采礦專業(yè)外文翻譯----錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展前景與制約因素

1、<p><b>　　附錄A</b></p><p>　　錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展前景與制約因素</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　介紹了我國(guó)煤礦錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展的三個(gè)階段和擴(kuò)展的五個(gè)應(yīng)用范圍, 探討了錨支護(hù)技術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)方法發(fā)展的四大方向, 分析了制約錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展速度與水平的四大素。</

2、p><p>　　錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)始于國(guó)a外1905年美國(guó)在建筑修繕?lè)矫骈_始使用噴漿技術(shù), 1911年德國(guó)第一次在井下巷道噴漿, 1924年前蘇聯(lián)的頓巴斯礦開始應(yīng)用錨噴支護(hù)。50年代初, 瑞士和德生產(chǎn)了高效噴射機(jī)，并采用了速凝劑。隨后, 錨噴與錨桿支護(hù)在奧地利、瑞士、瑞典、挪威、德國(guó)、加拿大、英國(guó)、法國(guó)、美國(guó)和澳大利亞等國(guó)家的地下工程中得到了普遍應(yīng)用。目前, 對(duì)錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)研究和應(yīng)用最為活躍的當(dāng)屬澳大利亞。</p&g

3、t;<p>　　1 錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展階段與應(yīng)用范圍</p><p>　　1.1 錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展的三個(gè)階段</p><p>　　我國(guó)煤礦于年開始試用錨桿, 1955年在試驗(yàn)平炯和少數(shù)礦試驗(yàn)噴漿、噴射混凝土和錨噴支護(hù), 這是我國(guó)錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展的初期階段。這一階段以鋼絲繩水泥砂漿錨桿為代表, 錨桿沒(méi)有托板, 錨桿之間缺乏聯(lián)系。在這種情況下, 錨桿只起懸吊作用, 被動(dòng)承載而不

4、與圍巖共同作用。當(dāng)時(shí)由于盲目擴(kuò)大這類錨桿的應(yīng)用范圍, 致使部分井巷冒頂失修, 實(shí)際上阻礙了錨桿支護(hù)的發(fā)展。到了80-90年代, 由于國(guó)家“ 七五”和“ 八五”科技攻關(guān)將錨桿支護(hù)定為軟巖巷道支護(hù)的主攻方向之一, 使錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)有了新的發(fā)展, 進(jìn)入了以錨帶網(wǎng)和錨梁網(wǎng)為代表的組合錨桿支護(hù)階段。這一階段錨桿類型以水泥藥卷鋼筋錨桿為主, 樹脂藥卷鋼筋錨桿也已開始使用, 這時(shí)的</p><p>　　錨桿支護(hù)不僅尾部增加了托板

5、和螺帽, 而且還在松軟破碎條件下增加了金屬網(wǎng)和噴層, 以及在動(dòng)壓影響時(shí)進(jìn)一步增加鋼帶、鋼梁或鋼筋梯等, 形成組合錨桿支護(hù)體系, 并且由平面組合發(fā)展到空間組合, 形成組合錨桿整體支護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)體系, 這時(shí)錨桿不僅起到懸吊作用, 更重要的是起到組合拱或組合梁作用, 因而支護(hù)作用效果顯著增強(qiáng), 從而使得錨梁網(wǎng)、錨噴網(wǎng)、錨帶網(wǎng)以及錨鋼筋梯網(wǎng)等多種組合錨桿聯(lián)合支護(hù)形式得到廣泛應(yīng)用, 各種具體用途和具體結(jié)構(gòu)形式的錨桿層出不窮, 如中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)研制出擠壓式

6、和套管摩擦可拉伸錨桿以及型桿體可拉伸錨桿, 東北工業(yè)大學(xué)研制出端錨外伸式可拉伸錨桿, 西安礦業(yè)學(xué)院研制出蛇形桿體可拉伸錨桿, 長(zhǎng)春煤研所研制出彈簧式可拉伸錨桿等。此外, 還出現(xiàn)了錨桿與注漿合二為一的錨注錨桿以及以小直徑鉆頭、小直徑藥卷和小直徑錨桿為主要特征的“ 三小”光爆錨噴新技術(shù)。組合錨桿則在錨梁網(wǎng)和錨帶網(wǎng)等水平拉桿無(wú)預(yù)緊力的組合形式基礎(chǔ)上, 出現(xiàn)了水平拉桿施加預(yù)緊力的新的組合錨桿支護(hù)形式—彬架錨桿。這是錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展的新階段—預(yù)應(yīng)

7、力錨桿支護(hù)體系階段, 其代表產(chǎn)品主要有三種, 即析架錨桿、水漲式錨桿和縫管式錨桿, 這三種錨桿</p><p>　　可以基本上阻止巷道頂板下沉, 為此采用了高強(qiáng)度粗直徑（25mm）必全長(zhǎng)錨固樹脂鋼筋錨桿, 并研制出托板減摩裝置。</p><p><b>　　1.2 應(yīng)用范圍</b></p><p>　　隨著對(duì)錨桿支護(hù)機(jī)理認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深化和支護(hù)技

8、術(shù)的發(fā)展, 我國(guó)煤礦錨桿支護(hù)的應(yīng)用范圍已從硬巖擴(kuò)展到軟巖, 從完整穩(wěn)定巖層擴(kuò)展到破碎不穩(wěn)定巖層, 從中小斷面巷道擴(kuò)展到大斷面碉室和交岔點(diǎn), 從新掘進(jìn)巷擴(kuò)展到舊巷修復(fù), 從開拓巷道擴(kuò)展到受動(dòng)壓影響的采準(zhǔn)巷道。目前, 尤以采準(zhǔn)巷道錨桿支護(hù)發(fā)展最快。</p><p>　　2 錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展方向</p><p>　　經(jīng)過(guò)近10年的迅速發(fā)展, 我國(guó)煤礦錨桿支護(hù)已形成較為明顯的四個(gè)方向, 即組合錨

9、桿、預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿、可拉伸錨桿和“ 三小”錨桿。</p><p><b>　　2.1 組合錨桿</b></p><p>　　組合錨桿分為對(duì)水平拉桿施加預(yù)應(yīng)力與不施加預(yù)應(yīng)力兩種。施加預(yù)應(yīng)力的組合錨桿即析架錨桿。析架錨桿的結(jié)構(gòu)型式有多種, 但其主要構(gòu)件和工作原理基本相同, 即在頂板斜拉錨桿和水平拉桿的共同作用下, 形成對(duì)頂板中部的壓縮, 一方面增大了頂板裂隙體中的摩擦力,

10、另一方面減小甚至抵消了頂板中部可能產(chǎn)生的拉應(yīng)力, 同時(shí), 由于兩根斜拉錨桿通過(guò)水平拉桿連結(jié)一體, 既能協(xié)調(diào)受力, 又具有一定的柔性, 允許頂板微量下沉并在微量下沉過(guò)程中, 增大頂板巖體摩擦角申和摩擦力, 產(chǎn)生自鎖作用, 從而能夠有效地維護(hù)高應(yīng)力區(qū)的破碎頂板,阻止節(jié)裂巖體中單體錨桿之間可能發(fā)生的松脫冒頂。</p><p>　　2.2 預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿</p><p>　　預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿有縱向預(yù)應(yīng)力和

11、橫向預(yù)應(yīng)力之分,縱向預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿就是通過(guò)對(duì)錨桿端部螺帽施加足夠的扭矩使桿體中產(chǎn)生足夠拉應(yīng)力橫向預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿主要有水漲式和縫管式兩種。析架錨桿既是組合錨桿, 又是預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿, 而且既有橫向預(yù)應(yīng)力又有縱向預(yù)應(yīng)力, 因而是一種性能優(yōu)越的預(yù)應(yīng)力組合錨桿。</p><p>　　眾所周知, 地下巖體抗拉強(qiáng)度很小, 又往往被層理、節(jié)理和裂隙等弱面所切割, 弱面抗拉強(qiáng)度更小,幾乎為零, 抗剪強(qiáng)度主要取決于作用在該弱面上的正壓力, 當(dāng)

12、正壓力不大時(shí), 弱面的抗剪能力也很小,因此, 巷道開挖后在圍巖變形很小時(shí)約破壞載荷的以下就出現(xiàn)開裂、離層、滑動(dòng)、裂紋擴(kuò)展和松動(dòng)等等, 使圍巖大大弱化。如果巷道開挖后立即安裝錨桿, 但未施加預(yù)應(yīng)力, 由于錨桿的極限變形量大于圍巖極限變形量, 又由于各類錨桿都有一定的初始滑移量, 因而無(wú)預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿實(shí)際上不能有效地阻止圍巖的開裂、滑移和弱化, 只有當(dāng)圍巖的開裂位移達(dá)到一定的程度后, 錨桿才開始起到阻止裂紋進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展的作用, 但這時(shí)圍巖幾乎已喪

13、失抗拉和抗剪切能力, 因而加固體的抗拉和抗剪主要依靠錨桿桿體來(lái)承擔(dān)。如果在安裝錨桿的同時(shí), 立即施加足夠的預(yù)應(yīng)力, 不僅消除了錨桿的初始滑移量, 而且還能給圍巖施加一定的預(yù)壓應(yīng)力, 這樣, 對(duì)于受拉截面, 可以抵消一部分拉應(yīng)力, 從而大大提高抗拉能力對(duì)于受剪截面, 由于壓應(yīng)力而產(chǎn)生的摩擦力大大提高了加固體的抗剪能力, 同時(shí), 又由于避免了過(guò)早地出現(xiàn)張開裂縫, 因而減緩了圍巖的弱化過(guò)程, 保證了巷道的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)</p><

14、p>　　2.3 可拉伸錨桿</p><p>　　如前所述, 可拉伸錨桿有很多種, 但其作用原理基本相同。錨桿對(duì)圍巖的加固作用是通過(guò)二者之間的相互作用實(shí)現(xiàn)的, 這種相互作用來(lái)源于二者之間的變形差, 變形差則來(lái)源于二者之間的剛度差。由于軟巖剛度過(guò)小, 動(dòng)壓巷道的應(yīng)力集中較大, 因而往往導(dǎo)致軟巖和動(dòng)壓巷道中的錨桿與圍巖之間的變形差過(guò)大, 過(guò)早地達(dá)到極限而引起錨桿與圍巖之間相互作用狀態(tài)發(fā)生變化, 錨固力大大降低。

15、可拉伸錨桿通過(guò)桿體伸長(zhǎng)可適應(yīng)錨桿與圍巖之間產(chǎn)生的大變形量而不喪失錨固力, 這正是可拉伸錨桿能適應(yīng)軟巖和動(dòng)壓巷道圍巖大變形的原因和工作原理。</p><p>　　2.4 “三小”錨桿</p><p>　　“三小”錨桿光爆錨噴新技術(shù)于1991年試驗(yàn)成功。近幾年在我國(guó)國(guó)有重點(diǎn)礦區(qū)推廣應(yīng)用結(jié)果表明在可比條件下, 小直徑樹脂錨桿可節(jié)約錨固劑50%左右, 鉆孔速度比鉆大孔徑提高50%左右, 且節(jié)省了

16、桿材。至于小直徑錨桿的錨固力, 國(guó)外試驗(yàn)研究表明, 錨桿錨固力與錨桿孔徑成反比。有關(guān)試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步表明, 錨桿錨固力與粘結(jié)體環(huán)向厚度有關(guān), 錨桿直徑并不是越大越好, 而是一定直徑錨桿的粘結(jié)體環(huán)向厚度存在一個(gè)錨固力最大的值, 這就是推廣小直徑錨桿的理論依據(jù)。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)縫管錨桿所進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)研究表明, 外徑為30mm的縫管錨桿比外徑為43mm的縫管錨桿錨固力大1.43倍, 鋼材用量減少31%-42%, 鉆孔速度提高一倍, 鉆具消耗與能耗減少24%。由

17、此可見(jiàn), “ 三小”錨桿的綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益十分顯著, 因而值得廣泛推廣</p><p>　　3 錨桿支護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)方法發(fā)展方向</p><p>　　目前, 國(guó)內(nèi)錨桿支護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)及參數(shù)選擇方法基本上還停留在經(jīng)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)階段和經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上, 即工程類比法是主要的設(shè)計(jì)方法。當(dāng)?shù)刭|(zhì)條件簡(jiǎn)單、圍巖穩(wěn)定時(shí), 直接采用工程類比法確定錨桿支護(hù)參數(shù),再用懸吊理論、組合拱理論或松動(dòng)圈理論加以校核即可當(dāng)?shù)刭|(zhì)條件復(fù)雜時(shí), 采

18、用試驗(yàn)方法確定錨桿支護(hù)形式和支護(hù)參數(shù), 一般先進(jìn)行室內(nèi)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn), 再進(jìn)行工業(yè)性試驗(yàn)錨桿。目前, 支護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)方法的發(fā)展方向有四個(gè)。</p><p>　?。?）專家系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)法。它是工程類比法的發(fā)展,但由于是建立在眾多專家知識(shí)和大量的經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)行之有效的經(jīng)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上, 因而支護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)的可靠性和合理性大為提高。</p><p>　?。?）理論設(shè)計(jì)法。是建立在錨桿支護(hù)力學(xué)分析與模擬計(jì)算的基礎(chǔ)上,

19、需要預(yù)先測(cè)試圍巖力學(xué)參數(shù), 并進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的錨桿支護(hù)作用機(jī)理和圍巖變形機(jī)理研究, 才能成為指導(dǎo)圍巖控制實(shí)踐的科學(xué)方法。</p><p>　　（3）實(shí)測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)法。又稱現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)法, 是由澳大利亞和英國(guó)先后發(fā)展起來(lái)的, 該設(shè)計(jì)法從地質(zhì)評(píng)估開始, 先進(jìn)行初始設(shè)計(jì), 然后通過(guò)對(duì)錨桿的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)特征、巖體特征及巷道在加固條件下特征的詳細(xì)監(jiān)測(cè)驗(yàn)證設(shè)計(jì), 最后確定錨桿加固系統(tǒng), 并繼續(xù)進(jìn)行日常監(jiān)測(cè)。</p><p>

20、　?。?）圍巖松動(dòng)圈設(shè)計(jì)法。該方法含有專家系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)法和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)法的內(nèi)涵, 簡(jiǎn)單直觀, 易為現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工程技術(shù)人員所接受, 且對(duì)巖巷有著良好的適應(yīng)性,但對(duì)煤巷尤其是動(dòng)壓煤巷的適應(yīng)性仍有待深入研究, 故圍巖松動(dòng)圈支護(hù)理論與設(shè)計(jì)方法也是今后發(fā)展的重要方向。</p><p>　　4 制約錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展速度與水平的四大因素</p><p>　　國(guó)內(nèi)外錨桿支護(hù)實(shí)踐表明, 錨桿支護(hù)是加固圍巖, 提高和

21、利用圍巖自身支撐能力, 實(shí)現(xiàn)共同承載的主動(dòng)支護(hù)形式, 具有經(jīng)濟(jì)、快速和安全的巨大優(yōu)越性。然而, 這種優(yōu)越性并非在所有采用錨桿支護(hù)的煤礦都能體會(huì)到。相反, 有相當(dāng)一部分煤礦錨桿支護(hù)的成巷速度并不快, 安全性也不好, 原因就在于沒(méi)有解決好至少以下四個(gè)主要方面的問(wèn)題, 即錨桿與錨固劑的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、錨桿機(jī)具與安裝質(zhì)量、錨桿監(jiān)測(cè)儀器與監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)以及錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)人員培訓(xùn)。</p><p>　　4.1 錨桿與錨固荊的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量&l

22、t;/p><p>　　錨桿的材質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)與其力學(xué)性能緊密相關(guān), 錨固劑的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)更是決定支護(hù)可靠性的關(guān)鍵, 澳大利亞和英、美等國(guó)極為重視錨桿和錨固劑的生產(chǎn), 制定了嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)性能質(zhì)量指標(biāo)。而我國(guó)煤礦目前使用的錨桿及其構(gòu)件很多是自產(chǎn)自銷, 存在著很大的隨意性, 缺乏必要的檢測(cè)和監(jiān)督錨固劑的生產(chǎn)也比較混雜, 性能質(zhì)量難以保證。因此, 急需由部組織制定統(tǒng)一的錨桿系列和錨固劑系列質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 規(guī)范錨桿及其構(gòu)件和錨固劑的生產(chǎn), 使

23、錨桿支護(hù)的安全隱患排除在礦井之外。</p><p>　　4.2 錨桿機(jī)具與安裝質(zhì)量</p><p>　　錨桿機(jī)具性能是決定錨桿安裝質(zhì)量與施工速度的關(guān)鍵。澳大利亞不僅重視研制各種具體用途的錨桿結(jié)構(gòu)型式, 而且極為重視錨桿鉆裝機(jī)的不斷研制更新, 如新型ABM20錨桿鉆裝機(jī)不僅可同時(shí)完成打眼與安裝兩項(xiàng)作業(yè), 同時(shí)安裝頂板錨桿的數(shù)量多達(dá)6根, 而且還可以安裝兩幫錨桿, 并保證安裝的錨桿錨固可靠,

24、 有足夠的預(yù)緊力, 因而保證了錨桿支護(hù)的高質(zhì)量與高速度。而我國(guó)目前雖然電動(dòng)、風(fēng)動(dòng)和液壓錨桿鉆機(jī)都有, 但性能結(jié)構(gòu)不盡合理, 零部件質(zhì)量和整機(jī)性能都急需進(jìn)一步完善與提高, 至于掘錨聯(lián)合機(jī)組, 更有待進(jìn)一加緊研制與試驗(yàn), 以實(shí)現(xiàn)掘支平行作業(yè), 提高成巷速度。</p><p>　　4.3 錨桿監(jiān)瀏儀器與監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)</p><p>　　監(jiān)測(cè)是監(jiān)督施工質(zhì)量、保證錨桿支護(hù)安全可靠的重要手段。錨桿支護(hù)是

25、一項(xiàng)隱性工程, 因而更需要及時(shí)可靠和行之有效的施工檢測(cè)與跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)。英國(guó)煤炭總公司技術(shù)部在總結(jié)維斯多夫礦使用錨桿的經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí), 將“ 使用綜合測(cè)量裝置, 對(duì)安裝好的錨桿進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)”作為成功的五項(xiàng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之一。而澳大利亞煤炭工業(yè)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室更是重視綜合測(cè)量技術(shù), 他們研制的數(shù)字式聲測(cè)錨桿變形計(jì), 可用于鉆入巖層深達(dá)的錨桿孔, 沿孔布置錨固測(cè)點(diǎn)多達(dá)個(gè), 全部測(cè)點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)可在內(nèi)迅速“ 讀出”“ 和“ 記錄” , 若這些錨固點(diǎn)發(fā)生移動(dòng), 即表明巖層出現(xiàn)位移同時(shí)測(cè)

26、量的還有錨桿載荷, 方法是沿錨桿變形計(jì)使用對(duì)電阻應(yīng)變計(jì), 可測(cè)得較詳細(xì)的軸向應(yīng)變和彎曲應(yīng)變值, 由此可繪制出錨桿負(fù)荷的產(chǎn)生過(guò)程, 并可確定出屈服點(diǎn)。通過(guò)對(duì)測(cè)得的錨桿局部性能結(jié)果的詳細(xì)研究, 可對(duì)支護(hù)系統(tǒng)工作狀況的好壞和安裝質(zhì)量的可靠度進(jìn)行評(píng)估。如果有問(wèn)題, 那么可根據(jù)反饋的信息進(jìn)行二次設(shè)計(jì), 從而使錨桿強(qiáng)度或錨桿密度和錨桿長(zhǎng)度更為合理。我國(guó)雖然也十分重視錨桿支護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)工作, 先后研制出一些監(jiān)測(cè)儀器, 但性能不高、功能不全, 尚未形成系列配

27、套的綜合監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)。錨桿支護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)是設(shè)計(jì)與施工質(zhì)量及安全工作的</p><p>　　4.4 錨桿支護(hù)人員培訓(xùn)</p><p>　　人是一切工作計(jì)劃的制定者和執(zhí)行者, 人是最重要的資源, 人的管理是最難的管理。無(wú)論從結(jié)構(gòu)合理、質(zhì)量上乘的錨桿到性能優(yōu)良的錨固劑, 還是從靈活高效的錨桿鉆裝機(jī)具到靈敏精密的監(jiān)測(cè)儀器儀表, 都需要人來(lái)操作, 人去完成。英國(guó)維斯多夫礦成功使用錨桿的一條重要經(jīng)驗(yàn)就是“ 健

28、全的培訓(xùn)和監(jiān)督體系及管理工作的保證” ?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō), 我國(guó)煤礦施工隊(duì)伍人員素質(zhì)偏低, 加上監(jiān)督管理不到位, 往往施工質(zhì)量難以保證。因此, 重視和加強(qiáng)錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)人員和施工工人的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)和崗位訓(xùn)練, 必然有助于我國(guó)煤礦錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和錨桿支護(hù)的普及。</p><p><b>　　5 結(jié)束語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　我國(guó)煤礦錨桿支護(hù)經(jīng)過(guò)多年的發(fā)展, 應(yīng)用范圍已擴(kuò)展

29、到受動(dòng)壓影響的回采巷道、軟巖巷道、破碎或復(fù)合頂板巷道及工作面開切眼和大斷面碉室錨桿支護(hù)的種類、結(jié)構(gòu)形式及規(guī)格層出不窮而錨桿支護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)方法卻比較單一, 即普遍采用工程類比法, 因而不可避免地帶有一定的盲目性錨桿支護(hù)工作是一項(xiàng)看似簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)則復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程, 影響支護(hù)效果與成敗的因素很多, 因此, 分析不同種類錨桿結(jié)構(gòu)的作用原理, 考察不同設(shè)計(jì)方法的特點(diǎn), 探討影響支護(hù)效果的主要因素, 明確錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)方法的發(fā)展方向及工作重點(diǎn), 對(duì)推動(dòng)我

30、國(guó)煤礦錨桿支護(hù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展與錨桿支護(hù)形式的普及, 提高施工速度, 發(fā)展高產(chǎn)高效礦井, 降低成本, 促進(jìn)質(zhì)量效益的提高和煤炭經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變, 有著深刻的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。</p><p><b>　　附錄B</b></p><p>　　Bolting support technology development prospect and</p><p>

31、;　　restricting factors</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　This paper introduces coal bolting support technology development in the three stages and expand the scope of application, di

32、scusses the five bolt supporting technology and design method of the development direction of four, analyzed bolting support technology development speed and level of four factors.</p><p>　　Bolting support t

33、echnology abroad in 1905 America began building improvements started using spray technology, 1911 Germany first underground tunnels in 1924, the spray the Soviet union's applied ore buss bolt-shotcrete support. In th

34、e early 1950s, Germany, Switzerland and the efficient production of jet, and adopted SuNingJi. Then, with anchoring bolt support in Austria and Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Canada, Britain, France, the United St

35、ates and Australia etc underground engineering </p><p>　　1 Bolting support technology development and application scope</p><p>　　1.1 Three of the bolt supporting technology development stage&l

36、t;/p><p>　　Chinese coal mines to try anchor, began in 1955 in test line and a flat shotcrete ore testing spray, and bolt-shotcrete support, this is our country bolting support technology development stage. This

37、 one phase in cement mortar anchor rope represented, anchor bolt plate, no contact between lack. In this case, the anchor role plays, passive suspension only together with the surrounding bearing instead. Because this ki

38、nd of anchor blind alley, application scope, actually destroyed part of roof cavi</p><p>　　1.2 Scope of application</p><p>　　As for bolting support mechanism of deepening and supporting technol

39、ogy development, China coal mine of the bolt supporting application scope has been expanded from rock to rock, from complete stability of soft rock strata extended to a broken unstable, from small to large cross-section

40、seciton tunnel extended into the room and residential towers, new nechanics tunneling lane to expand the old alley repair, from development roadway under pressure to expand the influence in tunnels. At present, e</p&g

41、t;<p>　　2 Bolting support technology development direction</p><p>　　After nearly 10 years of rapid development, China has formed coal bolting support of four directions, i.e., the combination of pre

42、stressed anchor bolt, tensile bolt and "list" anchor.</p><p>　　2.1 Combination anchor bolt</p><p>　　Combination anchor prestress level bars of divided and prestress two kinds. The c

43、ombination of prestress anchor bolt namely chromatography frame. Chromatography frame anchor structure has many, but the main components and working principle, namely in the same basic roof bolt and level of bars are dis

44、cussed, the formation of the central roof, on the one hand, the compression of the fracture increases the roof decreases friction, on the other hand, even to offset the central roof possible tensile </p><p>

45、　　2.2 Tensile bolt</p><p>　　Prestressed anchor have prestressed and transverse prestressing, longitudinal prestressed anchor bolt is based on the part of the torque exerted enough to screw pole in transvers

46、e tensile stress produced enough prestressed anchor mainly water up and tubular sewing two. Chromatography frame anchor bolt and combination of both prestressed anchor, and both transverse prestressing again, it is a kin

47、d of prestressed anchor prestress combination of superior performance. </p><p>　　As is known to all, the underground rockmass tensile strength is small, and is often bedding, joints and fractures by cutting,

48、 such weak weak side tensile strength more small, almost to zero, the shear strength depends mainly on the effect of surface in weak positive pressure, while the little pressure, weak shear capacity is very small, so the

49、 roadway excavation in wallrock deformation is hours after the destruction of the load about appears below the bed, sliding, cracking and crack and loose,</p><p>　　2.3 But tensile bolt</p><p>　

50、　As mentioned above, there are many tensile bolt, but its role as the basic principle. The reinforcement effect of rock bolting by the interaction between the realization, the interaction between the deformation from poo

51、r, poor deformation is derived from the difference between stiffness. Because YanGang through small soft, dynamic pressure of stress concentration, thus tends to soft rock and dynamic pressure of roadway surrounding rock

52、 bolting and deformation of the large difference between prem</p><p>　　2.4 "List" anchor bolt</p><p>　　"Critical" anchor light jumps in 1991, new technology support trials

53、are successful. In recent years, China's state-owned mining in key application results in comparable conditions, small diameter resin anchoring bolt can save 50% agent, faster than the big diameter drill holes around

54、 50%, and save the rod. For small diameter anchor the anchoring force, foreign experiment showed that anchor bolt diameter and inversely proportional. Relevant test further indicates that the anchor with binding for</

55、p><p>　　3 Bolting support design method development direction</p><p>　　At present, the domestic bolting support design and parameter selection method basically still remain in the design stage and

56、 experience experience data, on the basis of the engineering analogy method is mainly that the design method. When the geological conditions, simple, direct stability by engineering analogism conforms parameter, reoccupy

57、 suspension theory, the combination of arch theory or loose circle theory can be cheeked when complex geological conditions, the test method bolting suppor</p><p>　　(1) expert system design method. It is the

58、 development of engineering analogy method, but because it is based on numerous expert knowledge and a lot of proven effective design based on the experience of the reliability of the supporting design, thus greatly impr

59、ove and rationality.</p><p>　　(2) theory design method. Is based on mechanical analysis and bolt support, on the basis of simulation test rock mechanics parameters to advance, and system of the bolt supporti

60、ng mechanism and wallrock deformation mechanism of rock can be guidance of scientific method. Practice controlling</p><p>　　(3) test design method. And say, it is by monitoring method in Australia and the UK

61、 has successively developed, the design method of geological evaluation to begin from the initial design, and then based on the site features, rock bolting features and characteristics of roadway in strengthening conditi

62、ons of detailed design, final verification monitoring system, and strengthening conforms to conduct routine monitoring.</p><p>　　(4) rock loose circle design method. The method of expert system design method

63、 and containing the connotation of in-situ test design, simple, intuitive, and easy to spot engineering and technical personnel of rock, and has good adaptability, but for coal roadway especially dynamic pressure coal ro

64、adway adaptability remains to be thorough research, loose rock bolting theory and design method of the circle is an important direction of future development.</p><p>　　4 Restrict bolting support technology

65、development speed and level of four agitation</p><p>　　Practice shows that the anchoring bolt and reinforcement of surrounding rock bolting support is improving and use surrounding oneself and support, to re

66、alize common forms of active support of economic, quick and safe huge advantage. However, the advantage is not at all USES of the bolt supporting coal can be realized. Instead, there are quite a few of the bolt supportin

67、g into coal roadway not very fast, safe, reason is not solved, at least four major issues, namely with anchoring bolt of product</p><p>　　4.1 Anchor bolt and thorns product quality</p><p>　　Anc

68、hor: material, structure and mechanical properties of anchorage is closely related to the quality indexes, the reliability of the supporting decision is critical, Australia and countries such as Britain, the United State

69、s is seriously anchor and anchor agent production, formulate strict technical performance quality indicators. While China's current use of coal mine and component of bolt, there exists a great 1857 gandour is arbitra

70、ry, lack of necessary testing and supervise the production is</p><p>　　4.2 Anchor machinery and installation quality</p><p>　　Anchor machine performance is decided to anchor the construction sp

71、eed and installation quality. Australia is not only developed the importance of specific USES structure, and very anchor bolt on the drilling machine, such as new developed continuously updated ABM20 anchor drilling mach

72、ine can not complete drilling and install two assignments, and installation of roof bolt number six, but also as two can be installed, and ensure the installation of bolt anchor, reliable, and have enough pre-tigh</p&

73、gt;<p>　　4.3 Anchor prison functions.just instruments and monitoring technology</p><p>　　Monitoring the quality supervision and construction is safe bolting support and guarantee the important means.

74、 Bolting support is an implicit engineering, thus need more timely and reliable and effective construction detection and tracking monitoring. British coal corporation in Cardiff jarvis tech more ore, use the experience o

75、f "comprehensive measuring devices, use of installed anchor monitoring" as one of the five successful experience. But Australian coal industry research laboratory is comp</p><p>　　4.4 Bolting supp

76、ort personnel training</p><p>　　People are all working planners and executives, who is the most important resource of management, is the most difficult of management. No matter from reasonable structure, hig

77、h quality of bolt to superior performance, or from a flexible and efficient anchor drilling machine with the monitoring to sensitive precision instrument, all need to operate, people go to finish. British wes weiersiduof

78、u ore successful use of anchor is an important experience is "sound training and supervising system and m</p><p>　　5 Conclusion</p><p>　　Our coal mine bolting support after years of develo

79、pment, application scope has expanded by dynamic pressure influence extraction roadway, soft rock, broken or composite roof and face roadway cut and large cross-section of the bolt supporting residential towers room type

80、s, structure and specification to emerge in endlessly and bolting support design method is more onefold, namely common engineering analogy method, thus inevitably zone has certain blindness bolting support work is a simp