土木工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文翻譯--框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)

1、<p>　　The frame structure anti- earthquake concept design</p><p>　　The disaster has an earthquake dashing forward sending out nature, may forecast nature very low so far, bring about loss for human soci

2、ety is that the natural disaster of all kinds is hit by one of the gravest disaster gravely. In the light of now available our country science level and economy condition, correct the target building seismic resistance h

3、aving brought forward "three standards " fortification, be that generally, the what be spoken "small earthquake shocks does not but constructs in</p><p>　　Since building the astigmatic design

4、complexity, in actual project, anti-knock conceptual design appears especially important right away. It includes the following content mainly: Architectural design should pay attention to the architectural systematic nes

5、s; Choose rational building structure system; the tensile resisting inclining force structure and the component is designed. </p><p>　　That the ability designs law is the main content that the structure dena

6、sality designs includes standard our country internal force adjustment and structure two aspect. It is twenty centuries seventies later stage , reinforced concrete structure brought forward by famous New Zealand scholar

7、T.Paulay and Park has sufficient tonsillitis method under the force designing an earthquake chooses value is prejudiced low situationW.hose core thought is: "The beam cuts organization " or "the beam colum

8、n c</p><p>　　1, Strong pillar weak beam</p><p>　　Driving force reaction analysis indicates structure; architectural deformability is connected with to destroying mechanism. Common have three kin

9、ds model’s consume energy organization ", beam hinge organization ““, post hinge organization ““, beam column hinge organization "."Beam hinge organization " and "beam column hinge organization &

10、quot; Lang Xian knuckle under , may let the entire frame have distribution and energy consumption heavierthan big internal forces ability, limit tier displacement i</p><p>　　Are that V. I. P. is to enhance

11、the pillar bending resistance , guidance holds in the beam appear first, the plasticity cuts our "strong common weak post beam " adjustment measure. Before plasticity hinge appearing on structure, structure com

12、ponent Yin La District concrete dehiscence and pressure area concrete mistake elasticity character, every component stiffness reduces a reinforced bar will do with the cementation degeneration between the concrete. That

13、 stiffness reduces a beam is relativel</p><p>　　2, Strong shear weak curved</p><p>　　"Strong weak scissors turn” is that the plasticity cuts cross section for guarantee on reach anticipate

14、that shearing happened in the mistake elastic-deformation prior to destroy. As far as common structure be concerned, main behaviors holds in the beam, post holds, the shearing force wall bottom reinforces area , shearing

15、 force wall entrance to a cave company beam tools , beam column node core area. Show mainly with being not that seismic resistance is compared with each other, strengthening me</p><p>　　effect shearing force

16、</p><p>　　One, two, three-level frame beam and anti-knock wall middle stride over high ratio greater than 2.5 company beam, shearing force design value among them, first order choose 1.3, two stage choose 1.

17、2, three-level choose 1.1, first order framed structure and 9 Due Shan respond to coincidence. Coincidence one, two, three steps of frame post and frame pillar , shearing force being designed being worth taking 1.4 among

18、 them, one step , taking 1.2, three steps of take 1.1 , one-level framed structure </p><p>　　designing that value secretly schemes against , the shearing force enhances a modulus being 1.35 , the two stage i

19、s 1.2.</p><p>　　2) Shear formula </p><p>　　The continuous beam of armored concrete and the cantilever beam are born the weight of at home and abroad under low repeated cycle load effect by the s

20、cissors the force experiment indicates the main cause pooling efforts and reducing even if tendon dowel force lessening is that the beam is born the weight of a force by the scissors, concrete scissors pressure area less

21、ening shearing an intensity, tilted rift room aggregate bite. Scissors bear the weight of a norm to the concrete accepting descen</p><p>　　Tilted for preventing the beam , post , company beam , shearing forc

22、e wall , node from happening pressure is destroyed, we have stipulated upper limits force upper limit to be born the weight of by the scissors , have stipulated to match hoop rate’s namely to accepting scissors cross sec

23、tion.</p><p>　　Reaction analysis indicates strong weak curved scissors requests; all above measure satisfies basically by mistake elasticity driving force. The plasticity rotates because of anti-knock grade

24、of two stage beam column under big earthquakes still very big , suggest that the shearing force enhances a modulus is bigger than having there is difference between one step unsuitably in connection with the expert, to t

25、he beam choose 1.25 is fairly good , ought to take 1.3 ~ to post 1.35. It's the rational</p><p>　　Require that explanatory being , the beam column node accept a force very complicated , need to ensure th

26、at beam column reinforced bar reliability in the node is anchoring , hold occurrence bending resistance at the same time in the beam column destroying front, shearing happened in the node destroy, whose essence should be

27、long to "strong weak curved scissors" categories. The node carries out adjustment on one, two steps of anti-knock grades shearing force and, only, the person enhances a modulu</p><p>　　3) Structure

28、 measure </p><p>　　Structure measure is a beam, post, the shearing force wall plasticity cuts the guarantee that area asks to reach the plasticity that reality needs turning ability and consuming ability. It

29、s "strong with "strong weak scissors turn ", weak post beam " correlates, a architectural denasality of guarantee.”Strong weak scissors turn " is a prerequisite for ensuring that the plasticity h

30、inge turns an ability and consumes an ability; Strict "strong weak post beam " degree, the measure affecting correspo</p><p>　?、?the beam structure measure beam plasticity hinge cross section senil

31、ity and many factors match tendon rates and the rise knuckling under an intensity but reduce in connection with cross section tensile, with the reinforced bar being pulled; The reinforced bar matches tendon rates and con

32、crete intensity rise but improve with being pressed on, width enhances but enhances with cross section; Plasticity hinge area stirrup can guard against the pressure injustice releasing a tendon , improve concre</p>

33、<p>　?、?the post structure measure</p><p>　　For post bending a type accepting the force component, axis pressure than to the denasality and consuming to be able to, nature effect is bigger. Destroy ax

34、is pressure than big bias voltages happened in the pillar hour, component deformation is big , gentility energy nature easy to only consume, reduces; Nature is growing with axis pressure than enhancing , consuming an ene

35、rgy, but the gentility sudden drop, moreover the stirrup diminishes to the gentility help. Readjust oneself to a certain ext</p><p>　?、?Node structure measure</p><p>　　The node is anchoring beam

36、 column reinforced bar area, effect is very big to structure function. Be under swear to act on earthquake and the vertical stroke to load, area provides necessary constraint to node core when node core area cuts pressur

37、e low than slanting, keep the node fundamental shear ability under disadvantageous condition, make a beam column anchoring even if the tendon is reliable, match hoop rates to node core area maximal spacing of stirrup, mi

38、nimal diameter, volume having done</p><p>　　To sum up ,; Framed structure is to pass "the design plan calculating and coming realize structure measure the ability running after beam hinge organization&q

39、uot; mainly thereby, realize "the small earth—quake shocks does not but constructs in the dirty trick, big earthquakes do not fall " three standards to-en fortifying target's. References.</p><p&g

40、t;<b>　　框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　地震災(zāi)害具有突發(fā)性，至今可預(yù)報(bào)性很低，給人類(lèi)社會(huì)造成的損失嚴(yán)重，是各類(lèi)自然災(zāi)中最嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)害之一。我國(guó)根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的科學(xué)水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)條件，對(duì)建筑抗震提出了“三個(gè)水準(zhǔn)”的設(shè)防目標(biāo)，即通常所說(shuō)的“小震不壞，中震可修，大震不倒”。通常所講的小震、中震、大震分別指的是50年超越概率為63%，10%，2~3%的多遇地震、設(shè)防烈度地震、罕遇地震。&l

41、t;/p><p>　　由于建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)的復(fù)雜性，在實(shí)際工程中抗震概念設(shè)計(jì)就顯得尤為重要。它主要包括以下內(nèi)容：建筑設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)注意結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)則性；選擇合理的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)體系；抗側(cè)力結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件的延性設(shè)計(jì)?！　?lt;/p><p>　　能力設(shè)計(jì)法是結(jié)構(gòu)延性設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容，包括我國(guó)規(guī)范的內(nèi)力調(diào)整和構(gòu)造兩個(gè)方面。它是二十世紀(jì)70年代后期，新西蘭知名學(xué)者T.Paulay和Park提出的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)在設(shè)計(jì)地震力取值偏低的

42、情況下具有足夠延性的方法。其核心思想為：通過(guò)“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”引導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)形成“梁鉸機(jī)構(gòu)”或者“梁柱鉸機(jī)構(gòu)”；通過(guò)“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”避免結(jié)構(gòu)在達(dá)到預(yù)計(jì)延性能力前發(fā)生剪切破壞；通過(guò)必要構(gòu)造措施使可能形成塑性鉸的部位具有必要的塑性轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)能力和耗能能力。從以上三個(gè)方面保證使結(jié)構(gòu)具有必要的延性?？蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)作為常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，當(dāng)然其延性設(shè)計(jì)也主要是從這三個(gè)方面來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。</p><p><b>　　1、 強(qiáng)柱弱梁</b>

43、</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力反應(yīng)分析表明，結(jié)構(gòu)的變形能力和破壞機(jī)制有關(guān)。常見(jiàn)有三種典型的耗能機(jī)構(gòu)，“梁鉸機(jī)構(gòu)”、“柱鉸機(jī)構(gòu)”、“梁柱鉸機(jī)構(gòu)”?！傲恒q機(jī)構(gòu)” 和“梁柱鉸機(jī)構(gòu)”的梁先屈服，可使整個(gè)框架有較大的內(nèi)力重分布和能量消耗能力，極限層間位移大，塑性鉸數(shù)量多，不因個(gè)別塑性鉸失效而結(jié)構(gòu)整體失效。因而抗震性能好，是鋼筋混凝土理想的耗能機(jī)構(gòu)。我國(guó)規(guī)范采用的是允許柱子、剪力墻出鉸的梁柱鉸方案，采取相對(duì)的“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”措施

44、，推遲柱子的出鉸時(shí)間。但不能完全排除出現(xiàn)薄弱層的柱鉸機(jī)構(gòu)的可能性，因而需要限制柱子的軸壓比，必要時(shí)通過(guò)時(shí)程分析法判斷結(jié)構(gòu)的薄弱層，防止出現(xiàn)柱鉸機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　我們常見(jiàn)的“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”的調(diào)整措施就是要人為增大柱子的抗彎能力，誘導(dǎo)在梁端先出現(xiàn)塑性鉸。這是考慮到柱中實(shí)際彎矩在地震中的可能增大。在結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)塑性鉸之前，結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件因拉區(qū)混凝土開(kāi)裂和壓區(qū)混凝土的非彈性性質(zhì)，鋼筋與混凝土之間的粘結(jié)退化，使得各構(gòu)件剛度降低

45、。梁剛度降低較受壓的柱子相對(duì)嚴(yán)重，結(jié)構(gòu)由最初的剪切型變形向剪彎形變形過(guò)渡，柱內(nèi)的彎矩較梁端的彎矩比例增大；同時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)的周期加長(zhǎng)，影響到結(jié)構(gòu)各振型的參與系數(shù)的大小；地震力系數(shù)發(fā)生變化，導(dǎo)致部分柱子彎矩增大，由于構(gòu)造原因及設(shè)計(jì)中鋼筋的人為增大，使得梁的實(shí)際屈服強(qiáng)度提高，從而使得梁出現(xiàn)塑性鉸時(shí)柱內(nèi)彎矩增大。結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)塑性鉸之后，同樣有上述原因的存在，而且結(jié)構(gòu)屈服后的非彈性過(guò)程就是地震力進(jìn)一步增大的過(guò)程，柱彎矩隨地震力的增大而增大。地震力引起的傾覆

46、力矩改變了柱內(nèi)的實(shí)際軸力。我們規(guī)范中的軸壓比限值一般能保證柱子在大偏壓的范圍內(nèi)，軸力的減小也能導(dǎo)致柱子屈服能力的降低?？拐鹨?guī)范規(guī)定：除框架頂層和柱軸壓比小于0.15者及框支梁與框支柱以外，柱端彎矩設(shè)計(jì)值應(yīng)符合  分別為一級(jí)取1.4，二級(jí)取1.2，三級(jí)取1.1。9度及一級(jí)框架結(jié)構(gòu)尚應(yīng)符合，根據(jù)實(shí)配鋼筋面積及材料強(qiáng)度</p><p><b>　　2、強(qiáng)剪弱彎</b></

47、p><p>　　“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”是為了保證塑性鉸截面在達(dá)到預(yù)期非彈性變形之前不發(fā)生剪切破壞。就常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)而言，主要表現(xiàn)在梁端、柱端、剪力墻底部加強(qiáng)區(qū)、剪力墻洞口連梁端部、梁柱節(jié)點(diǎn)核心區(qū)。與非抗震相比，增強(qiáng)措施主要表現(xiàn)在提高作用剪力；調(diào)整抗剪承載力兩個(gè)方面。 </p><p><b>　?。?）作用剪力</b></p><p>　　一、

48、二、三級(jí)框架梁和抗震墻中跨高比大于2.5的連梁，剪力設(shè)計(jì)值 其中，一級(jí)取1.3，二級(jí)取1.2，三級(jí)取1.1，一級(jí)框架結(jié)構(gòu)及9度尚應(yīng)符合。一、二、三級(jí)框架柱和框支柱，剪力設(shè)計(jì)值 其中，一級(jí)取1.4，二級(jí)取1.2，三級(jí)取1.1，一級(jí)框架結(jié)構(gòu)及9度尚應(yīng)符合。一、二、三級(jí)抗震墻底部加強(qiáng)部位，剪力設(shè)計(jì)值 其中，一級(jí)取1.6，二級(jí)取1.4，三級(jí)取1.2， 9度尚應(yīng)符合。梁柱節(jié)點(diǎn)，一、二級(jí)抗震等級(jí)進(jìn)行節(jié)點(diǎn)核心區(qū)抗震受剪承載力驗(yàn)算，三四級(jí)應(yīng)符合抗震構(gòu)造

49、措施，對(duì)9度設(shè)防及一級(jí)抗震等級(jí)的框架結(jié)構(gòu)，考慮到梁端已出現(xiàn)塑性鉸，節(jié)點(diǎn)的剪力完全由梁端實(shí)際屈服彎矩決定，按梁端實(shí)配鋼筋面積和材料強(qiáng)度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值計(jì)算，同時(shí)乘以1.15的增大系數(shù)。其它一級(jí)按梁端彎矩設(shè)計(jì)值計(jì)算，剪力增大系數(shù)為1.35，二級(jí)為1.2。</p><p><b>　?。?）抗剪公式</b></p><p>　　國(guó)內(nèi)外低周反復(fù)荷載作用下鋼筋混凝土連續(xù)梁及懸臂梁受剪承載

50、力實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，混凝土剪壓區(qū)剪切強(qiáng)度的降低、斜裂縫間骨料咬合力及縱筋暗銷(xiāo)力的降低是梁受剪承載力降低的主要原因。規(guī)范對(duì)混凝土的受剪承載力降為非抗震的60％，鋼筋項(xiàng)沒(méi)有降低。同樣，對(duì)偏壓柱受剪承載力實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，反復(fù)加載使柱受剪承載力降低10％~30%，主要由混凝土項(xiàng)引起，采取與梁相同的作法。對(duì)剪力墻的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，其反復(fù)加載比單調(diào)加載受剪承載力降低15％~20%，采用非抗震受剪承載力乘以0.8的折減系數(shù)。梁柱節(jié)點(diǎn)的抗震受剪承載力由混凝土斜壓桿和水平箍

51、筋兩部分受剪承載力組成，有關(guān)專(zhuān)家給出了相關(guān)公式?！　榱朔乐沽?、柱、連梁、剪力墻、節(jié)點(diǎn)發(fā)生斜壓破壞，我們對(duì)受剪截面規(guī)定了受剪承載力上限，即規(guī)定了配箍率的上限值?！　⊥ㄟ^(guò)非彈性動(dòng)力反應(yīng)分析表明，以上措施基本滿足強(qiáng)剪弱彎的要求。由于二級(jí)抗震等級(jí)梁柱在大震下塑性轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)仍很大，有關(guān)專(zhuān)家建議剪力增大系數(shù)不宜比一級(jí)相差過(guò)大，對(duì)梁取1.25較好，對(duì)柱宜取1.3~1.35。其取值的合理性有待于進(jìn)一步完善?！　⌒枰f(shuō)明的是，梁柱節(jié)點(diǎn)受力非常復(fù)雜，要保

52、證梁柱鋼筋在節(jié)點(diǎn)中的可靠錨固，同時(shí)在梁柱端發(fā)生抗彎破壞前，節(jié)點(diǎn)不</p><p><b>　　（3）構(gòu)造措施</b></p><p>　　構(gòu)造措施是梁、柱、剪力墻塑性鉸區(qū)要達(dá)到實(shí)際需要的塑性轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)能力和耗能能力的保證。它與“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”、“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”相互關(guān)聯(lián)，一起保證結(jié)構(gòu)的延性?！皬?qiáng)剪弱彎”是保證塑性鉸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)能力和耗能能力的前提；“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”的嚴(yán)格程度，影響相應(yīng)的構(gòu)造措施，

53、若實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”，保證柱子除底部外不出現(xiàn)塑性鉸，相應(yīng)的軸壓比等構(gòu)造措施就要松些。我國(guó)采取相對(duì)的“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”，延緩柱子出鉸的時(shí)間，所以需要采取較嚴(yán)的構(gòu)造措施。</p><p><b>　　① 梁的構(gòu)造措施</b></p><p>　　梁塑性鉸截面的延性與很多因素有關(guān)，截面延性隨受拉鋼筋配筋率及屈服強(qiáng)度的提高而降低；隨受壓鋼筋配筋率和混凝土強(qiáng)度提高而提高，隨截面寬

54、度增大而增大；塑性鉸區(qū)的箍筋可以防止縱筋的壓屈、提高混凝土極限壓應(yīng)變、阻止斜裂縫的開(kāi)展、抵抗剪力，充分發(fā)揮塑性鉸的變形和耗能能力；梁高跨比越小，剪切變形比例越大，易發(fā)生斜裂縫破壞，使延性降低。梁縱筋配箍率過(guò)低，梁開(kāi)裂后鋼筋可能屈服甚至拉斷。因而，規(guī)范對(duì)于梁縱筋最大配筋率和最小配筋率、箍筋加密區(qū)長(zhǎng)度、最大間距、最小直徑、最大肢距、體積配箍率都有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定。為了抵抗梁端可能的正彎矩，保證截面延性，對(duì)梁端拉壓鋼筋面積比作出了限制。同時(shí)，還對(duì)梁的

55、最小寬度、跨高比、高寬比做了規(guī)定。</p><p><b>　?、?柱的構(gòu)造措施</b></p><p>　　我們柱為壓彎型受力構(gòu)件，軸壓比對(duì)延性及耗能性影響較大。軸壓比小時(shí)，柱子發(fā)生大偏壓破壞，構(gòu)件變形大，延性好，但耗能性降低；隨軸壓比的增大，耗能性增大，但是延性急劇下降，而且箍筋對(duì)延性的幫助減小。對(duì)于采用低地震力設(shè)計(jì)的柱子，主要保證其延性，而耗能性放到第二位。規(guī)范

56、對(duì)軸壓比作出了限制，一般能保證在大偏壓的范圍內(nèi)。箍筋同樣也對(duì)延性起到很大的作用，約束縱筋、提高混凝土壓應(yīng)變、阻止斜裂縫發(fā)展。柱一般為對(duì)稱(chēng)配筋，其縱筋配筋率越大，柱子屈服時(shí)變形越大，延性越好。因而對(duì)柱子的縱筋最小配筋率、箍筋加密區(qū)長(zhǎng)度、最大間距、最小直徑、最大肢距、體積配箍率做出了嚴(yán)格規(guī)定。同時(shí)對(duì)柱子的高寬比、剪跨比、截面最小高度、寬度做出了規(guī)定，以提高抗震性能。</p><p><b>　　③ 節(jié)點(diǎn)構(gòu)造

57、措施</b></p><p>　　節(jié)點(diǎn)作為梁柱鋼筋的錨固區(qū)，對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)性能影響很大。為保證在地震和豎向荷載作用下，節(jié)點(diǎn)核心區(qū)剪壓比偏低時(shí)為節(jié)點(diǎn)核心區(qū)提供必要的約束，保持節(jié)點(diǎn)在不利情況下的基本抗剪能力，使梁柱縱筋可靠錨固，對(duì)節(jié)點(diǎn)核心區(qū)的箍筋最大間距、最小直徑、體積配箍率做出了規(guī)定。梁柱縱筋在節(jié)點(diǎn)的可靠錨固是節(jié)點(diǎn)構(gòu)造措施的主要內(nèi)容。規(guī)范對(duì)梁筋過(guò)中節(jié)點(diǎn)的直徑；對(duì)梁柱縱筋錨固長(zhǎng)度；錨固方式都有詳細(xì)的規(guī)定。<