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1、<p> 本 科 生 畢 業(yè) 論 文(設(shè)計(jì))</p><p><b> 外文翻譯</b></p><p> 題目 中國(guó)為什么要投否決票——以敘利亞問(wèn)題的否決票為例</p><p> 姓名與學(xué)號(hào) </p><p> 指導(dǎo)教師 </p
2、><p> 年級(jí)與專業(yè) 國(guó)際政治 </p><p> 所在學(xué)院 公共管理學(xué)院 </p><p> 中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)上變換的態(tài)度</p><p><b> 摘要</b></p><p> 盡管中國(guó)過(guò)去被描述為一個(gè)不愿意支持聯(lián)合國(guó)維
3、和行動(dòng)的國(guó)家,但是隨著新世紀(jì)的開(kāi)始,中國(guó)正在支持越來(lái)越多新增加的聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)。過(guò)去的相關(guān)研究主要著重于解釋中國(guó)外交政策和安全政策的最新轉(zhuǎn)向,而忽略了聯(lián)合國(guó)維和制度本身的變化。這篇文章將通過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和概念的發(fā)展來(lái)分析中國(guó)的維和決心如何影響其在聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)中的投票行為。這篇文章將討論最近中國(guó)在這些行動(dòng)上的熱情是兩個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的結(jié)果。其一,中國(guó)政府通過(guò)總結(jié)20世紀(jì)90年代的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蛑匦陆忉屄?lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng),特別是在使用武力的問(wèn)題上;其次, 20
4、00年卜拉希米的報(bào)告重新改革了聯(lián)合國(guó)維和任務(wù)執(zhí)行的方式,這種新的方式讓中國(guó)更易接受。</p><p><b> 引 言</b></p><p> 隨著中國(guó)的崛起,政治分析家越來(lái)越擔(dān)憂中國(guó)在國(guó)際體系中未來(lái)將扮演什么樣的角色。這些分析人士將中國(guó)描述成一個(gè)不斷壯大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事權(quán)力,同時(shí)也認(rèn)為中國(guó)將顛覆世界。然而他們似乎過(guò)于高看了中國(guó)不斷增長(zhǎng)的力量在維護(hù)和平方面的作用。如
5、果中國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人能夠欣然接受所有聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的話,那么中國(guó)才有可能成為國(guó)際維和領(lǐng)域資源最豐富的貢獻(xiàn)者。顯然事實(shí)并非如此,中國(guó)被認(rèn)為是不干涉他國(guó)主權(quán)原則最有力的護(hù)衛(wèi)者。在整個(gè)90年代,中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)的代表們總是頻繁地表達(dá)他們的不安,尤其是在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)授權(quán)使用武力或干涉主權(quán)國(guó)家內(nèi)政的時(shí)候。這種行為也讓評(píng)論家抱怨中國(guó)總是試圖捍衛(wèi)一種過(guò)時(shí)的主權(quán)國(guó)家理論,而不是去接受正在不斷變化的現(xiàn)實(shí)。但是在新千年到來(lái)的時(shí)候,中國(guó)開(kāi)始去支持聯(lián)合國(guó)每一個(gè)新
6、通過(guò)的維和行動(dòng),同時(shí)也開(kāi)始調(diào)動(dòng)更多的中國(guó)維和部隊(duì)去執(zhí)行任務(wù)。這篇文章將解釋中國(guó)的這一新趨勢(shì)。</p><p> 在許多中英文著作中,中國(guó)對(duì)于聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的態(tài)度已經(jīng)被詳細(xì)地分析過(guò)了,但是這兩者差別巨大。相較于通過(guò)分析中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)中的角色來(lái)分析中國(guó)這種態(tài)度的變化,大多數(shù)的中文學(xué)者傾向于單純著眼于1990年以來(lái)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和本身的變化。20世界90年代早期大部分有關(guān)維和行動(dòng)的書(shū)都忽略了聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的新發(fā)展,而
7、仍舊提著過(guò)時(shí)的聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)概念,只有很少一部分的中國(guó)實(shí)踐者在最近才闡述了中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和事務(wù)上的新興趣。在英文文獻(xiàn)資料方面,Kim早期關(guān)于中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)中行為的研究為理解中國(guó)對(duì)于聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的態(tài)度奠定了重要的基石。還有另一些著作追溯中國(guó)在過(guò)去幾十年中態(tài)度的變化,界定了態(tài)度變化的重要轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),也發(fā)現(xiàn)了是否合乎規(guī)范是中國(guó)全面參與維和行動(dòng)的重要阻礙。提供這些觀點(diǎn)的人中,Yuan和Carlson提供了關(guān)于中國(guó)在干涉和國(guó)家主權(quán)問(wèn)題上的概述;而提出
8、中國(guó)參與聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)不斷增多的新動(dòng)機(jī)的是Tang 和Pang。目前,又有兩篇文章脫穎而出:其中之一是弗拉維,他不僅承認(rèn)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和內(nèi)涵正在不斷改變,同時(shí)他第一個(gè)系統(tǒng)解釋了中國(guó)在不同類型維和行動(dòng)上不斷變化的態(tài)度;另兩個(gè)是Gill和Reilly,他們能夠闡明中國(guó)</p><p> 中國(guó)的外交官可能通過(guò)投贊成票表示同意,或投棄權(quán)票表示反對(duì)。此外中國(guó)投票的官方解釋還可以被進(jìn)一步認(rèn)為是反對(duì)或支持一個(gè)意見(jiàn)。目前為止,除非決
9、議涉及到臺(tái)灣問(wèn)題,中國(guó)不會(huì)對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的決議投否決票。</p><p> 本文首先將提供一種有關(guān)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的類型學(xué),來(lái)更好地理解聯(lián)合國(guó)維和概念正在經(jīng)歷的發(fā)展變化。隨后將通過(guò)不同類型的聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)來(lái)分析中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)中的投票行為。最后,本文將引出中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和問(wèn)題上態(tài)度的變化,也將提出中國(guó)這種靈活態(tài)度的局限性。</p><p> 一、聯(lián)合國(guó)維和的概念(略)</p&g
10、t;<p> 二、聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的發(fā)展(略)</p><p> 三、中國(guó)對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)看法的發(fā)展</p><p> 正如聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)概念一樣,中國(guó)對(duì)于不同聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的態(tài)度也發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。起初,中國(guó)彎曲拒絕聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)這個(gè)觀念,中國(guó)認(rèn)為所有的聯(lián)合國(guó)干預(yù)行動(dòng)都是被超級(jí)大國(guó)操縱的,至少在1951年由聯(lián)合國(guó)授權(quán)的第一次朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期中國(guó)就是美國(guó)為首的強(qiáng)制行動(dòng)的目標(biāo)。在19
11、71年重返聯(lián)合國(guó)后,中國(guó)通過(guò)不對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)投票的行為表達(dá)對(duì)維和行動(dòng)的反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。從1981年中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),中國(guó)的外交官們開(kāi)始對(duì)所有執(zhí)行傳統(tǒng)維和行動(dòng)的任務(wù)投贊成票,但是中國(guó)仍舊反對(duì)西方國(guó)家試圖將和平強(qiáng)制融合在聯(lián)合國(guó)在柬埔寨的過(guò)渡執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的管理任務(wù)中去。中國(guó)能夠接受的維和行動(dòng)必須是嚴(yán)格遵守聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的三條準(zhǔn)則,同時(shí)也只能是在自衛(wèi)情況下才能動(dòng)用武力。</p><p> ?。ㄒ唬┲袊?guó)與更廣泛維和含義斗爭(zhēng)<
12、/p><p> 當(dāng)聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)從1990年開(kāi)始擴(kuò)大在一些行動(dòng)上的授權(quán)時(shí),中國(guó)很難接受這種新發(fā)展,這是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)政府對(duì)于在更廣泛的維和任務(wù)中使用武力感到不安,同時(shí)也對(duì)和平強(qiáng)制措施由幾個(gè)主要國(guó)家執(zhí)行感到不自在。但是中國(guó)在關(guān)于索馬里、盧旺達(dá)、海地和波斯尼亞的案例中改變投票的行為,明顯表示了現(xiàn)在中國(guó)正在試圖在關(guān)注人權(quán)方面不斷高漲的國(guó)際壓力和其本身對(duì)于使用武力的抗拒這兩者間找到平衡。</p><p>
13、 聯(lián)合國(guó)在索馬里行動(dòng)的失敗對(duì)中國(guó)產(chǎn)生了重要的影響,使中國(guó)政府更加謹(jǐn)慎地審視和平介入如。1992年4月,維和人員已經(jīng)在一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展的暴力事件環(huán)境下部署,以便監(jiān)控軍閥間的?;饏f(xié)議。中國(guó)對(duì)決議投了贊成票,同意授予以美國(guó)為首的聯(lián)合國(guó)工作隊(duì)第七章規(guī)定的“使用一切必要手段”來(lái)保障局勢(shì)的平穩(wěn)。但是中國(guó)代表在安理會(huì)中仍然堅(jiān)持這些“非常手段”只能在索馬里缺乏現(xiàn)有政府而導(dǎo)致的長(zhǎng)期混亂局勢(shì)中使用才被認(rèn)為是正當(dāng)?shù)?,他還表達(dá)了中國(guó)政府反對(duì)關(guān)鍵國(guó)家不在聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)
14、控制下的角色的一貫立場(chǎng)。當(dāng)美國(guó)軍隊(duì)卷入與索馬里民兵隊(duì)伍的戰(zhàn)斗中時(shí),中國(guó)開(kāi)始后悔最初同意這個(gè)行動(dòng)的決定,并且總結(jié)今后要避免傳統(tǒng)維和方法外的其他手段。</p><p> 結(jié)果,中國(guó)在另一個(gè)決議中投了否決票,反對(duì)授予法國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多國(guó)部隊(duì)權(quán)力去結(jié)束1994年當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的盧旺達(dá)大屠殺。盡管這個(gè)和平強(qiáng)制的決議符合使用武力的三個(gè)條件,分別是有嚴(yán)重的人道主義性質(zhì)、行動(dòng)的公正和中立、以及需要國(guó)際社會(huì)緊急反映的特殊例子,但是中國(guó)代
15、表解釋這個(gè)行動(dòng)缺少所有盧旺達(dá)派別的同意,并且鑒于聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)在索馬里的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),因此認(rèn)為憑借武力只能加重當(dāng)?shù)鼐謩?shì)的惡化。</p><p> 中國(guó)從索馬里吸取的教訓(xùn)還使其在海地的例子中更加反對(duì)大國(guó)使用武力。1993年8月,中國(guó)支持聯(lián)合國(guó)在海地的任務(wù),這個(gè)任務(wù)將產(chǎn)生新的警察力量并且使當(dāng)?shù)剀婈?duì)現(xiàn)代化。但是1994年7月,當(dāng)安理會(huì)授權(quán)美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多國(guó)部隊(duì)為聯(lián)合國(guó)在海地的任務(wù)提供一個(gè)更安全的環(huán)境時(shí),中國(guó)投了否決票,并告
16、誡“一群國(guó)家”只用武力將給聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的先例。中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持在接下去的幾年中削減軍隊(duì)的人數(shù),這一行動(dòng)也被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)仍舊關(guān)心美國(guó)在海地的影響力。</p><p> 聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì)在波斯尼亞和克羅地亞頻繁變化的授權(quán)是維和概念擴(kuò)大的主要例子,因?yàn)橐源送瑫r(shí)北京在不斷修正在索馬里和盧萬(wàn)達(dá)學(xué)到的一課。最初,中國(guó)可能同意擴(kuò)大聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì)的授權(quán)以便提出人道主義關(guān)切,例如保護(hù)薩拉熱窩機(jī)場(chǎng),提供人道主義援助,
17、建立粉紅區(qū)域保護(hù)在波斯尼亞的克羅地亞族人。盡管當(dāng)?shù)鼐謩?shì)隨著時(shí)間的流逝變得越來(lái)越復(fù)雜,但是北京反對(duì)將所有這些解決方法都授權(quán)給武力的使用或在這點(diǎn)上擴(kuò)大聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì)的授權(quán)。1992年北京就決議投了棄權(quán)票,反對(duì)授權(quán)使用聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章第7章的內(nèi)容“使用一切手段”,或者使用其他的方法,如為聯(lián)合國(guó)艦隊(duì)護(hù)送的人道主義援助進(jìn)行護(hù)送、擴(kuò)大聯(lián)合國(guó)安全部隊(duì)在這一情況下的授權(quán)范圍、在波斯尼亞上空設(shè)立禁飛區(qū)以及強(qiáng)迫這些禁飛區(qū)與北約合作。中國(guó)的代表解釋說(shuō):“使用一
18、切必要手段相當(dāng)于簽了一張空白支票。然而這個(gè)手段已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)局勢(shì)的混亂了……一旦軍事活動(dòng)開(kāi)始,聯(lián)合國(guó)參與的性質(zhì)將會(huì)改變,并使聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì)這個(gè)手段不再能夠執(zhí)行最初的授權(quán)委任?!敝袊?guó)擔(dān)心使用軍隊(duì)力量會(huì)使現(xiàn)狀難以控制,這個(gè)考慮也使中國(guó)在涉及使用武力的任何解決方案上投贊成票變得不肯呢過(guò),即使大家都享有同一個(gè)人道主義動(dòng)機(jī)。</p><p> 然而直到1993年年中當(dāng)波斯尼亞的兩個(gè)民族發(fā)生嚴(yán)重沖突的時(shí)候,北京才開(kāi)始克服
19、這種擔(dān)憂,在投票中支持決議內(nèi)容,即在特殊的案例中限制武力的使用:如在安全地帶保護(hù)平民免受攻擊的時(shí)候、保護(hù)維和部隊(duì)自由移動(dòng)的時(shí)候、以及自衛(wèi)的時(shí)候。然而當(dāng)說(shuō)明保留反對(duì)武器使用的時(shí)候,中國(guó)指出它將支持那些反人道主義考慮的決議,因?yàn)榈玫搅藮|道國(guó)的同意。武器的方式只能在“自衛(wèi),而非為了懲罰性目的過(guò)度使用武力”的情況下被授權(quán)。1995年5月,北京發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)條款被違背了,此時(shí)西方國(guó)家組建了一只裝備頂級(jí)的快速反應(yīng)部隊(duì)并打算將其并入聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì)。因此
20、中國(guó)決定投棄權(quán)票,并解釋到:</p><p> 正如聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)名字所指,任何一項(xiàng)該活動(dòng)的目的都是為了保衛(wèi)和平而非戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)……這只部隊(duì)的建立是為了執(zhí)法行動(dòng)和改變聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì)在維和行動(dòng)中的地位。一旦該部隊(duì)加入行動(dòng),它將極有可能成為矛盾中的一個(gè)黨派,從而剝奪聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì)在維和部隊(duì)中的地位。</p><p> 1995年11月,在北約空襲波斯尼亞的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后,“代頓協(xié)議”迫使波斯尼亞塞
21、族回到了談判桌前。聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)決定北約領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多國(guó)執(zhí)行部隊(duì)將代替聯(lián)合國(guó)安全保衛(wèi)部隊(duì),并且被授權(quán)使用武力執(zhí)行代頓協(xié)議、控制波斯尼亞的領(lǐng)空、自衛(wèi)以防襲擊、以及幫助聯(lián)合國(guó)多國(guó)部隊(duì)的撤退。雖然中國(guó)對(duì)這項(xiàng)決議投了贊成票,但是中國(guó)的代表在安理會(huì)上強(qiáng)調(diào)這主要是因?yàn)椤皝?lái)自各方的迫切愿望”和“特殊情況下采取特殊行動(dòng)”的需要。他還補(bǔ)充說(shuō):中國(guó)投贊成票并不代表中國(guó)在這個(gè)立場(chǎng)上有任何的改變,這也是說(shuō)明中國(guó)一向來(lái)反對(duì)安理會(huì)授權(quán)的行動(dòng),特別是當(dāng)每次都要使用憲章第七章
22、的內(nèi)容并采取強(qiáng)制措施。中國(guó)更能同意安理會(huì)授權(quán)給無(wú)限制的武力用途。</p><p> 1996年,北京同樣支持用穩(wěn)定部隊(duì)代替執(zhí)行部隊(duì),同樣是由北約領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的多國(guó)部隊(duì)被批準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行和平實(shí)施以確保遵守代頓條約。中國(guó)再一次表達(dá)了在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和部隊(duì)使用武力問(wèn)題上的保留態(tài)度,但是仍然對(duì)這一決議投了贊成票,因?yàn)榉€(wěn)定部隊(duì)將接受安理會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),并且會(huì)根據(jù)“有關(guān)各方要求”行事。北京在有關(guān)波斯尼亞的聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)中的投票行為說(shuō)明了一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,即
23、北京已經(jīng)從1990年代后半期以來(lái)含義更廣泛的維和行動(dòng)中勉強(qiáng)地總結(jié)了3個(gè)結(jié)論。首先,聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)使用武力是可以接受的,但是必須是在以下情況下:維和人員的自衛(wèi)、維和人員的自由活和平民正遭受迫在眉睫的威脅。第二,多國(guó)部隊(duì)和實(shí)際的聯(lián)合國(guó)任務(wù)之間的分工是可操作的,多國(guó)部隊(duì)授權(quán)執(zhí)行和平實(shí)施任務(wù),而實(shí)際的聯(lián)合國(guó)任務(wù)則被限制在非強(qiáng)制性的維持和平部分。第三,中國(guó)顯然期望在滿足兩個(gè)條件的情況下縱容聯(lián)合國(guó)維和部隊(duì),這兩個(gè)條件分別是安理會(huì)授權(quán)和有關(guān)各方的同意
24、。在中國(guó)的官方聲明中,中國(guó)將仍舊宣傳傳統(tǒng)的維和概念和官方宣言中嚴(yán)格的三個(gè)滿足維和的條件。然而事實(shí)上,中國(guó)已經(jīng)接受了由主要國(guó)家執(zhí)行有限制的和平任務(wù)的必要性。</p><p> ?。ǘ┲袊?guó)逐步熟悉和平支持行動(dòng)</p><p> 世紀(jì)之交,中國(guó)已經(jīng)十分快速地熟悉了一種新出現(xiàn)的新型維和行動(dòng)——和平支持行動(dòng),并通過(guò)1999年的科索沃危機(jī)對(duì)其迅速熟知,眾所周知1999年的那個(gè)時(shí)間對(duì)中國(guó)外交官們是一
25、個(gè)真正的沖擊。不僅西方國(guó)家武力介入科索沃危機(jī)的行為沒(méi)有被聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)批準(zhǔn),同時(shí)更戲劇化的是北約錯(cuò)誤地炸毀了中國(guó)駐貝爾格萊德的使館。最終,北京在聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)的表決中投了棄權(quán)票,這項(xiàng)決議的內(nèi)容是建立在科索沃的聯(lián)合國(guó)特派團(tuán)作為第一次和平支持行動(dòng),同時(shí)授權(quán)北約領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的駐科索沃部隊(duì)執(zhí)行1999年6月的和平計(jì)劃。</p><p> 然而在聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)中被邊緣化的不愉快經(jīng)歷促使北京在東帝汶建立一個(gè)新的聯(lián)合國(guó)維和部隊(duì)中扮演了更為
26、積極的角色,這個(gè)行動(dòng)將阻止大規(guī)模的屠殺,同時(shí)也將需求1999年8月獨(dú)立的訴求。中國(guó)的代表堅(jiān)持要獲得目標(biāo)國(guó)家的同意和安理會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)是執(zhí)行此項(xiàng)任務(wù)的兩個(gè)先決條件:根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章,安全理事會(huì)為維護(hù)國(guó)際和地區(qū)和平負(fù)有主要責(zé)任,東帝汶問(wèn)題必須通過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)途徑解決,任何維和部隊(duì)的部署需要獲得印度尼西亞政府的要求和安理會(huì)的授權(quán)。</p><p> 當(dāng)印度尼西亞傾向于贊同這次干預(yù)行動(dòng)時(shí),澳大利亞領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的東帝汶國(guó)際被批準(zhǔn)在東帝汶重新建
27、立和平和安全局勢(shì)。至1999年10月,大部分地區(qū)的局勢(shì)已經(jīng)穩(wěn)定,安理會(huì)批準(zhǔn)聯(lián)合國(guó)東帝汶過(guò)渡行政當(dāng)局履行其廣泛的任務(wù)。中國(guó)在此次事件中的兩次決議中都投了贊成票,分別支持和平實(shí)施任務(wù)和后續(xù)的和平支持行動(dòng)。顯然北京已經(jīng)將其在國(guó)際事務(wù)中的支持行為看作是一個(gè)重塑地區(qū)負(fù)責(zé)任大國(guó)的形象,同時(shí)也加強(qiáng)了聯(lián)合國(guó)在科索沃危機(jī)中聯(lián)合國(guó)的作用。</p><p> 與此同時(shí),中國(guó)也同意在1999年10月建立下一次和平支持行動(dòng),彼時(shí)聯(lián)合國(guó)塞
28、拉利昂特派團(tuán)將代替聯(lián)合國(guó)塞拉利昂觀察團(tuán)來(lái)執(zhí)行實(shí)施解除武裝、復(fù)員和重返社會(huì)的計(jì)劃,同時(shí)也會(huì)監(jiān)督?;?,加速人道主義援助的運(yùn)輸,以及支持選舉。聯(lián)合國(guó)塞拉利昂特派團(tuán)被批準(zhǔn)在憲章第七章的內(nèi)容下執(zhí)行必要的行動(dòng),但是使用武力的時(shí)機(jī)被嚴(yán)格限制,必須是確保其人員的安全和行動(dòng)自由,也要保護(hù)受暴力威脅的平民的安全,并考慮塞拉利昂政府的責(zé)任,中國(guó)的代表在安理會(huì)上發(fā)言表示,北京全力支持這次任務(wù),他同時(shí)也十分滿意這份“全面而又均衡”的決議草案。不久,中國(guó)在關(guān)于擴(kuò)大
29、聯(lián)合國(guó)塞拉利昂特派團(tuán)任務(wù)的決議中投了贊成票,以確保軍事力量被允許保障關(guān)鍵地區(qū)和人道主義救援物資的運(yùn)輸。</p><p> 北京隨后支持了在剛果、利比里亞、科特迪瓦、海地、布隆迪和蘇丹的所有和平支持行動(dòng),并且在投了贊成票后也并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行解釋。以上提及的每一個(gè)任務(wù)中,武力的使用都被閹割限制在保護(hù)聯(lián)合國(guó)人員的安全、自由和免于平民受到暴力威脅的范圍內(nèi)。在利比里亞、科特迪瓦和海地,主要國(guó)家和聯(lián)盟擔(dān)負(fù)起了執(zhí)行和平實(shí)施任務(wù)的責(zé)
30、任。在科特迪瓦的任務(wù)中,法國(guó)部隊(duì)甚至被限制使用“一切必要手段”來(lái)提供一般安全、保護(hù)平民和基于聯(lián)合國(guó)特派團(tuán)要求進(jìn)行對(duì)交戰(zhàn)雙方的干預(yù)。自從中國(guó)支持所有這些決議以來(lái),并無(wú)提及任何游離的言論,顯然中國(guó)已經(jīng)全面接受了有限制地執(zhí)行和平支持行動(dòng)的概念和由主要大國(guó)來(lái)執(zhí)行。中國(guó)也從1990年代初期反對(duì)支持聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng),轉(zhuǎn)變成在21世紀(jì)開(kāi)始之年接受這種行動(dòng)。</p><p> ?。ㄈ┲袊?guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)原則中的靈活性</p
31、><p> 沒(méi)有限制地通過(guò)維和部隊(duì)使用武力的情況,這種擔(dān)憂也是研究中國(guó)在有關(guān)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)中的表決行為的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。盡管決議中都被批準(zhǔn)在憲章第七條的原則下“使用一切手段”,但是并沒(méi)有明確規(guī)定什么鄧婕的威脅下可以使用武力。因此中國(guó)會(huì)投棄權(quán)票。早在1993年,中國(guó)的外交人員開(kāi)始支持強(qiáng)硬地維和任務(wù),盡管中國(guó)政府都會(huì)做出相應(yīng)的解釋,一般情況下這些武力的使用被明確限制在保護(hù)維和人員的安全、自由和免于平民受到威脅。更多的挑戰(zhàn)接踵而
32、至,之后北京面對(duì)越來(lái)越多的決議是授權(quán)大國(guó)和聯(lián)盟使用武力的權(quán)力,然而這些改變損害了聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)的控制,也增加了任務(wù)的不公正性。在索馬里失敗的例子面前,中國(guó)在有關(guān)盧旺達(dá)、海地和波斯尼亞的決議上投了棄權(quán)票,拒絕將和平執(zhí)行任務(wù)分包給大國(guó),同時(shí)也抱怨:“自從冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來(lái),安理會(huì)越來(lái)越多地在案例中通過(guò)站不住腳的理由引用憲章第七條,訴諸或批準(zhǔn)一小部分國(guó)家執(zhí)行行動(dòng),……不分青紅皂白地使用強(qiáng)制手段將不利于解決問(wèn)題。”</p><p&g
33、t; 執(zhí)行部隊(duì)和穩(wěn)定部隊(duì)在第一次復(fù)雜的和平支持行動(dòng)中建立起來(lái)以后,北京不能夠在不損害其聲譽(yù)的情況下棄權(quán)否決在波斯尼亞更大范圍的和平建設(shè)進(jìn)程,即使這些任務(wù)大部分由北約執(zhí)行。1990年代末期,中國(guó)不情愿地重新解釋聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)三條準(zhǔn)則中的兩條:盡可能少地使用武力和維和人員的不公正性。</p><p> 關(guān)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的投票行為中的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是1999年9月的東帝汶國(guó)際,這是北京第一次沒(méi)有反對(duì)決議授權(quán)大國(guó)加強(qiáng)東
34、帝汶的安全。從那時(shí)開(kāi)始,中國(guó)在每一次新的聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的表決上都投了贊成票,同時(shí)中國(guó)也開(kāi)始派出中國(guó)的維和人員去參與每一個(gè)維和任務(wù),甚至是那些由大國(guó)執(zhí)行的任務(wù)也是一樣。中國(guó)最關(guān)心的限制武力使用的內(nèi)容也被納入決議草案中,這些都解釋了北京對(duì)這些任務(wù)的滿意度正在不斷上升。1999年10月,中國(guó)在安理會(huì)的代表表達(dá)了對(duì)于草案的認(rèn)可,這份草案 “密切磋商”后批準(zhǔn)了聯(lián)合國(guó)塞拉利昂特派團(tuán)。他特別興奮地表示:“這份草案不僅滿足了塞拉利昂政府和非洲成員的要求
35、,同時(shí)表明安理會(huì)正將注意力轉(zhuǎn)向并投入到更多地非洲問(wèn)題中去,中國(guó)政府對(duì)此表示十分贊賞?!睅滋煲院螅@位代表又高興地表示,中國(guó)提出的所有修正內(nèi)容都被納入了授權(quán)東帝汶過(guò)渡當(dāng)局的決議當(dāng)中去。2002年,中國(guó)贊揚(yáng)了在塞拉利昂、剛果、布隆迪、安哥拉、東帝汶和阿富汗的任務(wù)都是成功的。</p><p> 中國(guó)接受強(qiáng)硬的維和行動(dòng)的另一個(gè)明顯例子是中國(guó)政府近年來(lái)在聯(lián)合國(guó)的官方發(fā)言。2003年,北京指出中國(guó)在在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)中積累的
36、經(jīng)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)和傳統(tǒng)的維和概念產(chǎn)生了巨大的不同:“以日益復(fù)雜的維和行動(dòng)舉例,傳統(tǒng)的行動(dòng)不適用于某一具體的沖突類型,以剛果民主共和國(guó)和利比里亞的局勢(shì)為例,這些地區(qū)需要快速、盡早和強(qiáng)有力的干預(yù)。”北京明確支持維和行動(dòng)任務(wù)的分類,“包括在哪些必要情況下使用強(qiáng)制手段”。2004年,中國(guó)公開(kāi)承認(rèn)了軍事力量在和平支持行動(dòng)中的重要作用:“在沖突管理中,軍事行動(dòng)的角色和平民元素的角色十分接近,并且互為前提?!娛聞倮WC了平民角色的出現(xiàn),這是一個(gè)在后沖突時(shí)
37、期建設(shè)時(shí)間內(nèi)必要且不可或缺的部分?!比欢本┤耘f保持著過(guò)去那種“除非自衛(wèi)”否則不能使用武力的觀念,但是軍事力量現(xiàn)在正在任何必須的地方使用著。</p><p> 然而,中國(guó)在新千年對(duì)于聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的熱情并不是中國(guó)在1990年代采取措施的結(jié)果,這似乎是卜拉希米關(guān)于聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)改革的報(bào)告對(duì)中國(guó)影響最為巨大,因?yàn)檫@份報(bào)告闡述了北京長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)憂慮的許多問(wèn)題,所以中國(guó)正是因?yàn)檫@份報(bào)告變得逐漸能接受和平支持行動(dòng)。當(dāng)卜拉希米
38、的報(bào)告提出嚴(yán)格限制在保障任務(wù)時(shí)的武力使用的時(shí)候,這相當(dāng)于重申了中國(guó)在1990年代早期的訴求。事實(shí)上,限制聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)等級(jí)決議中的武力使用權(quán)限的實(shí)踐是一個(gè)中國(guó)倡議的產(chǎn)物,也可以被稱為中國(guó)模式。同樣地,北京一直是聯(lián)合國(guó)快速反應(yīng)部署的早期支持者,也是提高安理會(huì)與提供部隊(duì)國(guó)家的支持者,同時(shí)也積極參與維和行動(dòng)鄰國(guó)和區(qū)域組織的開(kāi)展,特別是有關(guān)非洲沖突。所以中國(guó)已經(jīng)調(diào)整了立場(chǎng)來(lái)面對(duì)不斷變化的現(xiàn)實(shí),特別是卜拉希米報(bào)告中提到的中國(guó)關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。</
39、p><p> 四、中國(guó)有關(guān)維和行動(dòng)靈活態(tài)度的局限(略)</p><p><b> 五、結(jié)論(略)</b></p><p> STEFAN STÄHLE</p><p> China’s Shifting Attitude towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operati
40、ons*</p><p> * The author would like to thank Bruce J. Dickson and Martha Finnemore for their support and encouragement.</p><p><b> ABSTRACT</b></p><p> While China h
41、as been portrayed as a reluctant supporter of UN peacekeeping in the past, it has voted in favour of every newly established UN peacekeeping operation since the beginning of the new millennium. Previous studies of China’
42、s behaviour in UN peacekeeping explained this phenomenon primarily with recent shifts in its foreign and security policy rather than with changes in UN peacekeeping itself. This article analyses China’s voting behaviour
43、in the UN Security Council on peacekeeping reso</p><p> INTRODUCTION </p><p> As China is rising, political analysts are increasingly worried about its future role in the international system.
44、 They often portray the country as a growing economic and military power that could upset the world. Yet they seem to overlook that China’s growing strength might actually help to keep the peace. If the Chinese leadershi
45、p managed to embrace the principles of UN peacekeeping operations (UNPKO) fully, China could become one of the most resourceful contributors to international peacekee</p><p> China’s attitude towards UNPKO
46、has been analysed in both the Chinese and English literature, but in varying depth. The vast majority of scholars publishing in Chinese are content with describing the changes in UN peacekeeping since the 1990s instead o
47、f analysing China’s role within it. Referring primarily to the peacekeeping literature of the early 1990s, most of them ignore new developments in UN peacekeeping and therefore still promote an outdated concept of UNPKO.
48、 Just a few Chinese practitio</p><p> However, since Gill and Reilly’s analysis was published in 2000, there have been significant developments in the way UNPKO are conducted, which have not yet been covere
49、d by recent articles. More importantly, the framework of analysis introduced by Fravel was not thorough enough to notice relevant subtleties in China’s attitude towards UNPKO in the 1990s, particularly with regard to the
50、 use of force, which might explain its different behaviour later on. This article aims at filling this gap by an</p><p> Chinese diplomats may show their approval by voting in favour of a resolution or thei
51、r disapproval by abstaining. A public explanation of their vote can further qualify the support or abstention with a dissociating or sympathetic comment. The option of vetoing a UNPKO resolution has so far not been used
52、unless the resolution touched upon the Taiwan issue.</p><p> This article first provides a typology of UNPKO in order to understand better the evolution that the concept of UN peacekeeping has undergone, wh
53、ich is shown in the second section. It goes on to analyse China’s voting behaviour in the UNSC with regard to these different types of UNPKO. It then presents the changes in China’s attitude towards UN peacekeeping, but
54、also the limits of its flexibility.</p><p> CONCEPTS OF UN PEACEKEEPING(Omission)</p><p> EVOLUTION OF UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS(Omission)</p><p> EVOLUTION OF CHINA’S ATTITUDE
55、TOWARDS UN PEACEKEEPING</p><p> Just as the concept of UN peacekeeping has undergone a transformation from traditional peacekeeping to peace support operations, so has Beijing’s attitude towards these diffe
56、rent types of UNPKO. At first, China completely rejected the idea of UN peacekeeping. Beijing regarded all UN interventions as being manipulated by the superpowers, not least because China had been the target of the firs
57、t US-led enforcement action authorized by the United Nations in 1951 during the Korean War. After joining </p><p> China’s struggle with wider peacekeeping</p><p> When the UNSC began to exten
58、d the mandates of certain missions in the 1990s, China had difficulty in adapting to this new development. It felt particularly uncomfortable with the use of force in wider peacekeeping missions and with peace enforcemen
59、t carried out by pivotal states. Its changing voting behaviour in the cases of Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti and Bosnia is particularly instructive as it shows how Beijing struggled to find the right balance between growing int
60、ernational pressure arising out </p><p> The failure of the UN operation in Somalia had an important impact on China’s scepticism against peace enforcement. In April 1992, peacekeepers had been deployed in
61、an environment of ongoing violence to monitor a cease-fire between warlords. China voted in favour of the resolutions that mandated the US-led united task force (UNITAF) under chapter VII to use ‘‘a(chǎn)ll necessary means’’ t
62、o secure a stable environment. But the Chinese representative in the UNSC always insisted that these ‘‘exceptional </p><p> As a consequence, China abstained in the vote that authorized a French-led multina
63、tional operation to end the unfolding Rwandan genocide in June 1994. The resolution of this peace enforcement mission permitted the use of force while stressing the ‘‘strictly humanitarian character’’ and ‘‘impartial and
64、 neutral fashion’’ of the operation as well as the ‘‘unique case which demands an urgent response by the international community.’’ But the Chinese representative explained that the operation lacked</p><p>
65、 China’s lessons from Somalia also reinforced its opposition to the use of force by pivotal states in the case of Haiti. Back in September 1993, China had supported the UN mission in Haiti (UNMIH), which was to create a
66、new police force and to modernize the military. But in July 1994, when the UNSC mandated a US-led multinational force to provide a secure environment for UNMIH, China abstained in the vote, cautioning that the use of for
67、ce by a “certain group of states’’ would create a ‘‘dangerous</p><p> The frequently changing mandate of UNPROFOR in Bosnia and later Croatia is a prime example of wider peacekeeping – and of Beijing’s stru
68、ggle with revising its lessons learnt in Somalia and Rwanda. From the outset, China could agree on extending UNPROFOR’s mandate to address humanitarian concerns, such as the protection of Sarajevo airport, the delivery o
69、f humanitarian assistance and the establishment of ‘‘pink zones’’ to shelter ethnic Croats in Bosnia. But Beijing opposed all those resolutions </p><p> In mid-1993, however, when the fighting between the e
70、thnic groups in Bosnia intensified, Beijing was able to overcome this concern – even though with unease – and voted in favour of resolutions that limited the use of force to specific cases: to shield civilians from attac
71、ks in so-called safe areas, to protect the freedom of movement of the peacekeepers and to defend themselves. While stating its reservation against the use of force, China pointed out that it would support these resolutio
72、ns out </p><p> A United Nations peacekeeping operation, as the name indicates, is for the purpose of keeping peace rather than fighting. …The establishment of this force is for the purpose of enforcement a
73、ction and brings about a de facto change to the peacekeeping status of UNPROFOR. Once the force is put into operation, it is bound to become a party to the conflict, thus depriving UNPROFOR of its status as a peace-keepi
74、ng force.</p><p> In November 1995, the Dayton Agreement concluded the war in Bosnia after a heavy air campaign by NATO forces had coerced the Bosnian Serbs back to the negotiation table. The UNSC decided t
75、hat UNPROFOR should be replaced by the NATO-led multinational IFOR, which was authorized to use force in order to implement the Dayton Agreement, to control the airspace over Bosnia, to defend itself against attacks and
76、to assist in the withdrawal of UNPROFOR. China voted in favour of this resolution, yet its r</p><p> In the following year, Beijing also supported the replacement of IFOR by SFOR, again a NATO-led multinati
77、onal mission authorized to conduct peace enforcement in order to ensure compliance with the Dayton Agreement. China once again expressed its reservation against the use of force in UNPKO but voted in favour of the resolu
78、tion because SFOR would accept the leadership of the UNSC and act at the ‘‘requests of the parties concerned.’’ As its voting behaviour regarding UN peacekeeping in Bosnia ill</p><p> China’s familiarizatio
79、n with peace support operations</p><p> At the turn of the millennium, China familiarized itself fairly quickly with an emerging type of UNPKO: peace support operations. This process was accelerated by the
80、events of the Kosovo crisis of 1999, which came as a real shock to Chinese diplomats. Not only had Western powers intervened militarily in the Kosovo conflict without seeking prior authorization of the UNSC, more</p&g
81、t;<p> dramatically, NATO had also mistakenly bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. As a result, Beijing abstained in the vote on establishing the UN mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) as the first UN peace support oper
82、ation and on authorizing the NATO-led Kosovo force (KFOR) to enforce the peace in June 1999.</p><p> Yet this unpleasant experience of being sidelined in the UNSC prompted Beijing to play a more active role
83、 in the establishment of a new UNPKO in East Timor, which should end large-scale killing and looting after a call for independence in August 1999. The Chinese representative insisted on the consent of the target country
84、and a mandate of the UNSC as preconditions for this</p><p><b> mission:</b></p><p> According to the Charter of the United Nations, the Security Council bears the primary responsib
85、ility for the maintenance of international and regional peace. The issue of East Timor must be solved through the United Nations. The deployment of any peacekeeping force should be at the request of the Indonesian govern
86、ment and endorsed by the Security Council.</p><p> When Indonesia was willing to assent to this intervention, the Australian-led INTERFET was mandated to restore peace and security in East Timor. By October
87、 1999, stability had been largely established, and the UNSC authorized the UN transitional administration in East Timor (UNTAET) to fulfil its broad mandate. China voted in favour of both the peace enforcement mission an
88、d the subsequent peace support operation. Obviously, Beijing regarded its support as a good opportunity to project its image </p><p> China also endorsed the establishment of the next peace support operatio
89、n in October 1999 when the ongoing UN observer mission in Sierra Leone was replaced by the UN mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) to implement a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration plan, to monitor the ceasefire,
90、 to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance, and to support the elections. UNAMSIL was mandated to ‘‘take the necessary action’’ under chapter VII, but this time the use of force was explicitly res</p>
91、<p> Beijing supported all subsequent peace support operations in Congo, Liberia, Co? te d’Ivoire, Haiti, Burundi and Sudan – often without any explanation of its vote. For each of these missions, the authorization
92、 of the use of force was explicitly limited to the protection of UN personnel, their freedom of movement and civilians under imminent threat of physical violence. In Liberia, Co? te d’Ivoire and Haiti, pivotal states or
93、alliances had taken the responsibility to carry out peace enforcement t</p><p> China’s Flexibility with the UN Peacekeeping Principles</p><p> China’s fear of an uncontrollable use of force b
94、y peacekeeping troops is crucial for understanding its voting behaviour on UNPKO. Whenever resolutions authorizing the use of ‘‘a(chǎn)ll necessary means’’ under chapter VII did not specify the level of force to be used, China
95、 abstained in the vote. But as early as 1993, Chinese diplomats began to support robust peacekeeping missions – though not without a dissociating explanation – if the use of force was clearly restricted to the protection
96、 of the peac</p><p> But when IFOR and SFOR were established as the first complex peace support operations, Beijing could no longer afford to abstain from a larger peace-building process in Bosnia without d
97、amaging its reputation, even though these missions were largely run by NATO. By the end of the 1990s, China had gradually managed to reinterpret two of the three UNPKO principles: the minimum use of force and the imparti
98、ality of the peacekeepers.</p><p> The turning point of China’s voting behaviour regarding UNPKO was marked by its support for INTERFET in September 1999. For the first time, Beijing did not dissociate itse
99、lf from a resolution authorizing pivotal states to enforce the peace. Since then, China has voted in favour of every newly established UNPKO and provided Chinese peacekeepers to each one of them, even if these missions i
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