外文翻譯--恒流源

1、<p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p><b>　　恒流源</b></p><p>　　電流源是電氣或電子裝置，可提供或吸收電流。一個(gè)電流源是一個(gè)電壓源雙。術(shù)語(yǔ)恒流源有時(shí)用來(lái)從一個(gè)負(fù)電壓電源饋來(lái)源。圖1顯示了一個(gè)理想的電流源驅(qū)動(dòng)的電阻負(fù)載的原理圖。</p><p><b>　　圖1理想電流源</b>

2、</p><p><b>　　1、理想電流源</b></p><p>　　在電路理論，理想電流源電路元件的電流通過(guò)時(shí)與其兩端的電壓無(wú)關(guān)。這是一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)模型。如果通過(guò)一個(gè)理想的電流源電流可以指定獨(dú)立于任何其他變量的電路，它被稱(chēng)為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的電流源。相反，如果其他一些電壓或電路中的電流通過(guò)一個(gè)理想電流源的電流決定，它被稱(chēng)為從屬或控制的電流源。這些源符號(hào)，如圖2所示。</

3、p><p><b>　　圖2各種電流源符號(hào)</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)獨(dú)立的電流源與零電流是相同的理想開(kāi)路?；谶@個(gè)原因，一個(gè)理想電流源內(nèi)阻是無(wú)限的。在一個(gè)理想的電流源的電壓是完全取決于它的連接電路。當(dāng)連接到短路，存在零電壓，從而零功率交付。當(dāng)連接到負(fù)載電阻兩端的電壓接近源的負(fù)載電阻接近無(wú)窮大（開(kāi)路）。因此，一個(gè)理想的電流源可提供無(wú)限的能量將代表無(wú)限的能源來(lái)源。連接

4、的理想開(kāi)路理想非零電流源是無(wú)效的，在電路的電路方程分析將是自相矛盾的，例如，5 = 0。</p><p>　　沒(méi)有真正的電流源是理想的（不存在無(wú)限的能源），并且所有的有限的內(nèi)部電阻（沒(méi)有人能提供無(wú)限的電壓）。然而，內(nèi)部電阻電流源建模的有效結(jié)合電路分析與理想電流源非零并聯(lián)電阻（諾頓等效電路）。</p><p><b>　　2、電阻電流源</b></p>&

5、lt;p>　　最簡(jiǎn)單的電流源包括一個(gè)與一個(gè)電阻器系列電壓源。目前從這樣的來(lái)源可以是由兩端的電壓源電壓比電阻器的電阻提供。對(duì)于一個(gè)幾近完美的電流源，這個(gè)電阻值應(yīng)該是非常大的，但是這意味著，在規(guī)定的電流，電壓源必須是非常大的。因此，效率低（由于功率的電阻損耗），它通常是不切實(shí)際的建好這樣的電流源。盡管如此，在很多情況下，這種電路將提供足夠的性能時(shí)指定的電流和負(fù)載電阻小。例如，與一個(gè)4.7K的歐姆電阻器系列5V的電壓源將提供一個(gè)大約1m

6、A的恒定電流（± 5％），以在50至450歐姆負(fù)載電阻范圍。 3、主動(dòng)電流源</p><p>　　主動(dòng)電流源在電子電路中的許多重要的應(yīng)用。 （電流）穩(wěn)定電阻電流源通常用于在模擬集成電路的歐姆電阻的地方產(chǎn)生的電流而不會(huì)導(dǎo)致一個(gè)在信號(hào)路徑的電流源連接點(diǎn)的衰減。一個(gè)雙極晶體管的集電極，一個(gè)場(chǎng)效應(yīng)晶體管，或一個(gè)真空管自然表現(xiàn)為（或匯漏電流源盤(pán)）當(dāng)正確連接到外部的能源來(lái)源（如電力供應(yīng)），因?yàn)檩敵鲞@些設(shè)備的高阻抗

7、，自然是當(dāng)電流源配置中使用。 4、結(jié)型場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管和N - FET電流源</p><p>　　一款JFET可作為一所捆綁的大門(mén)，它的源電流源。目前則是流動(dòng)的FET的IDSS的。這些就可以買(mǎi)到這個(gè)已經(jīng)在此設(shè)備被稱(chēng)為電流穩(wěn)壓二極管或恒定電流二極管或限流二極管（CLD）的案件有關(guān)。一個(gè)增強(qiáng)型N溝道MOSFET，可用于下列電路</p><p>　　5、簡(jiǎn)單晶體管電流源</p><

8、p>　　圖3顯示了一個(gè)典型的恒定電流源（CCS）的。 DZ1是一個(gè)齊納二極管，當(dāng)這種反向偏置（所示電路），它有一個(gè)恒定的電壓上，不論是流經(jīng)它的電流下降。因此，只要齊納電流（輸出型）超過(guò)一定水平（稱(chēng)為維持電流），對(duì)面的齊納二極管（VZ）的電壓將保持不變。電阻R1用品齊納電流和基極電流（IB）的的NPN晶體管（Q1）。恒定納電壓是適用于整個(gè)Q1和發(fā)射極電阻R2基地。電路的操作如下：R2的（VR2）電壓由下式給出VE- VBE中，在V

9、BE中是Q1基地發(fā)射極下降。Q1的發(fā)射極電流，也是經(jīng)過(guò)R2的電流由下式給出</p><p><b>　　圖3典型恒流源</b></p><p>　　由于VE不變，VBE中也（大約）某一溫度恒定，可以得出VR2是恒定的，所以IE也不變。由于晶體管的作用，發(fā)射極電流IE是非常接近等于集電極電流的晶體管集成電路（反過(guò)來(lái)，是當(dāng)前通過(guò)負(fù)載）。因此，負(fù)載電流為常數(shù)（忽略了晶體管，

10、由于早期的效果輸出電阻）和電路作為一個(gè)恒定電流源的運(yùn)作。只要溫度保持不變（或變化不大），負(fù)載電流將是電源電壓，R1和晶體管的增益無(wú)關(guān)。 R2的允許負(fù)載電流在任何可取的值集，并計(jì)算或,由于VBE中通常是0.65 V的硅器件（IR2也是發(fā)射極電流，并假設(shè)作為收藏家或負(fù)載所需的電流，同時(shí)提供HFE的足夠大）。阻力在電阻，其中，K= 1.2到2（使R1是足夠低，以確保有足夠的IB）， 是最低的，特別是可以接受的類(lèi)型正在使用的晶體管的電流增益。

11、6、簡(jiǎn)單晶體管電流源與二極管補(bǔ)償</p><p>　　溫度的變化會(huì)改變輸出電流由圖3電路交付因?yàn)閂BE對(duì)溫度很敏感。溫度補(bǔ)償?shù)囊蕾?lài)可以用圖4電路，包括一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（作為晶體管的半導(dǎo)體材料相同）與齊納二極管系列二極管D為在圖像顯示在左側(cè)。該二極管壓降（VD）的追蹤VBE中由于溫度變化和溫度，從而大大抵消了對(duì)CCS的依賴(lài)。</p><p><b>　　電阻,</b></

12、p><p>　　由于VD= VBE中= 0.65V，因此， ,</p><p><b>　　R1的計(jì)算方法</b></p><p><b>　　圖4補(bǔ)償電路</b></p><p>　　這種方法是最有效的齊納二極管，在5.6 V或以上評(píng)級(jí)。對(duì)于小于5.6 V時(shí)，補(bǔ)償二極管故障二極管通常不是必需的，因?yàn)閾?/p>

13、穿機(jī)理是溫度依賴(lài)并不像它在上述這個(gè)電壓擊穿二極管的。</p><p>　　7、簡(jiǎn)單晶體管電流源與LED</p><p>　　另一種方法是取代輕齊納二極管的發(fā)光二極管LED1，如圖5。 LED的電壓降（VD）現(xiàn)在用于推導(dǎo)恒壓，也有額外的跟蹤優(yōu)勢(shì)（補(bǔ)償）VBE中溫度引起的變化。 R2的計(jì)算公式為, R1的計(jì)算公式為,其中ID是LED電流。</p><p>　　圖5 LE

14、D1代替DZ1 圖6反饋電路</p><p>　　另一種常見(jiàn)的方法是使用反饋來(lái)設(shè)置當(dāng)前和消除對(duì)晶體管的VBE中的依賴(lài)。圖6顯示了一個(gè)非常普遍的使用方法與非反相在上面的例子中輸入連接到一個(gè)電壓源和反相輸入端連接到的電阻和晶體管的發(fā)射極相同的節(jié)點(diǎn)。這種方式產(chǎn)生的電壓是電阻兩端，而不是兩個(gè)電阻器和晶體管。 （詳見(jiàn)上的理想運(yùn)算放大器的文章 - 在零器。）電流鏡上的文章討論的另一個(gè)

15、這些所謂的收益，例如，提高了電流鏡。反饋也被用于兩個(gè)晶體管發(fā)射極電流鏡變性。反饋是在某些電流鏡使用諸如維德拉電流源和威爾遜電流源，多晶體管的基本特征。8、其他實(shí)際來(lái)源</p><p>　　在運(yùn)放電路的情況下，有時(shí)候是理想的注入電流精確已知的反相輸入（作為一個(gè)信號(hào)，例如輸入偏移量）和源之間的電壓和反相輸入端連接一個(gè)電阻將接近理想值為電流源V/R。</p><p><b>　　9

16、、電感式電流源</b></p><p>　　除其他應(yīng)用中，圖7電路采用LM317穩(wěn)壓器是用來(lái)向一個(gè)不斷在E級(jí)電流（開(kāi)關(guān)源）的電子放大器。 </p><p><b>　　圖7電感式電流源</b></p><p>　　10、當(dāng)前及電壓源比較 </p><p>　　大部分的電能的來(lái)源（主要電力，電池，...）是最好

17、的建模為電壓源。這種來(lái)源提供恒定的電壓，這意味著只要當(dāng)前從源頭上得出的數(shù)額在源的能力，但是它的輸出電壓保持不變。一個(gè)理想的電壓源規(guī)定，如果是由開(kāi)路加載沒(méi)有能源（即一個(gè)無(wú)限阻抗），但方法無(wú)限的功率和電流時(shí)，負(fù)載電阻趨近于零（短路）。這種理論的設(shè)備將有一個(gè)與源系列零歐姆的輸出阻抗。一個(gè)真正的世界電壓源具有非常低的，但不為零輸出阻抗：通常遠(yuǎn)小于1歐姆。 相反，電流源提供恒定電流，只要負(fù)載連接到源碼頭已經(jīng)足夠低的阻抗。一個(gè)理想的電流源將提供沒(méi)

18、有力氣短路和方法無(wú)限的能源和負(fù)載電阻接近無(wú)窮大電壓（開(kāi)路）。一個(gè)理想的電流源具有同時(shí)與源無(wú)限輸出阻抗。一個(gè)真正的世界電流源具有非常高，但有限的輸出阻抗。在晶體管電流源情況下，一（在直流）數(shù)兆歐阻抗典型。</p><p>　　一個(gè)理想電流源不能被連接到一個(gè)理想的開(kāi)路，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)造成正在運(yùn)行的一個(gè)常量，非零電流（從電流源）通過(guò)與定義零電流（開(kāi)放的電路元件）的矛盾。也不能理想電壓源連接到一個(gè)理想的短路相關(guān)（r = 0），

19、因?yàn)檫@將導(dǎo)致對(duì)有限非零元素上定義的電壓零電壓類(lèi)似的悖論（短路）。</p><p>　　由于沒(méi)有理想的品種或來(lái)源存在（所有現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的例子有限和非零源阻抗），任何電流源，可作為具有相同的源阻抗，反之亦然電壓源考慮。這些概念，均由諾頓和戴維南定理。附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　CURRENT SOURCE</p><p>　　A current sou

20、rce is an electrical or electronic device that delivers or absorbs electric current. A current source is the dual of a voltage source. The term constant-current sink is sometimes used for sources fed from a negative volt

21、age supply. Figure 1 shows a schematic for an ideal current source driving a resistor load.</p><p><b>　　Figure 1</b></p><p>　　Ideal current sources</p><p>　　In circuit t

22、heory, an ideal current source is a circuit element where the current through it is independent of the voltage across it. It is a mathematical model, which real devices can only approach in performance. If the current th

23、rough an ideal current source can be specified independently of any other variable in a circuit, it is called an independent current source. Conversely, if the current through an ideal current source is determined by som

24、e other voltage or current in a circuit, it is c</p><p><b>　　Figure 2</b></p><p>　　An independent current source with zero current is identical to an ideal open circuit. For this rea

25、son, the internal resistance of an ideal current source is infinite. The voltage across an ideal current source is completely determined by the circuit it is connected to. When connected to a short circuit, there is zero

26、 voltage and thus zero power delivered. When connected to a load resistance, the voltage across the source approaches infinity as the load resistance approaches infinity (an open ci</p><p>　　No real current

27、source is ideal (no unlimited energy sources exist) and all have a finite internal resistance (none can supply unlimited voltage). However, the internal resistance of a physical current source is effectively modeled in c

28、ircuit analysis by combining a non-zero resistance in parallel with an ideal current source (the Norton equivalent circuit).</p><p>　　Resistor current source</p><p>　　The simplest current source

29、 consists of a voltage source in series with a resistor. The current available from such a source is given by the ratio of the voltage across the voltage source to the resistance of the resistor. For a nearly ideal curre

30、nt source, the value of this resistor should be very large but this implies that, for a specified current, the voltage source must be very large. Thus, efficiency is low (due to power loss in the resistor) and it is usua

31、lly impractical to construct a 'g</p><p>　　Active current sources </p><p>　　Active current sources have many important applications in electronic circuits. Current sources (current-stable re

32、sistors) are often used in place of ohmic resistors in analog integrated circuits to generate a current without causing attenuation at a point in the signal path to which the current source is attached. The collector of

33、a bipolar transistor, the drain of a field effect transistor, or the plate of a vacuum tube naturally behave as current sources (or sinks) when properly connected to </p><p>　　JFET and N-FET current source&l

34、t;/p><p>　　A JFET can be made to act as a current source by tying its gate to its source. The current then flowing is the IDSS of the FET. These can be purchased with this connection already made and in this ca

35、se the devices are called current regulator diodes or constant current diodes or current limiting diodes (CLD). An enhancement mode N channel MOSFET can be used in the circuits listed below.</p><p>　　Simple

36、transistor current source</p><p>　　Figure 3 shows a typical constant current source (CCS). DZ1 is a zener diode which, when reverse biased (as shown in the circuit) has a constant voltage drop across it irre

37、spective of the current flowing through it. Thus, as long as the zener current (IZ) is above a certain level (called holding current), the voltage across the zener diode (VZ) will be constant. Resistor R1 supplies the ze

38、ner current and the base current (IB) of NPN transistor (Q1). The constant zener voltage is applied across t</p><p>　　Voltage across R2 (VR2) is given by VZ - VBE, where VBE is the base-emitter drop of Q1. T

39、he emitter current of Q1 which is also the current through R2 is given by.</p><p><b>　　Figure 3</b></p><p>　　Since VZ is constant and VBE is also (approximately) constant for a given

40、 temperature, it follows that VR2 is constant and hence IE is also constant. Due to transistor action, emitter current IE is very nearly equal to the collector current IC of the transistor (which in turn, is the current

41、through the load). Thus, the load current is constant (neglecting the output resistance of the transistor due to the Early effect) and the circuit operates as a constant current source. As long as the temper</p>&

42、lt;p>　　A more common current source in integrated circuits is the current mirror.</p><p>　　Simple transistor current source with diode compensation</p><p>　　Temperature changes will change th

43、e output current delivered by the circuit of Figure 3 because VBE is sensitive to temperature. Temperature dependence can be compensated using the circuit of Figure 4 that includes a standard diode D (of the same semicon

44、ductor material as the transistor) in series with the Zener diode as shown in the image on the left. The diode drop (VD) tracks the VBE changes due to temperature and thus significantly counteracts temperature dependence

45、 of the CCS.</p><p>　　Resistance R2 is now calculated as</p><p>　　Since VD = VBE = 0.65 V,</p><p>　　Therefore, .</p><p><b>　　Figure 4</b></p><p&g

46、t;　　This method is most effective for Zener diodes rated at 5.6 V or more. For breakdown diodes of less than 5.6 V, the compensating diode is usually not required because the breakdown mechanism is not as temperature dep

47、endent as it is in breakdown diodes above this voltage.</p><p>　　Simple transistor current source with LED</p><p>　　Another method is to replace the Zener diode with a light-emitting diode LED1

48、as shown in Figure 5. The LED voltage drop (VD) is now used to derive the constant voltage and also has the additional advantage of tracking (compensating) VBE changes due to temperature. R2 is calculated as ,and R1 as

49、, where ID is the LED current.</p><p>　　Figure 5 Figure 6</p><p>　　Another common method is to use feedback to set the current and remove the dependence on the Vbe of

50、 the transistor. Figure 6 shows a very common approach using an op amp with the non-inverting input connected to a voltage source (such as the Zener in an above example) and the inverting input connected to the same node

51、 as the resistor and emitter of the transistor. This way the generated voltage is across the resistor, rather than both the resistor and transistor. (For details, see the article on</p><p>　　Other practical

52、sources</p><p>　　In the case of opamp circuits sometimes it is desired to inject a precisely known current to the inverting input (as an offset of signal input for instance) and a resistor connected between

53、the source voltage and the inverting input will approximate an ideal current source with value V/R.</p><p>　　Inductor type current source</p><p>　　Amongst other applications, the circuit of Figu

54、re 7 using the LM317 voltage regulator is used to present a source of constant current in Class E (switching) electronic amplifiers.</p><p><b>　　Figure 7</b></p><p>　　Current and vol

55、tage source comparison</p><p>　　Most sources of electrical energy (mains electricity, a battery, ...) are best modeled as voltage sources. Such sources provide constant voltage, which means that as long as t

56、he amount of current drawn from the source is within the source's capabilities, its output voltage stays constant. An ideal voltage source provides no energy when it is loaded by an open circuit (i.e. an infinite imp

57、edance), but approaches infinite power and current when the load resistance approaches zero (a short circuit)</p><p>　　Conversely, a current source provides a constant current, as long as the load connected

58、to the source terminals has sufficiently low impedance. An ideal current source would provide no energy to a short circuit and approach infinite energy and voltage as the load resistance approaches infinity (an open circ

59、uit). An ideal current source has an infinite output impedance in parallel with the source. A real-world current source has a very high, but finite output impedance. In the case of transistor </p><p>　　An id

60、eal current source cannot be connected to an ideal open circuit because this would create the paradox of running a constant, non-zero current (from the current source) through an element with a defined zero current (the

61、open circuit). Nor can an ideal voltage source be connected to an ideal short circuit (R=0), since this would result a similar paradox of finite non zero voltage across an element with defined zero voltage (the short cir

62、cuit).</p><p>　　Because no ideal sources of either variety exist (all real-world examples have finite and non-zero source impedance), any current source can be considered as a voltage source with the same so