土木工程外文翻譯---鋼筋混凝土填充框架結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)拆除兩個(gè)相鄰的柱的響應(yīng)

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文</b></p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料題目：A comparative study of various </p><p>　　commercially available programs </p><p&

2、gt;　　in slope stability analysis</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源：Computers and Geotechnics</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2008.8.9</p><p><b>　　院 （部）：</b></p><p><b>　　專 業(yè)：

3、</b></p><p><b>　　班 級(jí)：</b></p><p><b>　　姓 名：</b></p><p><b>　　學(xué) 號(hào)：</b></p><p><b>　　指導(dǎo)教師：</b></p><

4、p><b>　　翻譯日期：</b></p><p>　　附件一，外文翻譯原文及譯文</p><p><b>　　1，文獻(xiàn)原文：</b></p><p>　　Response of a reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure to removal of two adja

5、cent columns</p><p>　　Mehrdad Sasani_</p><p>　　Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering Center, Boston, MA 02115, United States</p><p>　　Received 27 June 2007; received in rev

6、ised form 26 December 2007; accepted 24 January 2008</p><p>　　Available online 19 March 2008</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The response of Hotel San Diego, a six-sto

7、ry reinforced concrete infilled-frame structure, is evaluated following the simultaneous removal of two adjacent exterior columns. Analytical models of the structure using the Finite Element Method as well as the Applied

8、 Element Method are used to calculate global and local deformations. The analytical results show good agreement with experimental data. The structure resisted progressive collapse with a measured maximum vertical displac

9、ement of only one </p><p>　　c 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p><p>　　Keywords: Progressive collapse; Load redistribution; Load resistance; Dynamic response; Nonlinear analysis; Brittle

10、 failure</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　As part of mitigation programs to reduce the likelihood of mass casualties following local damage in structures, the General Services Administration [1

11、] and the Department of Defense [2] developed regulations to evaluate progressive collapse resistance of structures. ASCE/SEI 7 [3] defines progressive collapse as the spread of an initial local failure from element to e

12、lement eventually resulting in collapse of an entire structure or a disproportionately large part of it. Following the approaches</p><p>　　2. Building characteristics</p><p>　　Hotel San Diego wa

13、s constructed in 1914 with a south annex added in 1924. The annex included two separate buildings. Fig. 1 shows a south view of the hotel. Note that in the picture, the first and third stories of the hotel are covered wi

14、th black fabric. The six story hotel had a non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure with hollow clay tile exterior infill walls. The infills in the annex consisted of two wythes (layers) of clay tiles with a

15、total thickness of about 8 in (203 mm). Th</p><p>　　beams were present.</p><p>　　3. Sensors</p><p>　　Concrete and steel strain gages were used to measure changes in strains of beams

16、 and columns. Linear potentiometers were used to measure global and local deformations. The concrete strain gages were 3.5 in (90 mm) long having a maximum strain limit of ±0.02. The steel strain gages could measure

17、 up to a strain of ±0.20. The strain gages could operate up to a several hundred kHz sampling rate. The sampling rate used in the experiment was 1000 Hz. Potentiometers were used to capture rotation (integ</p>

18、<p>　　4. Finite element model</p><p>　　Using the finite element method (FEM), a model of the building was developed in the SAP2000 [8] computer program. The beams and columns are modeled with Bernoull

19、i beam elements. Beams have T or L sections with effective flange width on each side of the web equal to four times the slab thickness [5]. Plastic hinges are assigned to all possible locations where steel bar yielding c

20、an occur, including the ends of elements as well as the reinforcing bar cut-off and bend locations. The characteristics</p><p>　　The beams in the building did not have top reinforcing bars except at the end

21、regions (see Fig. 4). For instance, no top reinforcement was provided beyond the bend in beam A1–A2, 12 inches away from the face of column A1 (see Figs. 4 and 5). To model the potential loss of flexural strength in thos

22、e sections, localized crack hinges were assigned at the critical locations where no top rebar was present. Flexural strengths of the hinges were set equal to Mcr. Such sections were assumed to lose thei</p><p&

23、gt;　　The floor system consisted of joists in the longitudinal direction (North–South). Fig. 6 shows the cross section of a typical floor. In order to account for potential nonlinear response of slabs and joists, floors a

24、re molded by beam elements. Joists are modeled with T-sections, having effective flange width on each side of the web equal to four times the slab thickness [5]. Given the large joist spacing between axes 2 and 3, two re

25、ctangular beam elements with 20-inch wide sections are used betwe</p><p>　　equal to one-half of that of the gross sections [9].</p><p>　　The building had infill walls on 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th fl

26、oors on the spandrel beams with some openings (i.e. windows and doors). As mentioned before and as part of the demolition procedure, the infill walls in the 1st and 3rd floors were removed before the test. The infill wal

27、ls were made of hollow clay tiles, which were in good condition. The net area of the clay tiles was about 1/2 of the gross area. The in-plane action of the infill walls contributes to the building stiffness and strength

28、and</p><p>　　Using the SAP2000 computer program [8], two types of modeling for the infills are considered in this study: one uses two dimensional shell elements (Model A) and the other uses compressive strut

29、s (Model B) as suggested in FEMA356 [10] guidelines.</p><p>　　4.1. Model A (infills modeled by shell elements)</p><p>　　Infill walls are modeled with shell elements. However, the current version

30、 of the SAP2000 computer program includes only linear shell elements and cannot account for cracking. The tensile strength of the infill walls is set equal to 26 psi, with a modulus of elasticity of 644 ksi [10]. Because

31、 the formation ofcracks has a significant effect on the stiffness of the infill walls, the following iterative procedure is used to account for crack formation:</p><p>　　(1) Assuming the infill walls are lin

32、ear and uncracked, a nonlinear time history analysis is run. Note that plastic hinges exist in the beam elements and the segments of the beam elements where moment demand exceeds the cracking moment have a reduced moment

33、 of inertia.</p><p>　　(2) The cracking pattern in the infill wall is determined by comparing stresses in the shells developed during the analysis with the tensile strength of infills.</p><p>　　(

34、3) Nodes are separated at the locations where tensile stress exceeds tensile strength. These steps are continued until the crack regions are properly modeled.</p><p>　　4.2. Model B (infills modeled by struts

35、)</p><p>　　Infill walls are replaced with compressive struts as described in FEMA 356 [10] guidelines. Orientations of the struts are determined from the deformed shape of the structure after column removal

36、and the location of openings.</p><p>　　4.3. Column removal</p><p>　　Removal of the columns is simulated with the following procedure.</p><p>　　(1) The structure is analyzed under th

37、e permanent loads and the internal forces are determined at the ends of the columns, which will be removed.</p><p>　　(2) The model is modified by removing columns A2 and A3 on the first floor. Again the stru

38、cture is statically analyzed under permanent loads. In this case, the internal forces at the ends of removed columns found in the first step are applied externally to the structure along with permanent loads. Note that t

39、he results of this analysis are identical to those of step 1.</p><p>　　(3) The equal and opposite column end forces that were applied in the second step are dynamically imposed on the ends of the removed col

40、umn within one millisecond [11] to simulate the removal of the columns, and dynamic analysis is conducted.</p><p>　　4.4. Comparison of analytical and experimental results</p><p>　　The maximum ca

41、lculated vertical displacement of the building occurs at joint A3 in the second floor. Fig. 7 shows the experimental and analytical (Model A) vertical displacements of this joint (the AEM results will be discussed in the

42、 next section). Experimental data is obtained using the recordings of three potentiometers attached to joint A3 on one of their ends, and to the ground on the other ends. The peak displacements obtained experimentally an

43、d analytically (Model A) are 0.242 in (6.1 mm)</p><p>　　Fig. 8 compares vertical displacement histories of joint A3 in the second floor estimated analytically based on Models A and B. As can be seen, modelin

44、g infills with struts (Model B) results in a maximum vertical displacement of joint A3 equal to about 0.45 in (11.4 mm), which is approximately 80% larger than the value obtained from Model A. Note that the results obtai

45、ned from Model A are in close agreement with experimental results (see Fig. 7), while Model B significantly overestimates the def</p><p>　　Fig. 9 compares the experimental and analytical (Model A) displaceme

46、nt of joint A2 in the second floor. Again, while the first peak vertical displacement obtained experimentally and analytically are in good agreement, the analytical permanent displacement under estimates the experimental

47、 value. </p><p>　　Analytically estimated deformed shapes of the structure at the maximum vertical displacement based on Model A are shown in Fig. 10 with a magnification factor of 200. The experimentally mea

48、sured deformed shape over the end regions of beams A1–A2 and A3–B3 in the second floor</p><p>　　are represented in the figure by solid lines. A total of 14 potentiometers were located at the top and bottom o

49、f the end regions of the second floor beams A1–A2 and A3–B3, which were the most critical elements in load redistribution. The beam top and corresponding bottom potentiometer recordings were used to calculate rotation be

50、tween the sections where the potentiometer ends were connected. This was done by first finding the difference between the recorded deformations at the top and bottom of </p><p>　　Analytical results of Model

51、A show that only two plastic hinges are formed indicating rebar yielding. Also, four sections that did not have negative (top) reinforcement, reached cracking moment capacities and therefore cracked. Fig. 10 shows the lo

52、cations of all the formed plastic hinges and cracks.</p><p><b>　　2，譯文： </b></p><p>　　鋼筋混凝土填充框架結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)拆除兩個(gè)相鄰的柱的響應(yīng)</p><p>　　作者：Mehrdad Sasani 美國(guó)波士頓東北大學(xué)，斯奈爾400設(shè)計(jì)中心 MA02115&l

53、t;/p><p>　　收稿日期：2007年7月27日，修整后收稿日期2007年12月26日，錄用日期2008年1月24日，網(wǎng)上上傳日期2008年3月19日。</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　本文是評(píng)價(jià)圣地亞哥旅館對(duì)同時(shí)拆除兩根相鄰的外柱的響應(yīng)問(wèn)題，圣地亞哥旅館是個(gè)6層鋼筋混凝土填充框架結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)的分析模型應(yīng)用了有限元

54、法和以此為基礎(chǔ)的分析模型來(lái)計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)的整體和局部變形。分析結(jié)果跟實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果非常吻合。當(dāng)測(cè)量的豎向位移增加到為四分之一英寸（即6.4mm）的時(shí)候，結(jié)構(gòu)就發(fā)生連續(xù)倒塌。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)分析方法評(píng)價(jià)和討論隨著柱的移除而產(chǎn)生的變形沿著結(jié)構(gòu)高度上的發(fā)展和荷載動(dòng)態(tài)重分配。討論了軸向和彎曲的變形傳播的不同。結(jié)構(gòu)橫向和縱向的三維桁架在填充墻的參與下被認(rèn)為是荷載重分配的主要構(gòu)件。討論了兩種潛在的脆性破壞模型（沒有拉力加強(qiáng)的梁的脆斷和有加筋肋的梁的擠出）。分析評(píng)價(jià)了結(jié)

55、構(gòu)對(duì)額外的重力和無(wú)填充墻時(shí)的響應(yīng)。</p><p>　　Elsevier有限責(zé)任公司對(duì)此文保留所有權(quán)利。</p><p><b>　　關(guān)鍵詞：</b></p><p>　　連續(xù)倒塌，荷載重分配，對(duì)荷載抵抗能力，動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)，非線性分析，脆性破壞。</p><p><b>　　介紹：</b></p&

56、gt;<p>　　作為減小由于結(jié)構(gòu)的局部損壞而造成大量傷亡的可能性措施的一部分，美國(guó)總務(wù)管理局【1】和國(guó)防部【2】出臺(tái)了一系列制度來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)連續(xù)倒塌的抵抗力?！?】定義連續(xù)倒塌為，由原始單元的局部破壞在單元間的擴(kuò)展最終造成結(jié)構(gòu)的整體或不成比例的大部破壞。</p><p>　　通過(guò)Ellingwood 和Leyendecker【4】建議的方法，ASCE/SEI 7定義了兩種一般模型來(lái)減小結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)連

57、續(xù)倒塌效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的損害，它們分為直接和間接的設(shè)計(jì)方法。一般建筑規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用增加結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性的間接設(shè)計(jì)方法。間接設(shè)計(jì)法也應(yīng)用于美國(guó)國(guó)防部的降低連續(xù)倒塌設(shè)計(jì)和未歸檔設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中。盡管間接設(shè)計(jì)法可以降低連續(xù)破壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)【6，7】，對(duì)基于此法設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)破壞后的表現(xiàn)的判斷是不容易實(shí)現(xiàn)的。</p><p>　　有一種基于直接設(shè)計(jì)的方法通過(guò)研究瞬間消除受載構(gòu)件，比如柱子，對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)的連續(xù)倒塌。美國(guó)防部和國(guó)家事務(wù)管理局的規(guī)

58、章是要求去除一個(gè)受荷構(gòu)件，考慮其影響。這樣的規(guī)范目的是評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性和結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)單元出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的毀壞時(shí)的分荷能力。這種方法是研究結(jié)構(gòu)受連續(xù)倒塌的影響的程度，但是事實(shí)上初始結(jié)構(gòu)損傷的影響不止局限于某一根柱子。</p><p>　　在本論文中，應(yīng)用通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)的分析結(jié)果，評(píng)價(jià)圣地亞哥旅館抵抗連續(xù)破壞的能力，實(shí)驗(yàn)中瞬間移除兩個(gè)相鄰的柱子，其中一個(gè)柱是拐角柱。為了爆除這兩個(gè)柱子，將炸藥放在預(yù)先在柱子上鉆的孔里面。柱子然后

59、再用幾層保護(hù)材料包裹好，以避免爆炸時(shí)的沖擊波和碎片影響結(jié)構(gòu)的其他部分。</p><p><b>　　建筑的特性</b></p><p>　　圣地亞哥旅館建造于1914年，在1924年又向南擴(kuò)展了一部分，此部分包括兩個(gè)分離的結(jié)構(gòu)。圖.1是從南邊看旅館的樣子。注意這張照片，旅館的第一和第三層被用黑色的布蒙了起來(lái)。這個(gè)六層的旅館是無(wú)延性的鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)，其中還有由空心磚

60、構(gòu)成的填充外墻。擴(kuò)展部分的填充墻有兩層共203mm厚。第一層的樓高為6.0m，其他樓蓋高為3.2m，頂樓高度為5.13m。圖.2為其中一個(gè)擴(kuò)展部分的第二層。圖.3為對(duì)本建筑的實(shí)施計(jì)劃，即瞬間爆除一層相鄰的柱A2和A3，以評(píng)價(jià)其影響。</p><p>　　左圖：圖.1 圣地亞哥旅館的南端視角，本論文研究其中心結(jié)構(gòu) </p><p>　　右圖：圖.2 擴(kuò)展結(jié)構(gòu)的第二層（南端視角）</p&

61、gt;<p>　　下圖：圖.3 擬對(duì)旅館南擴(kuò)展部分實(shí)施的柱的移除計(jì)劃，第一層要被移除的柱用叉號(hào)標(biāo)出</p><p>　　如圖.3所示樓蓋系統(tǒng)縱向（南北向）有一個(gè)托梁。根據(jù)兩個(gè)混凝土構(gòu)件受壓的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，對(duì)一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的混凝土柱，受壓承載力為31MPa?；炷恋膹椥阅Ａ看蟾艦?6300MPa左右。同樣，通過(guò)橫截面12.7mm的鋼筋受拉實(shí)驗(yàn)，其屈服和極限抗拉強(qiáng)度分別為427和600MPa。鋼筋的極限變形為0.

62、17。鋼筋的彈性模量近似為200000MPa。</p><p>　　這個(gè)建筑按計(jì)劃將被爆破摧毀。作為摧毀的一個(gè)步驟，第一層和第三層的填充墻被移除。移除時(shí)上面 沒有活荷載。所有的非結(jié)構(gòu)部件包括隔墻、管道設(shè)備、家具都被事先搬走了，只有梁、柱、樓板梁和在邊梁上的填充墻被留下。</p><p><b>　　傳感器布置</b></p><p>　　混凝土

63、和鋼筋的應(yīng)變傳感器是用來(lái)測(cè)量梁和柱的應(yīng)變變化的。線性電位計(jì)用來(lái)測(cè)量整體和局部變形。混凝土應(yīng)變測(cè)量?jī)x常900mm，最大應(yīng)變?yōu)?#177;0.02.鋼筋應(yīng)變測(cè)量?jī)x應(yīng)變極限為±0.2。應(yīng)變測(cè)量?jī)x可以帶到幾百千赫茲。電位計(jì)用來(lái)測(cè)量建筑中梁沿一端的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和整體位移，這些以后將講到。電位計(jì)的分辨率為0.01mm，最大速度為1.0m/s，實(shí)驗(yàn)中最大記錄速度為0.35m/s。</p><p><b>　　有限元

64、模型</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)有限單元法，在軟件SAP2000【8】中生成一個(gè)建筑模型。梁和柱都被抽象成Bernoulli單元。T和L型梁的翼緣計(jì)算寬度為四倍的較厚板的厚度【5】。塑性鉸可以發(fā)生在任何鋼筋可能發(fā)生屈服的地方，包括單元的端點(diǎn)、加筋肋分離點(diǎn)和彎矩的屈服點(diǎn)。在分析中，塑性鉸的范圍是構(gòu)件高度的一半?，F(xiàn)行版本的SAP2000不能計(jì)算出單元斜裂縫的構(gòu)成。為了得出正確的構(gòu)件撓曲剛度，反復(fù)做以

65、下步驟：首先假設(shè)建筑的所有單元都是沒有裂縫的；然后，需要彎矩同構(gòu)件的出現(xiàn)裂縫的彎矩相比較。分別降低板厚和梁的慣性矩35%，使需求彎矩大于裂縫出現(xiàn)彎矩。梁外部出現(xiàn)裂縫的正負(fù)彎矩分別為58.2knM和37.9knM。需要注意的是柱子沒有裂縫出現(xiàn)。再后，再按以上方法重新分析建筑和彎矩簡(jiǎn)圖。重復(fù)這些步驟直到所有的裂縫區(qū)域被鑒定和用模型表示出來(lái)。除了兩端區(qū)域建筑結(jié)構(gòu)里的梁上部不配筋（圖.4）。例如，梁A1-A2在距A1點(diǎn)305mm以后，其上部不配

66、筋（如圖.4和5）。為了確定出可能喪失撓曲強(qiáng)度的截面位置，將裂紋鉸布置在上部沒有配筋的可能的彎曲破壞點(diǎn)上。塑性鉸的撓曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)為于Mcr相等，當(dāng)所受的彎矩達(dá)到Mcr時(shí)，該截面即發(fā)生破壞。</p><p>　　圖.4 二層的梁A3-B3和梁A1-A2詳細(xì)配筋情況</p><p>　　樓蓋系統(tǒng)有沿縱向（南北向）的次梁。圖.6所示為一典型的樓蓋的橫截面。為了計(jì)算出次梁和板的可能的非線性響應(yīng)，用梁?jiǎn)?/p>

67、元為樓蓋建立模型。次梁按T型梁計(jì)算，翼緣的計(jì)算寬度為各自板厚的四倍【5】。選取軸2和軸3的縱梁和其之間的一個(gè)寬20英寸的梁間的格柵為板的計(jì)算模型。為了給出板沿橫向的計(jì)算模型，同樣用一個(gè)寬20英寸于橫梁平行的梁。在方形的板中其剪力流和梁?jiǎn)卧闹械牟灰粯?。所以其扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度取為整個(gè)截面剛度的一半【9】。</p><p>　　圖.5 梁的上部配筋彎曲位置（于梁A1-A2相似，在鄰近建筑靠近柱A1的地方）</p>

68、<p>　　圖.6 典型的樓蓋的次梁系統(tǒng) </p><p>　　圖.7 實(shí)驗(yàn)和分析的第二層柱A3的豎向位移</p><p>　　建筑的2、4、5、6層有填充墻，并在門窗等開口位置有過(guò)梁，如前面提到的第1、三層的填充墻，在爆除前已經(jīng)拆掉。填充墻是用良好的空隙磚砌成的，空心磚的凈空是其總大小的一半。填充墻的平面效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)了建筑的剛度和強(qiáng)度，并且影響建筑的對(duì)荷載反應(yīng)即變形。如果

69、忽略墻的影響將得不到準(zhǔn)確的建筑的剛度和強(qiáng)度。</p><p>　　在SAP2000中考慮了兩種填充墻的形式：一種是用平面框架模型（模型A），另一種是FEMA365【10】中建議的受壓桿件模型（模型B）。</p><p>　　4.1模型A是平面框架模型，但是，現(xiàn)行版本的SAP2000只能計(jì)算線性框架模型，不能計(jì)算裂縫的發(fā)展情況。填充墻的抗拉強(qiáng)度大概為26psi，彈性模量為644ksi【10】

70、。由于裂縫的發(fā)展對(duì)填充墻的剛度影響很大，重復(fù)以下步驟來(lái)計(jì)算裂縫的形成：</p><p>　　（1）假設(shè)填充墻是線性的而且沒有開裂，運(yùn)行非線性歷史分析。由于梁中的塑性鉸的存在，梁中彎矩大于裂縫出現(xiàn)彎矩時(shí)候，對(duì)截面慣性矩有一個(gè)折減。</p><p>　?。?）判定填充墻出現(xiàn)的依據(jù)是看其應(yīng)力于墻的抗拉強(qiáng)度大小關(guān)系。</p><p>　　（3）節(jié)點(diǎn)在拉應(yīng)力大于抗拉強(qiáng)度的地方

71、分離。</p><p>　　重復(fù)上面的步驟直到裂縫區(qū)域被確定。</p><p>　　4.2.模型B（受壓桿件模型）</p><p>　　如FEMA356【10】所述用受壓桿件來(lái)代替填充墻，桿件的方向根據(jù)移除柱后的結(jié)構(gòu)變形形式和開口位置確定。</p><p><b>　　4.3.柱的移除</b></p>&l

72、t;p>　　按以下步驟模擬柱的移除。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)是在只受永久荷載下分析的，內(nèi)力在柱端測(cè)定，將隨著柱的移除而卸荷。</p><p>　　模型的建立是在移除第一層的柱A2、A3的情況下進(jìn)行的。結(jié)構(gòu)同樣是在永久荷載下進(jìn)行靜態(tài)分析的。在此情況下，測(cè)得的柱端內(nèi)力被當(dāng)成永久外部荷載施加在結(jié)構(gòu)上。注意此分析結(jié)果跟第一步的分析是等價(jià)的。</p><p>　　第二

73、步中大小相等方向相反的柱端力，被瞬間施加在原柱的位置上，然后進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)分析。</p><p>　　4.4.實(shí)驗(yàn)和分析結(jié)果的比較</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算最大豎向位移在第二層的柱A3上，圖7所示為按模型A的實(shí)驗(yàn)和分析的梁A3豎向位移的比較。實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)是用三個(gè)粘在A3兩端的傳感器記錄的。實(shí)驗(yàn)和分析得到的最大位移分別是6.1mm和6.4mm，相差盡為4%。實(shí)驗(yàn)和分析的位移產(chǎn)生所用時(shí)間分別為0.0

74、69S和0.066S。分析結(jié)果顯示永久位移為5.3mm，比實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果小14%，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果為6.1mm。</p><p>　　圖.8.第二層的柱A3在模型A和B下分別沿時(shí)間的豎向位移</p><p>　　圖.8.比較了第二層的柱A3分別在模型A和B下分析的沿時(shí)間的豎向位移。由圖中可以看出，按受壓桿件模型（模型B）得出的最大豎向位移為11.4mm,比用模型A得出的結(jié)果高出約80%。在圖.7.可以看

75、出按模型A得出的結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果是想接近的，B模型得出的結(jié)構(gòu)變形過(guò)高。如果最大豎向位移偏大的話，填充墻開裂情況會(huì)更加嚴(yán)重，更偏向于受壓桿件形成，模型A和模型B得出結(jié)果差異將減小。</p><p>　　圖.9.比較了用模型A時(shí)第二層的柱A2的分析和實(shí)驗(yàn)的位移值。同樣，第一次達(dá)到最大位移值的實(shí)驗(yàn)和分析值非常接近，分析的永久位移值比實(shí)驗(yàn)的位移值略微低些。圖.10.所示為根據(jù)模型A得出的最大豎向位移的結(jié)構(gòu)變形放大200倍后

76、的情況。</p><p>　　圖.9.第二層的柱A2豎向位移實(shí)驗(yàn)和分析結(jié)果比較</p><p>　　圖.10.按模型A，F(xiàn)EM分析的結(jié)構(gòu)變形形式（第二層的實(shí)驗(yàn)得出變形形式也給出）</p><p>　　通過(guò)實(shí)測(cè)得的變形形式在圖中也用實(shí)線標(biāo)出了。在二層的梁A1-A2、A3-B3的上下端部應(yīng)力重分配復(fù)雜的地方共用了14個(gè)電位計(jì)。梁上部和對(duì)應(yīng)的下部電位計(jì)接在一起用來(lái)測(cè)量梁的