電控制措施。</p><p> 供配電系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測有如下內(nèi)容:</p><p> ?、俑髯詣娱_關(guān)、斷路器狀態(tài)監(jiān)測;②三相電壓電流檢測;③有功、無功功率及功率因數(shù)檢測;④電網(wǎng)頻率、諧波檢測;⑤變壓器溫度檢測及故障狀態(tài)報警;⑥用電量(kwh)檢測。
15、</p><p> 1)高、低壓端電壓及電流自動檢測</p><p> 低壓端(380/220V)的電壓及電流測量方法與高壓側(cè)基本相同,只不過是電壓互感器和電流互感器的電壓等級不同。</p><p> 2)功率、功率因數(shù)的檢測</p><p> 通過測量電壓與電流的相差可測得功率因數(shù),有了功率因數(shù)、電壓、電流數(shù)值即可求得有功功率和無功
16、功率。因此,可以先測量功率因數(shù),然后間接得出功率數(shù)據(jù),這是一種間接的測量功率的方法。</p><p> 比較精確的測量功率方法是采用模擬乘法器,或者用數(shù)字化測量的方法(高速采樣電壓、電流數(shù)據(jù),再對數(shù)字信號進行處理),直接測量功率數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p> 在建筑物供配電設(shè)計中,接地系統(tǒng)設(shè)計占有重要的地位,因為它關(guān)系到供電系統(tǒng)的可靠性,安全性。不管哪類建筑物,在供電設(shè)計中總包含有接地系統(tǒng)設(shè)
17、計。而且,隨著建筑物的要求不同,各類設(shè)備的功能不同,接地系統(tǒng)也相應(yīng)不同。尤其進入90年代后,大量的智能化樓宇的出現(xiàn)對接地系統(tǒng)設(shè)計提出了許多新的內(nèi)容。在常用的幾種接地方式中,哪一種能夠適合智能化樓宇呢?我們不妨分析一下下面幾種接地系統(tǒng):</p><p><b> 1)TN-C系統(tǒng)</b></p><p> TN-C系統(tǒng)被稱之為三相四線系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)中性線N與保護接地P
18、E合二為一,通稱PEN線。這種接地系統(tǒng)雖對接地故障靈敏度高,線路經(jīng)濟簡單,但它只適合用于三相負(fù)荷較平衡的場所。智能化大樓內(nèi),單相負(fù)荷所占比重較大,難以實現(xiàn)三相負(fù)荷平衡,PEN線的不平衡電流加上線路中存在著的由于熒光燈、晶閘管(可控硅)等設(shè)備引起的高次諧波電流,在非故障情況下,會在中性線N上疊加,使中性線N電壓波動,且電流時大時小極不穩(wěn)定,造成中性點接地電位不穩(wěn)定漂移。不但會使設(shè)備外殼(與PEN線連接)帶電,對人身造成不安全,而且也無法取
19、到一個合適的電位基準(zhǔn)點,精密電子設(shè)備無法準(zhǔn)確可靠運行。因此TN-C接地系統(tǒng)不能作為智能化建筑的接地系統(tǒng)。</p><p> 2)TN-C-S系統(tǒng)</p><p> TN-C-S系統(tǒng)由兩個接地系統(tǒng)組成,第一部分是TN-C系統(tǒng),第二部分是TN-S系統(tǒng),分界面在N線與PE線的連接點。該系統(tǒng)一般用在建筑物的供電由區(qū)域變電所引來的場所,進戶之前采用TN-C系統(tǒng),進戶處做重復(fù)接地,進戶后變成TN-
20、S系統(tǒng)。TN-C系統(tǒng)前面已做分析。TN-S系統(tǒng)的特點是:中性線N與保護接地線PE在進戶時共同接地后,不能再有任何電氣連接。該系統(tǒng)中,中性線N常會帶電,保護接地線PE沒有電的來源。PE線連接的設(shè)備外殼及金屬構(gòu)件在系統(tǒng)正常運行時,始終不會帶電.因此TN-S接地系統(tǒng)明顯提高了人及物的安全性.同時只要我們采取接地引線,各自都從接地體一點引出,及選擇正確的接地電阻值使電子設(shè)備共同獲得一個等電位基準(zhǔn)點等措施,那么TN-C-S系統(tǒng)可以作為智能型建筑物
21、的一種接地系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b> 3)TN-S系統(tǒng)</b></p><p> TN-S是一個三相四線加PE線的接地系統(tǒng)。通常建筑物內(nèi)設(shè)有獨立變配電所時進線采用該系統(tǒng)。TN-S系統(tǒng)的特點是,中性線N與保護接地線PE除在變壓器中性點共同接地外,兩線不再有任何的電氣連接。中性線N是帶電的,而PE線不帶電。該接地系統(tǒng)完全具備安全和可靠的基準(zhǔn)電位。只要象TN-C-
22、S接地系統(tǒng),采取同樣的技術(shù)措施,TN-S系統(tǒng)可以用作智能建筑物的接地系統(tǒng)。如果計算機等電子設(shè)備沒有特殊的要求時,一般都采用這種接地系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b> 4)TT系統(tǒng)</b></p><p> 通常稱TT系統(tǒng)為三相四線接地系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)常用于建筑物供電來自公共電網(wǎng)的地方。TT系統(tǒng)的特點是中性線N與保護接地線PE無一點電氣連接,即中性點接地與PE線接地是分開
23、的。該系統(tǒng)在正常運行時,不管三相負(fù)荷平衡不平衡,在中性線N帶電情況下,PE線不會帶電。只有單相接地故障時,由于保護接地靈敏度低,故障不能及時切斷,設(shè)備外殼才可能帶電。正常運行時的TT系統(tǒng)類似于TN-S系統(tǒng),也能獲得人與物的安全性和取得合格的基準(zhǔn)接地電位。隨著大容量的漏電保護器的出現(xiàn),該系統(tǒng)也會越來越作為智能型建筑物的接地系統(tǒng)。從目前的情況來看,由于公共電網(wǎng)的電源質(zhì)量不高,難以滿足智能化設(shè)備的要求,所以TT系統(tǒng)很少被智能化大樓采用。<
24、;/p><p><b> 5)IT系統(tǒng)</b></p><p> IT系統(tǒng)是三相三線式接地系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)變壓器中性點不接地或經(jīng)阻抗接地,無中性線N,只有線電壓(380V),無相壓壓(220V),保護接地線PE各自獨立接地。該系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點是當(dāng)一相接地時,不會使外殼帶有較大的故障電流,系統(tǒng)可以照常運行。缺點是不能配出中性線N。因此它是不適用于擁有大量單相設(shè)備的智能化大樓的。&
25、lt;/p><p> 在智能化樓宇內(nèi),要求保護接地的設(shè)備非常多,有強電設(shè)備,弱電設(shè)備,以及一些正常情況下不帶電的導(dǎo)電設(shè)備與構(gòu)件,均必須采用有效的保護接地。如果采用TN-C系統(tǒng),將TN-C系統(tǒng)中的N線同時用做接地線;或者在TN-S系統(tǒng)中將N線與PE線接在一起,再連接到底板上去;再或不設(shè)置電子設(shè)備的直流接地引線,而將直流接地直接接到PE線上;有的干脆把N線、PE線、直流接地線混接在一起。以上這些做法都是不符合接地要求的
26、,且是錯誤的。前面已經(jīng)分析過,在智能化大樓內(nèi),單相用電設(shè)備較多,單相負(fù)荷比重較大,三相負(fù)荷通常是不平衡的,因此在中性線N中帶有隨機電流。另外,由于大量采用熒光燈照明,其所產(chǎn)生的三次諧波疊加在N線上,加大了N線上的電流量,如果將N線接到設(shè)備外殼上,會造成電擊或火災(zāi)事故;如果在TN-S系統(tǒng)中將N線與PE線連在一起再接到設(shè)備外殼上,那么危險更大,凡是接到PE線上的設(shè)備,外殼均帶電;會擴大電擊事故的范圍;如果將N線、PE線、直流接地線均接在一起
27、除會發(fā)生上述的危險外,電子設(shè)備將會受到干擾而無法工作。因此智能建筑應(yīng)設(shè)置電子設(shè)備的直流接地,交流工作接地,安全保護接地,及普通建筑也應(yīng)具備的防雷保護接地。</p><p> 下面,我們接著分析一下智能化樓宇應(yīng)采取的各種接地措施。</p><p> 1)防雷接地:為把雷電流迅速導(dǎo)入大地,以防止雷害為目的的接地叫作防雷接地。</p><p> 智能化樓宇內(nèi)有大量的
28、電子設(shè)備與布線系統(tǒng),如通信自動化系統(tǒng),火災(zāi)報警及消防聯(lián)動控制系統(tǒng),樓宇自動化系統(tǒng),保安監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),辦公自動化系統(tǒng),閉路電視系統(tǒng)等,以及他們相應(yīng)的布線系統(tǒng)。從已建成的大樓看,大樓的各層頂板,底板,側(cè)墻,吊頂內(nèi)幾乎被各種布線布滿。這些電子設(shè)備及布線系統(tǒng)一般均屬于耐壓等級低,防干擾要求高,最怕受到雷擊的部分。不管是直擊,串擊,反擊都會使電子設(shè)備受到不同程度的損壞或嚴(yán)重干擾。因此對智能化樓宇的防雷接地設(shè)計必須嚴(yán)密,可靠。智能化樓宇的所有功能接地,
29、必須以防雷接地系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ),并建立嚴(yán)密,完整的防雷結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p> 智能建筑多屬于一級負(fù)荷,應(yīng)按一級防雷建筑物的保護措施設(shè)計,接閃器采用針帶組合接閃器,避雷帶采用25×4(mm)鍍鋅扁鋼在屋頂組成≤10×10(m)的網(wǎng)格,該網(wǎng)格與屋面金屬構(gòu)件作電氣連接,與大樓柱頭鋼筋作電氣連接,引下線利用柱頭中鋼筋,圈梁鋼筋,樓層鋼筋與防雷系統(tǒng)連接,外墻面所有金屬構(gòu)件也應(yīng)與防雷系統(tǒng)連接,柱頭鋼筋與接地
30、體連接,組成具有多層屏蔽的籠形防雷體系。這樣不僅可以有效防止雷擊損壞樓內(nèi)設(shè)備,而且還能防止外來的電磁干擾。</p><p> 各類防雷接地裝置的工頻接地電阻,一般應(yīng)根據(jù)落雷時的反擊條件來確定。防雷裝置如與電氣設(shè)備的工作接地合用一個總的接地網(wǎng)時,接地電阻應(yīng)符合其最小值要求。</p><p> 2)交流工作接地:將電力系統(tǒng)中的某一點,直接或經(jīng)特殊設(shè)備(如阻抗,電阻等)與大地作金屬連接,稱為
31、工作接地。</p><p> 工作接地主要指的是變壓器中性點或中性線(N線)接地。N線必須用銅芯絕緣線。在配電中存在輔助等電位接線端子,等電位接線端子一般均在箱柜內(nèi)。必須注意,該接線端子不能外露;不能與其它接地系統(tǒng),如直流接地,屏蔽接地,防靜電接地等混接;也不能與PE線連接。</p><p> 在高壓系統(tǒng)里,采用中性點接地方式可使接地繼電保護準(zhǔn)確動作并消除單相電弧接地過電壓。中性點接地
32、可以防止零序電壓偏移,保持三相電壓基本平衡,這對于低壓系統(tǒng)很有意義,可以方便使用單相電源。</p><p> 3)安全保護接地:安全保護接地就是將電氣設(shè)備不帶電的金屬部分與接地體之間作良好的金屬連接。即將大樓內(nèi)的用電設(shè)備以及設(shè)備附近的一些金屬構(gòu)件,用PE線連接起來,但嚴(yán)禁將PE線與N線連接。</p><p> 在智能化樓宇內(nèi),要求安全保護接地的設(shè)備非常多,有強電設(shè)備,弱電設(shè)備,以及一些
33、非帶電導(dǎo)電設(shè)備與構(gòu)件,均必須采取安全保護接地措施。當(dāng)沒有做安全保護接地的電氣設(shè)備的絕緣損壞時,其外殼有可能帶電。如果人體觸及此電氣設(shè)備的外殼就可能被電擊傷或造成生命危險。在中性點直接接地的電力系統(tǒng)中,接地短路電流經(jīng)人身,大地流回中性點;在中性點非直接接地的電力系統(tǒng)中,接地電流經(jīng)人體流入大地,并經(jīng)線路對地電容構(gòu)成通路,這兩種情況都能造成人身觸電。</p><p> 加裝保護接地裝置并且降低它的接地電阻,不僅是保障
34、智能建筑電氣系統(tǒng)安全,有效運行的有效措施,也是保障非智能建筑內(nèi)設(shè)備及人身安全的必要手段。</p><p> 4)直流接地:在一幢智能化樓宇內(nèi),包含有大量的計算機,通訊設(shè)備和帶有電腦的大樓自動化設(shè)備。在這些電子設(shè)備在進行輸入信息,傳輸信息,轉(zhuǎn)換能量,放大信號,邏輯動作,輸出信息等一系列過程中都是通過微電位或微電流快速進行,且設(shè)備之間常要通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行工作。因此為了使其準(zhǔn)確性高,穩(wěn)定性好,除了需有一個穩(wěn)定的供電電
35、源外,還必須具備一個穩(wěn)定的基準(zhǔn)電位??刹捎幂^大截面的絕緣銅芯線作為引線,一端直接與基準(zhǔn)電位連接,另一端供電子設(shè)備直流接地。該引線不宜與PE線連接,嚴(yán)禁與N線連接。</p><p> 5)屏蔽接地與防靜電接地:在智能化樓宇內(nèi),電磁兼容設(shè)計是非常重要的,為了避免所用設(shè)備的機能障礙,避免甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)的設(shè)備損壞,構(gòu)成布線系統(tǒng)的設(shè)備應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠防止內(nèi)部自身傳導(dǎo)和外來干擾。這些干擾的產(chǎn)生或者是因為導(dǎo)線之間的耦合現(xiàn)象,或者是因為電
36、容效應(yīng)或電感效應(yīng)。其主要來源是超高電壓,大功率幅射電磁場,自然雷擊和靜電放電。這些現(xiàn)象會對設(shè)計用來發(fā)送或接收很高傳輸頻率的設(shè)備產(chǎn)生很大的干擾。因此對這些設(shè)備及其布線必須采取保護措施,免受來自各種方面的干擾。屏蔽及其正確接地是防止電磁干擾的最佳保護方法。可將設(shè)備外殼與PE線連接;導(dǎo)線的屏蔽接地要求屏蔽管路兩端與PE線可靠連接;室內(nèi)屏蔽也應(yīng)多點與PE線可靠連接。防靜電干擾也很重要。在潔凈、干燥的房間內(nèi),人的走步、移動設(shè)備,各自磨擦均會產(chǎn)生大
37、量靜電。例如在相對濕度10~20%的環(huán)境中人的走步可以積聚3.5萬伏的靜電電壓、如果沒有良好的接地,不僅僅會產(chǎn)生對電子設(shè)備的干擾,甚至?xí)⒃O(shè)備芯片擊壞。將帶靜電物體或有可能產(chǎn)生靜電的物體(非絕緣體)通過導(dǎo)靜電體與大地構(gòu)成電氣回路的接地叫防靜電接地。防靜電接地要求在潔靜干燥環(huán)境中,所有設(shè)備外殼及室內(nèi)(包括地坪)設(shè)施必須均與PE線</p><p> 智能建筑的接地裝置的接地電阻越小越好,獨立的防雷保護接地電阻應(yīng)≤1
38、0Ω;獨立的安全保護接地電阻應(yīng)≤4Ω;獨立的交流工作接地電阻應(yīng)≤4Ω;獨立的直流工作接地電阻應(yīng)≤4Ω;防靜電接地電阻一般要求≤100Ω。</p><p> 智能化樓宇的供電接地系統(tǒng)宜采用TN-S系統(tǒng),按規(guī)范宜采用一個總的共同接地裝置,即統(tǒng)一接地體。統(tǒng)一接地體為接地電位基準(zhǔn)點,由此分別引出各種功能接地引線,利用總等電位和輔助等電位的方式組成一個完整的統(tǒng)一接地系統(tǒng)。通常情況下,統(tǒng)一接地系統(tǒng)可利用大樓的樁基鋼筋,并用
39、40×4(mm)鍍鋅扁鋼將其連成一體,作為自然接地體。根據(jù)規(guī)范,該系統(tǒng)與防雷接地系統(tǒng)共用,其接地電阻應(yīng)≤1Ω。若達不到要求,必須增加人工接地體或采用化學(xué)降阻法,使接地電阻≤1Ω。在變配電所內(nèi)設(shè)置總等電位銅排,該銅排一端通過構(gòu)造柱或底板上的鋼筋與統(tǒng)一接地體連接,另一端通過不同的連接端子分別與交流工作接地系統(tǒng)中的中性線連接,與需要做安全保護接地的各設(shè)備連接,與防雷系統(tǒng)連接,與需做直流接地的電子設(shè)備的絕緣銅芯接地線連接。在智能大廈中
40、,因為系統(tǒng)采用計算機參與管理或使用計算機作為工作工具,所以其接地系統(tǒng)宜采用單點接地并宜采取等電位措施。單點接地是指保護接地、工作接地、直流接地在設(shè)備上相互分開,各自成為獨立系統(tǒng)。可從機柜引出三個相互絕緣的接地端子,再由引線引到總等電位銅排上共同接地。不允許把三種接地聯(lián)結(jié)在一起,再用引線接到總等電位銅排上。實際上</p><p><b> 附錄B</b></p><p&g
41、t; Electric Protection And Earthing Of Intelligent Building</p><p> The article introduce several kinds of the protective systems of earthing, and puts forward the earthing system for intelligent building,
42、 and makes a detailed explanation and analysis of various kinds of measures of ground connection.</p><p> 1.Minimum Power System</p><p> The energy source may be coal, gas, or oil burned in a
43、furnace to heat water and generate steam in a boiler; it may be fissionable material which, in a nuclear reactor ,will heat water in a pond at an elevation above the generating station; or it may be oil or gas burned in
44、an internal combustion engine.</p><p> The prime mover may be a steam-driven turbine, a hydraulic turbine or water wheel, or an internal combustion engine. Each one of these prime movers has the ability to
45、convert energy in the form of heat, falling water, or fuel into rotation of a shaft, which in turn will drive the generator.</p><p> The electrical load on the generator may be lights, motors , heaters, or
46、other devices, alone or in combination. Probably the load will vary from minute to minute as different demands occur. The control system functions to keep the speed of the machines substantially constant and the voltage
47、within prescribed limits, even though the load may change. To meet these load conditions, it is necessary for fuel input to change, for the prime mover input to vary, and for the torque on the shaft from the</p>&
48、lt;p> 2.More Complicated System</p><p> In most situation the load is not directly connected to the generator terminals. More commonly the load is some distance from the generator, requiring a power lin
49、e connecting them. It is desirable to keep the electric power supply at the load within specifications. However, the controls are near the generator, which may be in another building, perhaps several miles away.</p>
50、;<p> If the distance from the generator to the load is considerable, it may be desirable to install transformers at the generator and at the load end, and to transmit the power over a high-voltage line. For the
51、same power, the higher-voltage line carries less current, has lower losses for the same wire size, and provides more stable voltage.</p><p> 3.Basic Circuit Of Power Supply System</p><p> Sila
52、ge handing of electric power, must be by the generatrix, the switch, the distribution line, the transformer and so on be with composed the certain feed circuit, this electric circuit is Silage handing of electric power.
53、Because of the need of function of intelligent building, generally all uses the double power source. The plan commonly used power supply like figure1-1.</p><p><b> a)</b></p><p>&l
54、t;b> b)</b></p><p> Fig1-1 The plan of Commonly used in high-voltage power supply </p><p> a) Works and spare b) Also works</p><p> Figure 1-1a is two groups high-volt
55、age power supply. Normally, one is working, another is spare. This plan may reduce the middle generatrix contact cabinet and a voltage transformer cabinet, to saves invests and reduces the high-pressured transformer vaul
56、t floor space to be advantageous. This kind bends requests both two groups to be able to guarantee the complete load uses electricity. When sweeps clear the generatrix or the generatrix breakdown, will be able to create
57、completely power cut. The</p><p> Fig1-1b is also works for two groups power sources, When one group breakdown, contacts the cabinet switch by the generatrix to the breakdown return route power supply. Beca
58、use this plan increased the generatrix contact cabinet and the voltage transformer cabinet, the transformer substation area also must increase. This wiring way is the commercial building, the high-quality guesthouse, the
59、 large-scale office building commonly used power supply plan. When the building the installed capacity to be</p><p> 4.Low Pressure Power Distribution</p><p> The low pressure power distributi
60、on way is refers to the low pressure skeleton line to match the line way. The low pressure matches the skeleton line is generally refers from the transformer substation low pressure switchboard branch switch to each larg
61、e-scale current collector or the floor distributor line. Uses electricity the load grouping electrical power distribution system is refers to the load the grouping combination system. Because the intellectualized constru
62、ction shoulders the type ar</p><p> The low pressure power distribution bends the way to be possible to divide into the emanant and the bough type two big kinds. The emanant power distribution is an indepen
63、dent load or a centralism load supplies power by an independent distribution line, It generally uses in the following low pressure power distribution place:</p><p> The place of Power supply security</p&
64、gt;<p> The place of big Capacity</p><p> The place of Capacity centralism</p><p> Regarding the large-scale fire extinguishing pump, the life water pump and the central air conditioni
65、ng freezing unit, one is the power supply reliability requests high, two is the single Taiwan unit capacity is big, therefore considers by the emanant special line power supply. Regarding the building electricity consump
66、tion big building, some also uses a return route to supply a yet higher goal the emanant power supply plan.</p><p> The bough type power distribution is an independent load or a centralism load the position
67、 which locates according to it in turn connects in some power distribution skeleton line. The bough type substation needs the switching equipment and the non-ferrous metal consumption are few, the system flexibility is g
68、ood, when skeleton line breakdown affects the scope to be big, is suitable generally for the current collector quite is even, the capacity is not big, also not special request situation.</p><p> In the high
69、-level housing, the inhabitant distributing box uses the single-pole plastic microswitch: One kind of autoswitch assembly combination distributing box. Use the bough type wiring to the general lighting and the low-power
70、plug, namely in the inhabitant distributing box each branch switch brings several lamps or several low-power plugs; But to large amount electricity consumption and so on electric boiler, window type air-conditioner elect
71、rical appliances equipment, then uses the emanant</p><p> 5.Monitor For Electrical Power Distribution System </p><p> The electrical power distribution system is for the intelligent building l
72、ife, therefore the power equipment monitoring and the management are very important. To supplies the switching equipment by the supervisory systems the movement condition to carry on the monitor, and carries on the surve
73、y to various parameters, like electric current, voltage, frequency, active power, power factor, electricity consumption, switch movement condition, transformer oil temperature and so on.</p><p> The adminis
74、trative center carries on the statistics, the analysis according to the survey obtained data, searches the power supply unusual condition, the advance notification maintenance maintenance, and carries on uses electricity
75、 the load control and the automatic cost management. The electrical network power supply condition receives the surveillance as necessary, once discovered the electrical network complete power failure the situation, the
76、control system makes the corresponding power cut </p><p> Has following content for the electrical power distribution system monitor</p><p> ①Each auto switch, circuit breaker condition monito
77、r; ②Three-phase voltage electric current examination; ③Actives, the reactive power and the power factor examination; ④Electrical network frequency, overtone examination; ⑤The transformer temperature examination and the m
78、alfunction report to the police; ⑥Electricity consumption (kwh) examination.</p><p> High pressure, low pressure terminal voltage and electric current automatic detection</p><p> Low pressure
79、end (380/220V) voltage and electric current measuring technique and high-tension side basic same, is voltage transformer and the current transformer voltage rank is different.</p><p> Power, power factor ex
80、amination</p><p> Through surveying the power factor through the survey voltage and the electric current phase difference, had the power factor, the voltage, the electric current value has then obtained the
81、 active power and the reactive power. Therefore, may survey the power factor first, then obtains the power data indirectly, this is one method for indirect survey power.</p><p> Compared with the precise su
82、rvey power method simulates the multiplier, or with the digitized survey method (high speed sampling voltage, electric current data, carries on processing again to digital signal), surveys the power data directly.</p&
83、gt;<p> In the construction commodity supply power distribution design, the earth system design holds the important status, because it relates the power supply system the reliability, security. No matter which ki
84、nd of building, always contains in the power supply design has the earth system design. Moreover, along with building request different, each kind of equipment function different, the earth system corresponding is also d
85、ifferent. After especially enters for the 90's, the massive intellectualized</p><p> 1)TN-C system</p><p> The TN-C system was called it the three-phase four systems, this system neutral a
86、xis N and protective earthing PE combines, is generally called the PEN line. This seed grafting system although docks the breakdown sensitivity high, the line economy is simple, but it only suitablly uses in the three-ph
87、ase load balanced place. In the intellectualized building, the single-phase load accounts for the proportion in a big way, realizes the three-phase load balance with difficulty, the PEN line the circ</p><p>
88、 2)TN-C-S system</p><p> The TN-C-S system is composed by two earth systems, the first part is the TN-C system, the second part is the TN-S system, divides the contact surface in the N line and the PE line
89、 junction. This system uses generally in the building power supply the place which brings in by the region transformer substation, in front of the buyer uses the TN-C system, the buyer place makes the repetition earth, a
90、fter the buyer turns the TN-S system.In front of the TN-C system has made the analysis. the TN –S sy</p><p> 3)TN-S system</p><p> TN - S is three-phase four adds the PE line the earth system.
91、 In the usual building is equipped with independently changes when the substation the coil in to use this system. the TN-S system characteristic is outside, neutral axis N and the protection meets grounding PE except to
92、earth together in the transformer neutral point, two no longer have any electrical connection. Neutral axis N is charged, but PE line not charged. This earth system has safe and the reliable datum electric potential com&
93、lt;/p><p> 4)TT system</p><p> Usually calls the TT system the three-phase four earth system. This system commonly used comes from the building power supply the public electrical network place. T
94、he TT system characteristic is neutral axis N and the protection meets grounding PE not to have an electrical connection, namely the neutral point earth and the PE line earth is separated. This system when normal operati
95、on, no matter the three-phase load balance is not balanced, in the neutral axis N charged situation, the PE line can</p><p> 5)IT system</p><p> The IT system is the three-phase three earth sy
96、stem, this system transformer neutral point does not earth or after the impedance earth, does not have neutral axis N, the wired voltage (380V), does not have only presses (220V), protects meets the grounding PE respecti
97、ve independence to earth. This system merit is works as when a docking, cannot enable the outer covering to have the big fault current, the system may move as usual. The shortcoming cannot match neutral axis N. Therefore
98、 it is not su</p><p> In the intellectualized building, the request protective earthing equipment are extremely many, has the strong electricity equipment, the weak electricity equipment, as well as in some
99、 normal conditions not the charged electric conduction equipment and the component, must use the effective protective earthing. If uses the TN-C system, line with makes TN-C in at the same time the system N meets the gro
100、unding; Or system meets in the TN–S the N line and the PE line in the same place, again connects</p><p> Then, we analyze various seed grafting measure which the intellectualized building should adopt:</
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