外文翻譯--- 土石壩的施工

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Rapid construction of the embankment dam</p><p>　　Abstract : In recent decades, the soil core rockfill dam has gradually become the world's constr

2、uction of the high dam-one of the mainstream, With the new earth and the huge investments in machinery and construction technology of filling a higher level, Meanwhile dams in-depth testing, greatly expanding the embankm

3、ent dam scope of the materials and the use of materials for model for more extensive embankment dam will provide favorable conditions to change the long-standing embankment dam with a </p><p>　　Key words : e

4、mbankment dam Rapid construction Construction</p><p>　　1 Overview </p><p>　　Also known as the embankment dam dam local materials, the necessary soil in situ stone mining in general, but can al

5、so make full use of the excavated material. having to basic requirements, low deformation based on the character, filling construction, and can be divided into RCC-grade. Fill-rockfill dam, directional blasting rockfill

6、dam, the hydraulic fill dams, hydro-filled dam and masonry dam in different ways. Parabolic which administered rockfill dam no longer, directional blasting rockfill</p><p>　　2 The need for rapid construction

7、 </p><p>　　With the dam construction technology, concrete gravity dam dam the technology continues to improve, while the rubber dam and other new dam-constant use, there is a traditional embankment dam filli

8、ng a large quantity of a long time to build the shortcomings become extremely prominent, how to fully exploit the technology itself embankment dam low, right foundation adaptability, full use of local materials to the tr

9、aditional advantages to speed up the construction schedule, as Pa-an important optio</p><p>　　2.1 Based on the uncertainty, the need to accelerate the progress of measures </p><p>　　With the hyd

10、ropower development progress in basic bad place to build a large embankment dams, In order to meet the capacity and infrastructure foundation impervious to the needs, often based on the completion of treatment can only b

11、e reclaimed after construction, however, foundation of a more complicated, especially in deep-cover construction projects, infrastructure projects are large, unpredictable factors, often need cutoff Vibroflotation, curta

12、in grouting, grouting consolidation of the found</p><p>　　2.2 Hydro-meteorological, filling intensity of the proposed new standards </p><p>　　Embankment dam of the hydro-meteorological factors a

13、re extremely sensitive and in the rainy season, soil moisture greatly influenced, directly restricts dam reclamation, construction intensity will be affected; winter, the soil on the cold, and if it does not take active

14、measures is impossible to filling and filling winter rainy season, there is a high input, low output of the predicament, Construction units are often reluctant to assume, therefore, take full advantage of filling the &qu

15、ot;golden sea</p><p>　　2.3 New Construction equipment and materials massive expansion of the scope of application is the basis for rapid construction </p><p>　　With the improvement in the degree

16、 of mechanization, large capacity of earth and equipment used in construction, improved ergonomics, thus laid for the rapid construction of the necessary material foundation for the formation of materials to expand the s

17、cope of application. the original dam material unsuitable materials can also be used as filling material, this rapid filling of the embankment dam with a new pillar.</p><p>　　3 Field data mining </p>

18、<p>　　Yard of the embankment dam importance is self-evident, it is also most likely to affect the smooth filling of the dam weaknesses, according to engineering practice. Generally, the material yard depth of geolog

19、ical exploration work is far less dam, especially the largest volume filling of rockfills. Several exploratory often alone or topographic survey conducted geological description of the venue, and changes in the tender do

20、cuments is a great possibility, or geological conditions undergone majo</p><p>　　3.1 Road Construction </p><p>　　To meet the need for rapid construction of a large number of machinery and equipm

21、ent investment is inevitable, At present, more and more vehicles to transport large tonnage trends, the number of transport vehicles also require a corresponding increase on the road increasingly high demand, the practic

22、e has proven that better roads, transport vehicles higher attendance, Filling a corresponding increase efficiency, the saying goes, "is the road repair, road construction is progress" is the reason, </p>

23、<p>　　3.2 Rapid construction of the main methods and attention to the matter </p><p>　　Completed all the preparations have reclaimed conditions, the construction units, as planned dam filling. strength

24、en the convergence process, reduce intermediate links, is the rapid construction of the highest priority. </p><p>　　3.2.1 Reasonable zoning routine dam, filling work is the key to rapid construction </p&g

25、t;<p>　　Because it was larger than the embankment dam for the dam surface area routine provided the necessary scenes, generally be divided into processes Shop filling materials, paving, watering and compaction, qu

26、ality control, etc., If impermeable soil surface planing will be conducted hair, according to the actual situation, the Section will be divided into several processes with a few, If Section few equal to the number of man

27、ufacturing processes, people, machines, not idle; If the number is greater </p><p>　　3.2.2 Ping filling up with the Provisional Section Filling </p><p>　　To speed up the construction schedule, t

28、he general-use starting filling construction and construction - has several advantages : reducing the seams, then Singapore, cutting processes, ensuring the quality of filling; ensure the greatest possible surface rock f

29、illing, benefits large mechanized construction; to continue after filling in when entering the layout of the material impervious road construction; Transport filter materials and transition material is not large dump tru

30、ck across the imperm</p><p>　　3.2.3 Large equipment investment</p><p>　　Dam filling in volume under certain circumstances, to shorten the filling time, it is inevitable to increase filling stren

31、gth, Filling the strength and ability to achieve the desired purpose, equipment investment is very important, although the new equipment, keep large equipment into projects, but the present belongs to the overall constru

32、ction of water conservancy vicious competition, the successful low-cost environment, in a project into a large number of new equipment, equipment for the cons</p><p>　　3.2.4 Winter Construction strengthen re

33、search and organizations, is to speed up the dam filling a direction </p><p>　　Because of the winter, Dam filling (especially impermeable soil sites) are often at the stage of filling or not filling very low

34、 intensity, Filling caused by the dam, in general, in southern China, the impact of Winter Construction 2 ~ 3, and the North, Winter Construction longer than the South, and how to maintain a normal winter construction ac

35、celerate the dam filling a matter of orientation, as this issue is a breakthrough, Quick filling embankment dam will bring a qualitative leap.</p><p>　　Therefore, rapid construction, it should be the owners

36、and the construction of a correct view of the issues, such as settlement and the arch effect, use finite element analysis and prototype observation equipment laid for the actual measurement, and to monitor stress and def

37、ormation of the dam; Dam to aggregate gradation control, good size distribution during the construction period to try and fill dense lower late settlement; use large, The vibration of heavy rolling equipment, and improve

38、 the </p><p>　　References : </p><p>　　[1] Embankment dam during flooding period of construction characteristics and strength of the construction mitigation measures Libing</p><p&g

39、t;　　[2] Xiaolangdi dam filling construction technology and construction Wangbi</p><p>　　[3] Sichuan water conservancy embankment dam with the dam construction materials brief Luenxi</p><p>　

40、　[3] Chang Reservoir dam after the closure of the rapid construction Xinyuqing</p><p><b>　　土石壩的施工</b></p><p>　　摘要：近幾十年來，土質(zhì)心墻堆石壩已逐漸成為世界上高壩建設(shè)的主流壩型之一，隨著新型土石方機(jī)械的大量投入及填筑施工工藝水平不斷提高，同時(shí)筑壩材

41、料試驗(yàn)的深入，極大地拓寬了土石壩的用料范圍和用料模式，為土石壩更廣泛地提供了有利條件，改變了土石壩長(zhǎng)期存在著建設(shè)工期長(zhǎng)、填筑強(qiáng)度低的不足，進(jìn)一步加快了施工進(jìn)度，在確保填筑施工質(zhì)量及安全運(yùn)行的前提下探討土石壩的快速施工很有必要的事情。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：土石壩 快速 施工 </p><p><b>　　1 概述 </b></p>

42、;<p>　　土石壩又稱當(dāng)?shù)夭牧蠅危柰潦弦话憔偷亻_采，同時(shí)還可充分利用各種開挖料，且具有對(duì)基礎(chǔ)要求低、適應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)變形強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)，根據(jù)填筑施工，一般可分為碾壓式土石壩、拋填式堆石壩、定向爆破堆石壩、水力沖填壩、水中填土壩及砌石壩幾種，其中拋填式堆石壩基本不用，定向爆破堆石壩存在著后期沉降大、不能在壩內(nèi)埋設(shè)原型觀測(cè)設(shè)備等不足，目前也用的很少，水力沖填壩、水中填土主要用在特殊地區(qū)的壩高較低的中小型工程，砌石壩嚴(yán)格說應(yīng)屬于圬工壩

43、類，目前廣泛運(yùn)用的是薄層鋪筑并分層壓實(shí)的碾壓式土石壩。 </p><p>　　2 快速施工的必要性 </p><p>　　隨著壩工技術(shù)的，砼重力壩、拱壩的技術(shù)不斷提高，同時(shí)橡膠壩等新型壩型不斷的運(yùn)用，傳統(tǒng)土石壩存在著填筑量大帶來的建設(shè)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的缺點(diǎn)顯得極為突出，如何在充分發(fā)揮土石壩本身的技術(shù)要求低、對(duì)壩基適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、當(dāng)?shù)夭牧鲜褂贸浞值膫鹘y(tǒng)優(yōu)勢(shì)下加快施工進(jìn)度，成為壩型選擇的重要方面，在確保填筑施

44、工質(zhì)量及安全運(yùn)行的前提下快速施工是各方均關(guān)心的。 </p><p>　　2.1 基礎(chǔ)處理的不確定性，需要采用加快施工進(jìn)度等措施 </p><p>　　隨著水電開發(fā)的進(jìn)展，在基礎(chǔ)不良的地方也開始修建大型土石壩，而為了滿足壩基承載力及基礎(chǔ)防滲的需要，往往在完成基礎(chǔ)處理后方可進(jìn)行填筑施工，然而，地基情況較為復(fù)雜，特別是在深覆蓋層上修建工程，基礎(chǔ)處理工程量大、不可預(yù)見因素多，經(jīng)常需要防滲墻、振沖、

45、帷幕灌漿、固結(jié)灌漿等對(duì)地基進(jìn)行綜合處理，處理難度大、檢查復(fù)雜，根據(jù)對(duì)多個(gè)工程的資料，基礎(chǔ)處理完工及交面時(shí)間往往較開工時(shí)所制定計(jì)劃時(shí)間滯后，造成填筑開工時(shí)間拖延，而下閘蓄水或竣工期往往卻不予以調(diào)整，造成有效填筑時(shí)間縮短，施工單位也不得不采用快速施工措施，才能按合同按期（甚至提前）完成工程。 </p><p>　　2.2 水文氣象的，對(duì)填筑強(qiáng)度提出新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) </p><p>　　土石壩對(duì)水文氣

46、象的因素極為敏感，在雨季，土料的含水量影響極大，直接制約著大壩填筑，施工強(qiáng)度將受到影響；冬季，土料上凍，如不采取積極措施，也無法進(jìn)行填筑，且冬雨季填筑施工，存在著高投入、低產(chǎn)出的窘境，往往是施工單位不愿意承擔(dān)的，因此，充分利用填筑的“黃金季節(jié)”，盡量避免冬雨季施工（或減少冬雨季填筑量），是施工單位首選的，相對(duì)應(yīng)，在“黃金季節(jié)”填筑的工程量也往往極為可觀，能否快速施工成為避免冬雨季大方量填筑的首要問題。 </p><p

47、>　　2.3 新型施工設(shè)備的大量投入和材料適用范圍的拓展，是快速施工的基礎(chǔ)     隨著機(jī)械化程度的提高，大容量的土石方設(shè)備運(yùn)用到施工中，提高了工效，從而為快速施工打下了必要的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，填筑材料適用范圍的拓展，原來不適合作壩料的材料也可作為填筑料，這也為土石壩快速填筑提供了新的支撐點(diǎn)。</p><p><b>　　3 料場(chǎng)的開采 </b></p&

48、gt;<p>　　料場(chǎng)對(duì)土石壩的重要性不言而喻，卻也是最容易影響大壩順利填筑的軟肋，根據(jù)工程實(shí)踐，一般而言，料場(chǎng)的地質(zhì)勘探工作深度遠(yuǎn)不如壩址，特別是填筑量最大的堆石料，往往僅靠幾個(gè)探洞或地形勘查進(jìn)行地質(zhì)描述，進(jìn)場(chǎng)后，與招標(biāo)文件發(fā)生變化的可能性很大，要么地質(zhì)條件發(fā)生重大變化，招標(biāo)文件中有用料變成無用料，要么就是開采面積變小，無法形成大規(guī)模開采（或臺(tái)階開采）條件，不利于大規(guī)模機(jī)械開采，直接制約大壩能否按期填筑，同時(shí)級(jí)配是否良好

49、，也是影響大壩能否快速填筑的關(guān)鍵，在防滲土料方面，含水量的高低也成為大壩能否快速填筑的關(guān)鍵，因此，完善而慎重地進(jìn)行料場(chǎng)復(fù)查及復(fù)勘工作顯得尤為重要，搞好料場(chǎng)復(fù)查和儲(chǔ)量計(jì)算，做到心中有數(shù)。如具備條件，最好在大壩填筑前儲(chǔ)備一部分成品料來削峰平谷。 </p><p><b>　　3.1 施工道路 </b></p><p>　　為滿足快速施工的需要，大量的機(jī)械設(shè)備投入是不可避免

50、的，而目前運(yùn)輸汽車越來越向大噸位趨勢(shì)，運(yùn)輸車輛數(shù)量也要求相應(yīng)增多，對(duì)道路的要求越來越高，工程實(shí)踐證明，道路越好，運(yùn)輸車輛出勤率越高，填筑效率也相應(yīng)提高，俗話說“修路就是修車、修路就是進(jìn)度”就是這個(gè)道理，一般工程上均采用泥結(jié)石路面，如果具備條件，在局部車流量大的地段采用砼路面，將會(huì)極大的提高運(yùn)輸效率，在道路布置上，應(yīng)盡量根據(jù)實(shí)際情況布置成環(huán)行雙車道，避免車輛的相互干擾，提高單車效率。</p><p>　　3.2 快

51、速施工的主要方法及注意的事項(xiàng) </p><p>　　在完成各項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備，具備填筑條件后，對(duì)施工單位而言，按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行壩體填筑，加強(qiáng)各工序的銜接、減少中間環(huán)節(jié)，是快速施工的重中之重。 </p><p>　　3.2.1 合理的壩面分區(qū)流水作業(yè)，是填筑工作快速施工的關(guān)鍵 </p><p>　　由于土石壩體型較大，為壩面分區(qū)流水作業(yè)提供了必要的場(chǎng)面，一般將填筑工序分為鋪料、攤鋪、

52、灑水、壓實(shí)、質(zhì)檢等工作，如防滲土料還需進(jìn)行表面刨毛處理，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，將分為工段數(shù)與工序數(shù)，如果工段數(shù)與工序數(shù)相等，人、機(jī)、地不閑；如果工段數(shù)大于工序數(shù)，人、機(jī)不閑，地閑；如果工段數(shù)小于工序數(shù)，人、機(jī)閑，地不閑，流水作業(yè)不能正常進(jìn)行，進(jìn)行工段數(shù)及工序數(shù)的確定和劃分有很多種方法。在填筑前由于施工情況并不很明朗，一般采用先按現(xiàn)有設(shè)備進(jìn)行計(jì)算后，按流水作業(yè)的要求和注意事項(xiàng)初步擬出工序數(shù)目、工作段面積及工段數(shù)目，再根據(jù)前期填筑對(duì)設(shè)備及運(yùn)行時(shí)間的

53、統(tǒng)計(jì)，進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行修正，確保施工有序進(jìn)行。 </p><p>　　3.2.2 平起填筑與臨時(shí)斷面填筑 </p><p>　　為加快施工進(jìn)度，一般采用平起填筑施工，平起施工有幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：減少了接縫、接坡、削坡等工序，保證了填筑質(zhì)量；保證有盡可能大的堆石填筑面，利于大機(jī)械化的施工；有利于在以后繼續(xù)填筑時(shí)布置進(jìn)入防滲料區(qū)的施工道路；運(yùn)輸反濾料及過渡料的大型自卸汽車不橫穿防滲料區(qū)；有利于減小料界偏差和

54、相鄰料平起填筑時(shí)的跨縫碾壓；均衡壩體的施工強(qiáng)度，在防滲土料與反濾過渡料的填筑關(guān)系上，有先土后砂及先砂后土兩種作法，為加快施工進(jìn)度及控制邊界，一般均采用先砂后土施工工藝。 </p><p>　　3.2.3 大型設(shè)備的投入 </p><p>　　在壩體填筑量一定的情況下，要縮短填筑時(shí)間，必然要增大填筑強(qiáng)度，而填筑強(qiáng)度的能否達(dá)到預(yù)期目的，設(shè)備的投入是極為重要的方面，雖然目前新型設(shè)備、大型設(shè)備不斷

55、投入到工程中，但在目前水利建設(shè)整體屬于惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、低價(jià)中標(biāo)的大環(huán)境下，要在一個(gè)工程中投入大量新型設(shè)備、大型設(shè)備進(jìn)行高強(qiáng)度的施工也比較困難，因此，我們可以看到，在許多工程，均拿著施工中小型工程的設(shè)備去完成大型工程的修建，實(shí)踐證明，這種小馬拉大車的情況并不能保證大壩快速、正常的施工，比如先進(jìn)的碾壓設(shè)備，堆石料鋪料厚度就可以達(dá)到1.5m甚至2m，而常使用的16t平面碾僅能碾壓0.8~1.0m左右，明顯地看出設(shè)備對(duì)填筑進(jìn)度的影響。 </p&

56、gt;<p>　　3.2.4 加強(qiáng)冬季施工研究和組織，是加快壩體填筑的一個(gè)方向 </p><p>　　由于受冬季的影響，大壩填筑（特別是防滲土料部位）往往在該階段不能填筑或填筑強(qiáng)度極低，致使壩體填筑受到影響，一般而言，在我國(guó)南方，冬季施工影響為2~3個(gè)月，而北方，冬季施工影響比南方更長(zhǎng)，如何在冬季保持正常施工，是加快壩體填筑的一個(gè)方向性問題，如該問題得到突破性進(jìn)展，將對(duì)土石壩快速填筑帶來質(zhì)的飛躍。

57、</p><p>　　因此，快速施工，應(yīng)是業(yè)主及施工單位正確看待的問題，如沉降及拱效應(yīng)問題，可采用有限元分析及埋設(shè)原型觀測(cè)儀器進(jìn)行實(shí)際量測(cè)，以監(jiān)控大壩應(yīng)力及變形情況；重視壩料級(jí)配控制，良好的級(jí)配能夠在施工期盡量沖填密實(shí)而降低后期沉降；采用大型、重型的振動(dòng)碾壓機(jī)具，提高壓實(shí)度而降低孔隙率等措施；而要做到均衡施工，各方均應(yīng)從科學(xué)的角度，全面、正確的分析合理工期，以實(shí)現(xiàn)資源利用最大化的目標(biāo)，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的求高、求快、求效

58、益，方能達(dá)到快速施工、業(yè)主及施工單位“雙贏”的目標(biāo)。 </p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)：</b></p><p>　　[1] 土石壩攔洪度汛期的施工特點(diǎn)及施工強(qiáng)度的緩解措施 李 兵 </p><p>　　[2] 小浪底大壩填筑施工技術(shù)和施工 王 碧 李玉潔 王奇峰 </p><p>　　[3] 四川省水

59、利工程土石壩建設(shè)與筑壩材料簡(jiǎn)述 陸恩施 </p><p>　　[4] 昌馬水庫截流后大壩的快速施工  辛玉慶</p><p><b>　　謝 辭</b></p><p>　　在此畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)即將結(jié)束之際，首先向我們的指導(dǎo)老師陸明老師表示衷心的感謝和崇高的敬意。同樣的感謝幫助過我的同學(xué)。在設(shè)計(jì)期間，陸老師在百忙中抽出時(shí)間

60、來指導(dǎo)我們的設(shè)計(jì)，并且解答相關(guān)的疑難問題，可以說這次設(shè)計(jì)不僅是我個(gè)人的成果，同時(shí)還凝結(jié)著老師們的心血。</p><p>　　當(dāng)然，在設(shè)計(jì)期間，本組成員之間的互助互愛、團(tuán)結(jié)更是必不可少的。有問題自己決不了的提出來大家一起解決，這無疑增強(qiáng)了我們自己動(dòng)手翻閱書籍、刻苦鉆研、獨(dú)立思考問題的能力，也是對(duì)我們大學(xué)期間以來所學(xué)基礎(chǔ)課和專業(yè)課的一次綜合測(cè)試，是將理論系統(tǒng)化、綜合化應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐的評(píng)估，也為我們將來走向工作崗位奠定基礎(chǔ)