外文翻譯---旅游是羅馬尼亞區(qū)域發(fā)展的重要經(jīng)濟(jì)因素（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文2935字，1850單詞，10300英文字符</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目：TOURISM – ECONOMIC GROWTH FACTOR AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANIA

2、 </p><p>　　出 處：Metode statistice aplicate în analiza turismului rural, Tez? de doctorat, 2009 </p><p>　　作 者： Adrian Liviu SCUTAR

3、IU </p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　TOURISM – ECONOMIC GROWTH FACTOR AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANIA </p><p>

4、;　　Adrian Liviu SCUTARIU</p><p>　　Abstract </p><p>　　This paper aims to emphasize some aspects concerning the evolution of the tourism and its role in economic growth and regional development.

5、The first part presents a conceptual delimitation of tourism, and the next parts are focused on the link of tourism with economic growth and regional development. We also present the organizational frame of the regional

6、development policy and the role of tourism in this policy objectives achievement, and the final part brings some conclusions and some future</p><p>　　Introduction </p><p>　　The tourism became at

7、 present time one of the most important industries in the world, having an outstanding place in most of national economies. The spectacular increase of this activity, in terms of volume, but also from the incomes point o

8、f view, as well as its importance as exporting branch, lead us in making the incursion that follows, with the purpose of emphasize the role of tourism in the economic growth and regional development.</p><p>

9、　　2.Tourism – short conceptual delimitations </p><p>　　The appearance of the tourism as an economic-organizatoric activity, at national level, took place in the second half of the twenty century, in the same

10、 time with the inclusion in the services (tertiary) sector of some new branches of national economies, generally called tourist industry. </p><p>　　The new economic theory of tourism recognized the link betw

11、een tourism and economic development of a country, the tourism being treated in a complex way, not only as recreational trip, but together with all the economic link that creates. So, at the present moment, this notion i

12、ncludes a whole industry, component of the services industry, which contributes at the tourist demands satisfaction, respectively: hotels, transports, entertainment.</p><p>　　There were several different def

13、initions given for tourism during the twenty century, but we will focus on some present approaches, accepted by most of the specialists of the field.</p><p>　　The tourism can be shortly defined as being [Mi

14、nciu, Baron, Neacu, 1991, 1993] an economic-social phenomenon specific for the modern civilization, strongly anchored in the life of the society and influenced by its evolution, with a high dynamism and having large soci

15、al segments as target. It involves a large human capital and influences the evolution of the economy and society.</p><p>　　So, one can notice, that, in the tourism definition, appeared more and more elements

16、 referring to the industry that handles the tourist need satisfaction, fact also revealed by The Little Encyclopedic Dictionary, which considers tourism as “a side of the tertiary sector of the economy, where the goal of

17、 the provided activity is the organization and ongoing of entertainment trips, or of persons travels at various congresses and meetings, including all the necessary activities for the consuming an</p><p>　　I

18、n order to clarify the aspects regarding the tourist phenomenon definition, one can use the inductive method in order to get to a most possible comprehensive definition, aiming to retain the main elements that are charac

19、teristic for the tourist activity [Neacu, Baron, Snak, 2006, 21]: </p><p>　　? travel of the persons during their trip; </p><p>　　? the stay in a settlement out of their domicile (permanent res

20、idence) of the person that travels; </p><p>　　? the stay have a limited period; </p><p>　　? the stay doesn’t become a definitive residence.</p><p>　　Continuing the anterior ideas,

21、 we will mention a definition variant, that includes the business travels, too, proposed by the professor dr. Claude Kaspar (the president of the International Association of the Scientific Experts in Tourism (A.I.E.S.

22、T.)): “The tourism is an ensemble of relations and facts constituted from the travel and the stay of the persons for which the place of stay is not their home and not the principal place of their professional activity”.&

23、lt;/p><p>　　Considering the role and the economic-social importance of the intern (national) tourism, The World Tourism Organization (WTO) elaborated a definition of the national tourism, so we can consider nat

24、ional tourist any person which visits a place that is not his/her usual residence, situated inside his/her residence country and having a different purpose that a remunerated activity and with a staying of at least one n

25、ight .</p><p>　　3.The place and role of tourism in the economy</p><p>　　Tourism, as an important element of the tertiary sector and industry with huge potential, has an increasingly role in the

26、economy of a country, being a factor which the economic growth is based on. </p><p>　　By "economic growth" we mean a complex process involving the entire economic system, which is determined by th

27、e results of economic activity and is considered the only factor that ensures the economic success in the long term of each state. </p><p>　　The tertiary or services sector has become prevalent in the postw

28、ar period, its role becomes more important, diversifying its activities in terms of content, taking different forms of expression, which have expanded and diversified ways of achieving social product, thus becoming a sig

29、nificant component of the reproduction mechanism. In developed countries this sector weightings are high.</p><p>　　The services sector, as any other sector, experienced a development from early forms of the

30、basic activities up to actual structures, which are characterized by a maximum utility for individuals and society. </p><p>　　Tourism, as economic activity, includes various services that derive from the bas

31、ic ones: information, placement of tourist travels, accommodation, food selling, offering treatments, as well as leisure and entertainment.</p><p>　　Tourist offer increased both quantitatively and qualitativ

32、ely, giving rise to a genuine industry of tourism, which requires the consideration of the tourism phenomenon as a growing distinct branch of the national economy, component of the tertiary sector. Separate treatment com

33、e from the complexity and specific nature compared to traditional branches of an economy. However, tourism is in close connection with the development of other sectors, being a consequence branch. </p><p>　

34、　As socio-economic changes in the contemporary era have created and developed tourism, this in turn bringing by default a specific demand for goods and services necessary to consolidate tourism product, it stimulates som

35、e productive sectors such as: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade, communications, culture, healthcare, etc.</p><p>　　From the expenditures of the tourist-consumer of goods and services, wh

36、ich turns into money for the economic units of tourism industry (transport, accommodation, food, recreation, treatment etc.), some goes directly to those units as profits and cash funds for pay their workers, some goes t

37、o the state budget as taxes, fees, and another part reach other branches of the economy as payment for goods delivered and services rendered by them for the needs of tourism industry. </p><p>　　Considering

38、tourist products consumed by foreign visitors during their stay, international tourism will appear as a form of "invisible export", with advantages such as the duty free sale of products to foreign tourists int

39、o the country. Therefore, tourism has often a higher labor efficiency than classical export of goods, and some of them, consumed by tourists during the stay, nor would be subject of classic export because of being peris

40、h, of their costs of transport or other prohibitive measur</p><p>　　Due to the economic advantage of international tourism, many developing countries have taken steps to develop their tourism industry, this

41、form of "invisible trade" in the economy could bring large quantities of currency. </p><p>　　Some statistical data come to support the previous statements. The spectacular development of tourism i

42、n the last period can be observed also from the fact that the total number of tourists traveling abroad have increased from 1995 to 2008, becoming almost twice (Figure no.1). </p><p>　　Source: O.M.T., UNWTO

43、World Tourism Barometer, Volume 7, No.1, January 2009 </p><p>　　Figure no.1. International tourist arrivals (millions)</p><p>　　The exemplification of the tourism place may also come from the fa

44、ct that in The E.U. Member States about 20 million people are directly or indirectly involved in tourism, the share of it in the creation of gross domestic product of these countries being on average of about 4% [Posteln

45、icu, 1997 , 53].</p><p>　　6. The role of tourism in the regional development objectives achievement </p><p>　　The regional development policy main objective is to reduce the economic and social

46、 disparities that exists between the various regions of Europe.</p><p>　　Several of the regional development policies objectives can be achieved by boosting a field of activity that has some undisputed aces:

47、 the tourism. In this part of the paper, we in tend to succinctly design some arguments for the ideas formerly expressed concerning the role of tourism in the regional development.</p><p>　　The sustainable r

48、egional development must necessarily correlate and integrate the Romanian tourism, between the other components of the local economy, taking also into account that this clean industry does not affect the environment, and

49、, generally, does not requires big investments. A good sustainable development project, included in a regional development program, supposes the less investments costs in this activity, the more harmoniously the integra

50、tion is made. The tourism can become an imp</p><p>　　The tourism can contribute more than other sectors at the achievement of some larger objectives, established by governments as priorities in the general

51、interest of the citizens: fighting against poverty, life conditions improvement, currency receipts increasing, the intensification of the links between countries and even political purposes.</p><p>　　The gen

52、eral objective of the regional development policy, reducing existing regional imbalances, with emphasis on balanced growth and revitalization of disadvantaged areas can be reached also by stimulating the areas with tour

53、ist potential, for which the tourism would represent one of the less possibilities of standard of living and development increase (especially in the rural areas). The development of the tourism by the capitalization of t

54、he existing potential can lead also to the achievemen</p><p>　　7. Conclusions</p><p>　　In the actual period, the tourism became an outstanding element of the tertiary sector, having an important

55、 role in the economy of a country and being one of the factors that contribute at the economic growth. </p><p>　　As we presented, the tourism had an extraordinary development all over the world, the number o

56、f tourists being twice as much than 15 years ago, and the incomes from tourism increased considerably. Its effects can be noticed in the development of its good and services suppliers’ branches, the whole economy of the

57、zone being stimulated in this way, through the so-called multiplier effect. At the tourism stimulation, as branch that doesn’t need important investments and don’t affect environment, th</p><p>　　After a gen

58、eral presentation of the regional development coordinates in Romania, we designed some development possibilities for the tourism with the help of the founds that can be accessed through this policy. In Romania there is a

59、n important potential for the tourism development. There are several causes for which the tourist activity level is not as high as the existing potential, such as: infrastructure low developed or the low quality of the s

60、ervices. By accessing these founds, several of th</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　旅游是羅馬尼亞區(qū)域發(fā)展的重要經(jīng)濟(jì)因素</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文旨在強(qiáng)調(diào)一些因素對旅游業(yè)發(fā)

61、展演變的影響和旅游業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、區(qū)域發(fā)展中的作用。第一部分，簡要的介紹旅游業(yè)的概念。然后，接下來重點(diǎn)闡述旅游業(yè)與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長以及區(qū)域發(fā)展之間的聯(lián)系。我們也將介紹區(qū)域發(fā)展政策的組織目標(biāo)和旅游業(yè)在實(shí)現(xiàn)這些政策目標(biāo)中的作用。最后部分得出結(jié)論并給出一些羅馬尼亞旅游業(yè)未來的發(fā)展方向。</p><p><b>　　一、引言</b></p><p>　　如今，旅游業(yè)成為世界上最重要的產(chǎn)

62、業(yè)之一，在很多國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中有著顯著的地位。旅游業(yè)在數(shù)量上、收入上都有劇烈的增加，并成為重要的出口部門。這讓我們做如下的研究，目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)旅游業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和區(qū)域發(fā)展中地位和作用。</p><p><b>　　二、旅游業(yè)概念簡介</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)下半葉，旅游作為國家層面的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織活動出現(xiàn)，同時包括國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中一些新的分支的服務(wù)部門統(tǒng)稱旅游業(yè)。</

63、p><p>　　關(guān)于旅游業(yè)的新經(jīng)濟(jì)理論認(rèn)為，旅游業(yè)和一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展存在聯(lián)系。旅游業(yè)被認(rèn)為是一種復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)業(yè)，它不是只有休閑一個部門，還聯(lián)系著其他所有與之有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)部門。因此，現(xiàn)在旅游業(yè)的這一概念包含了整個行業(yè)，包括那些為滿足旅客需求的服務(wù)部門，分別有：住宿、交通、娛樂等。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)，關(guān)于旅游業(yè)有幾種不同的定義，我們集中介紹目前最被該領(lǐng)域?qū)＜宜邮艿囊恍┒x。</p&

64、gt;<p>　　旅游業(yè)可以被簡短的定義為一種社會經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象尤其是對現(xiàn)代文明來講，其演變過程對社會生活有著重大的影響。旅游業(yè)具有高度的活力和眾多的目標(biāo)群體。它涉及大量的人力資本，并關(guān)系到經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的發(fā)展[Minciu, Baron, Neacu, 1991, 1993]。</p><p>　　因此，人們可以注意到，在對旅游業(yè)進(jìn)行定義時，越來越多的理論研究把重點(diǎn)放在處理游客的滿意程度上。小百科詞典也揭示

65、了這個事實(shí)，它是這樣解釋旅游業(yè)的：“第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的一部分，提供活動的目標(biāo)，是組織和持續(xù)一項娛樂，或者是各種私人的論壇、會議為目的的旅行，包括為滿足消費(fèi)者所有消費(fèi)和服務(wù)的需要的活動?！?lt;/p><p>　　為了弄清有關(guān)旅游現(xiàn)象的定義，我們可以使用綜合歸納法，以獲得一個最合適的定義，旨在保留反應(yīng)旅游活動性質(zhì)的主要內(nèi)容如下[Neacu, Baron, Snak, 2006, 21]：</p><p>

66、;<b>　　旅行途中的人</b></p><p><b>　　離開居住地在外逗留</b></p><p><b>　　停留時間有限</b></p><p><b>　　沒有明確住處的停留</b></p><p>　　Claude Kaspar教授提出旅游

67、還包括商務(wù)出行，這一定義是對前面觀點(diǎn)的延續(xù)。他在（A.I.E.S.T）中寫道：“旅游業(yè)是人們旅行和住宿的整合，他們所停留居住的地方既不是他們的家也不是他們從事專業(yè)活動的場所?！?lt;/p><p>　　考慮到國際旅游對國家社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要性，世界旅游組織對國際旅游進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的定義，人們?yōu)榱诵蓍e、商務(wù)或其它目的離開他她們慣常住宿，到另一個國家并逗留在那里這少超過一晚上。</p><p>　　旅游業(yè)

68、在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位和作用</p><p>　　旅游業(yè)，做為第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要組成部分，具有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。它在國家?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的作用日益增強(qiáng)，成為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的一個重要因素。我們認(rèn)為所謂的“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長”是整個經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中的一個復(fù)雜過程，這是由經(jīng)濟(jì)活動決定的，并被認(rèn)為是確保每個國家經(jīng)濟(jì)長期成功的唯一因素。</p><p>　　經(jīng)濟(jì)增長是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)長期持續(xù)增長的結(jié)果。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長包括國民生產(chǎn)總值，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和國

69、民生產(chǎn)凈額，加上生產(chǎn)要素的使用效率和人均總值的增長，其中也包括經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整。</p><p>　　二戰(zhàn)后，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，其作用也越來越重要。第三產(chǎn)業(yè)為實(shí)現(xiàn)社會產(chǎn)出的內(nèi)容和形式也愈發(fā)的多種多樣，因此成為再生產(chǎn)機(jī)制的重要組成部分。在發(fā)達(dá)國家第三產(chǎn)業(yè)這一部門的比重已經(jīng)很高。</p><p>　　服務(wù)部門也像其他部門一樣，經(jīng)歷了從早期的基本活動發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。服務(wù)部門對私人和社會都具有

70、最大效用。</p><p>　　旅游作為經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，主要包括以下一些服務(wù)：提供旅游信息，旅游行程安排，住宿，餐飲，休閑和娛樂。</p><p>　　旅游服務(wù)在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上的增加，便出現(xiàn)了真正的旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)。旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)被認(rèn)為是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的分支，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的組成部分。相對于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中一些傳統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜具體的分支，旅游業(yè)又有所不同，但是，作為一個重要的分支，它與其他行業(yè)的發(fā)展聯(lián)系密切。</p>&

71、lt;p>　　正如當(dāng)代社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的改變創(chuàng)造和發(fā)展了旅游業(yè)，反過來，為了鞏固旅游產(chǎn)品又產(chǎn)生了對商品和服務(wù)的特殊需求。這就刺激了一些生產(chǎn)部門如：工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、運(yùn)輸、貿(mào)易、通訊、文化、衛(wèi)生等。</p><p>　　把商品和服務(wù)的消費(fèi)收入，變成旅游業(yè)（交通，住宿，餐飲，娛樂，治療等）的各個經(jīng)濟(jì)部門的支出時，一些直接進(jìn)入這些單位的利潤和用于支付工人工資的現(xiàn)金，一些有的用于稅收、費(fèi)用，還有一部分用于支付旅游服務(wù)行業(yè)

72、的其他經(jīng)濟(jì)部門如運(yùn)輸和其他有需要的部門的費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　考慮到外國游客在逗留期間消費(fèi)的旅游產(chǎn)品，國際旅游業(yè)會出現(xiàn)一個“隱形出口”的優(yōu)勢，如外國游客在該國購買免稅的商品。這就使旅游業(yè)在勞動效率上往往比傳統(tǒng)的商品出口更高。其中的一些旅游產(chǎn)品，被游客逗留期間所消耗了，也就不會出現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的出口問題，因為不存在運(yùn)輸或者其他禁止措施的費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　因為國際旅游具有經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，所以

73、許多發(fā)展中國家加快發(fā)展他們的旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)，這種“無形貿(mào)易”的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢可能帶來大量的收益。</p><p>　　很多統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)了前面的說法。從1995年到2008年國家間旅游者總數(shù)將近翻了兩番，從這我們可以看出過去一段時間旅游業(yè)的巨大發(fā)展。（表1）</p><p>　　來源：O.M.T.,UNWTO World Tourism Barometer,Volume7,No.1,January200

74、9</p><p>　　表1.國際旅游者人數(shù)（百萬）</p><p>　　歐盟各成員國中約20億人直接或間接參與旅游業(yè)，創(chuàng)造的產(chǎn)值約占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的4% [Postelnicu, 1997 , 53]</p><p>　　六、旅游業(yè)在實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域發(fā)展目標(biāo)中的作用</p><p>　　區(qū)域發(fā)展政策的主要目標(biāo)是減少歐洲許多地區(qū)之間在社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)上的差異

75、。</p><p>　　區(qū)域發(fā)展政策的多個目標(biāo)可以通過一個毫無爭議的活動領(lǐng)域-旅游來實(shí)現(xiàn)。在文章的這一部分，我將簡單的列舉幾個論據(jù)來論證前面的所說的旅游業(yè)在區(qū)域發(fā)展中的作用。</p><p>　　區(qū)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展與羅馬尼亞旅游業(yè)有著必然的聯(lián)系。與地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的其他組成部分相比，旅游業(yè)是一干凈的產(chǎn)業(yè)對環(huán)境無害，而且，一般不需要太大的投資。一個好的可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，應(yīng)該是在一個區(qū)域發(fā)展規(guī)劃中，用較少的

76、投資成本，創(chuàng)造出更和諧的整體效應(yīng)。旅游業(yè)可以成為經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分，它可以改變領(lǐng)土輪廓，對欠發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展有重要促進(jìn)作用。</p><p>　　政府通過考慮市民的整體利益而確定的目標(biāo)：對抗貧困、提高生活環(huán)境、增加收入、加強(qiáng)各國間的聯(lián)系和政治交流。在實(shí)現(xiàn)上面的一些大目標(biāo)上，旅游業(yè)要比其他部門起的促進(jìn)作用大。</p><p>　　區(qū)域發(fā)展政策的總體目標(biāo)是，減少目前區(qū)域間的不平衡，尤其是

77、平衡和振興不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)。這一總體目標(biāo)也可以通過刺激一個地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)潛力來實(shí)現(xiàn)，因此，旅游業(yè)可以說是提高生活水平加快地方發(fā)展的可能性之一（尤其是對農(nóng)村地區(qū)）。通過大力開發(fā)現(xiàn)在具有潛力發(fā)展旅游業(yè)地區(qū)也可以實(shí)現(xiàn)ERDF的目標(biāo)。ERDF籌集資金明確表示是為投資支持旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展和文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)，以期望為創(chuàng)造勞動場所提供條件。</p><p><b>　　七、結(jié)論</b></p><p&

78、gt;　　事實(shí)上，旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)成為第三產(chǎn)業(yè)中的突出部分，在一國經(jīng)濟(jì)中起重要的作用，并且是一國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的因素之一。</p><p>　　如我們之前所提到的，旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)在世界各地以驚人的速度發(fā)展，旅客人數(shù)是15年前的兩倍，旅游業(yè)收入也大幅度的增加。貨物和服務(wù)供應(yīng)部門的發(fā)展就可以看出，該區(qū)域的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)也因此受到了刺激，這就是所謂的乘數(shù)效應(yīng)。在旅游業(yè)的刺激下，各分支部門不需要大量的投資，而且不影響環(huán)境，發(fā)展政策也可以成功的