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1、<p><b>  附錄2:科技文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>  我國(guó)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制科技的發(fā)展</p><p>  儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制在當(dāng)今社會(huì)的重要地位和作用;我國(guó)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制的基本概況;儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)和特點(diǎn),以及我國(guó)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制近年來(lái)的重大進(jìn)展。</p><p><b>  一 地位作用&l

2、t;/b></p><p>  眾所周知,當(dāng)今世界已經(jīng)進(jìn)入信息時(shí)代,信息技術(shù)成為推動(dòng)科學(xué)技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。著名科學(xué)家錢(qián)學(xué)森明確指出,“信息技術(shù)包括測(cè)量技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)。測(cè)量技術(shù)是基礎(chǔ)。”王大珩院士也一再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào),“測(cè)量技術(shù)是信息技術(shù)的源頭?!毙畔⒓夹g(shù)的快速發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了新興的龐大的信息產(chǎn)業(yè),信息產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)成為帶動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的龍頭產(chǎn)業(yè)。美國(guó)商業(yè)部1999年度報(bào)告在關(guān)于新興數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)部分提出,信息產(chǎn)業(yè)包

3、括計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件行業(yè)、通信設(shè)備制造及服務(wù)行業(yè)、儀器儀表行業(yè)。這就是說(shuō),測(cè)量技術(shù)是信息技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)和源頭,儀器儀表行業(yè)是信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要組成部分。不言而喻,儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制在當(dāng)今信息時(shí)代推動(dòng)科學(xué)技術(shù)和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展具有何等重要的地位。</p><p>  那么,儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制對(duì)推動(dòng)科技、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展重要作用究竟是什么?2000年中國(guó)儀器儀表學(xué)會(huì)接受?chē)?guó)家計(jì)委、國(guó)家經(jīng)貿(mào)委和科技部的委托,組織了一個(gè)專家調(diào)研組對(duì)全國(guó)儀

4、器儀表行業(yè)開(kāi)展了一次為期3個(gè)月的調(diào)查研究。非常難得的是,王大珩、楊嘉墀、金國(guó)藩3位院士親自參加了調(diào)研活動(dòng),并在調(diào)研結(jié)束后主持調(diào)研組向兩委一部提出了一份“關(guān)于振興我國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)策與建議”的研究報(bào)告。這份報(bào)告對(duì)儀器儀表在當(dāng)今社會(huì)的重要作用提出了明確而形象的說(shuō)明,那就是我們都非常熟悉的:儀器儀表是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的“倍增器”,科學(xué)研究的“先行官”,軍事上的“戰(zhàn)斗力”,以及現(xiàn)代社會(huì)活動(dòng)的“物化法官”。這個(gè)說(shuō)明的內(nèi)涵和份量不需要再作任何解釋,大家都一

5、清二楚。令人鼓舞的是,儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制“倍增器”、“先行官”、“戰(zhàn)斗力”和“物化法官”的重要作用已經(jīng)為社會(huì)各界,包括政府部門(mén)所共識(shí),成為加快發(fā)展儀器儀表科技和產(chǎn)業(yè)的科學(xué)依據(jù),并在文件、報(bào)告和講話中廣為引用。</p><p>  由于儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制的重要地位和作用受到了社會(huì)的高度重視,近些年來(lái)國(guó)家采取了一系列重大措施加快發(fā)展。值得特別提出的舉措有:2001年3月舉行的七屆四次全國(guó)人大會(huì)議上提出“國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)

6、發(fā)展第十個(gè)五年計(jì)劃綱要”中明確提出“把發(fā)展儀器儀表放到重要位置”。國(guó)家發(fā)展綱要提到儀器儀表,而且放到重要位置,是建國(guó)以來(lái)的第一次。緊接著,國(guó)家計(jì)委、經(jīng)貿(mào)委、科技部等許多部委都列了若干專項(xiàng),動(dòng)用了大筆資金支持儀器儀表的發(fā)展。2005年,國(guó)家發(fā)改委正式下達(dá)了“加快振興裝備制造業(yè)的若干意見(jiàn)”,提出了在各個(gè)行業(yè)中選出16項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域立專項(xiàng)支持發(fā)展,其中第11項(xiàng)就是重大工程自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)和精密測(cè)試儀器。2006年制定“國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期科學(xué)與技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)

7、劃綱要”,涉及到了多項(xiàng)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制發(fā)展項(xiàng)目。2008年4月,科技部、發(fā)改委、教育部和中國(guó)科協(xié)聯(lián)合發(fā)出了“關(guān)于加強(qiáng)創(chuàng)新方法工作的若干意見(jiàn)”,正式啟動(dòng)創(chuàng)新方法工作在全國(guó)開(kāi)展。這份文件中,明確提出創(chuàng)新方法包括創(chuàng)新思維、創(chuàng)新方法和創(chuàng)新工具三個(gè)要素,創(chuàng)新工具主要就是指推動(dòng)科技創(chuàng)新的科學(xué)儀器??茖W(xué)儀器的重要作用被進(jìn)一步提升,開(kāi)發(fā)研究得到更有力的支持。此外,在863計(jì)劃,特別是航</p><p><b>  二

8、 基本概況</b></p><p>  談到儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制的基本概況,應(yīng)當(dāng)包括兩個(gè)方面,那就是學(xué)科和產(chǎn)業(yè)。</p><p>  儀器儀表究竟是不是一門(mén)獨(dú)立的學(xué)科?過(guò)去一直存有爭(zhēng)議。今天,我們可以毫不猶豫地回答,儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制已經(jīng)發(fā)展形成一門(mén)獨(dú)立完整的學(xué)科。之所以得出這樣的定論,我們有四條充分的理由。第一,儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制學(xué)科具備了自己特有的一整套基礎(chǔ)理論和技術(shù),其中主

9、要包括傳感器理論和技術(shù),檢測(cè)計(jì)量理論和技術(shù),信號(hào)處理理論和技術(shù),誤差分析理論和技術(shù),自動(dòng)控制理論和技術(shù)等。在這些基礎(chǔ)理論和技術(shù)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)中,擁有一批杰出的科學(xué)家和優(yōu)秀的中青年科技創(chuàng)新人才,他們的研究開(kāi)發(fā)成果對(duì)促進(jìn)學(xué)科發(fā)展作出了重要的貢獻(xiàn);第二,綜觀科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展史,當(dāng)一門(mén)新興學(xué)科形成和不斷發(fā)展時(shí),教育體系,特別是高等教育就會(huì)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生出現(xiàn)新的學(xué)科教育,培養(yǎng)新的學(xué)科人才。我國(guó)教育部多年來(lái)已經(jīng)圍繞著儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制學(xué)科設(shè)立了一級(jí)學(xué)科教育體系,

10、現(xiàn)在定名為“儀器科學(xué)與技術(shù)”學(xué)科,全國(guó)近250所高校設(shè)置了相應(yīng)的專業(yè),3萬(wàn)多名本科生和1萬(wàn)多名研究生在校學(xué)習(xí)。我國(guó)高校為“儀器科學(xué)與技術(shù)”學(xué)科制定了專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和規(guī)范,已經(jīng)為儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制領(lǐng)域培養(yǎng)了幾十萬(wàn)學(xué)科技術(shù)人才;第三,儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制學(xué)科是一門(mén)工程應(yīng)用學(xué)科,與之相適應(yīng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)的形成和發(fā)展是學(xué)科發(fā)展的物</p><p>  談到我國(guó)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制產(chǎn)業(yè)的基本概況,先讓我們了解一些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。2007年我國(guó)

11、儀器儀表產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模以上企業(yè)為3954家,實(shí)現(xiàn)總產(chǎn)值3078億元,銷售收入達(dá)到3005億元,雙雙突破3000億元。同比2004年1000億元,2006年2000億元,4年間年增長(zhǎng)率超過(guò)30%。3000億元的銷售額中,出口商品達(dá)到88億美元,同比上一年度增長(zhǎng)了36%。目前,我國(guó)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)形成門(mén)類品種比較齊全、布局比較合理、具有相當(dāng)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的產(chǎn)業(yè)體系,在亞洲我國(guó)是除日本以外第二大儀器儀表生產(chǎn)國(guó),是發(fā)展中國(guó)家綜合實(shí)力最強(qiáng)

12、的儀器儀表生產(chǎn)國(guó)。從產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平分析,目前絕大多數(shù)國(guó)產(chǎn)儀器儀表還處于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家20世紀(jì)90年代中后期水平。中低檔產(chǎn)品品種基本齊全,能夠規(guī)模生產(chǎn),質(zhì)量基本穩(wěn)定,可以滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)要求,且有批量出口。比如電工儀器儀表在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)到95%,并有13%產(chǎn)品出口。深圳市每年生產(chǎn)數(shù)字萬(wàn)用表700萬(wàn)臺(tái),銷售世界90多個(gè)國(guó)家。國(guó)產(chǎn)儀器儀表,也有少數(shù)中高檔產(chǎn)品接近國(guó)際技術(shù)水平。在國(guó)家重點(diǎn)科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目中,特別是必須自主創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的航天航空領(lǐng)域和國(guó)防安全領(lǐng)

13、域,已經(jīng)有部分儀器儀表技術(shù)上取得了新的</p><p>  按照應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的不同,我們習(xí)慣地把儀器儀表和測(cè)量控制劃分為六個(gè)大類,即工業(yè)自動(dòng)化儀表與控制系統(tǒng)、科學(xué)儀器、醫(yī)療儀器、電子與電工測(cè)量?jī)x器、各類專用儀器、傳感器和儀器儀表元器件及功能材料。這是一個(gè)大致的分類,其間存在著許多交叉和滲透。工業(yè)自動(dòng)化儀表與控制系統(tǒng),主要應(yīng)用在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)流程中的檢測(cè)和控制;科學(xué)儀器應(yīng)用面極廣,包括科學(xué)研究、教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、物質(zhì)分析、安全監(jiān)測(cè)等

14、各種領(lǐng)域;醫(yī)療儀器應(yīng)用于生命科學(xué)研究和臨床診斷治療;電子與電工測(cè)量?jī)x器用于對(duì)各種電子和電工參數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)量;各類專用儀器應(yīng)用于各種專門(mén)的領(lǐng)域,如農(nóng)業(yè)、環(huán)保、氣象、水文、地質(zhì)、海洋等,這類儀器除了應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的特殊要求具備某些特殊性外,它們的基本原理和應(yīng)用方法跟科學(xué)儀器等其他類儀器并無(wú)本質(zhì)的區(qū)別;傳感器、元器件和功能材料主要用于獲取信號(hào)、儀器制作和使用材料上。傳感器已經(jīng)成為影響到儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵所在。各類儀器的基礎(chǔ)理論和技術(shù),構(gòu)

15、成了儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制學(xué)科體系的基本內(nèi)容,它們的產(chǎn)業(yè)成為儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制產(chǎn)業(yè)體系的重要組成,而它們的發(fā)展決定著儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制的未來(lái)。</p><p>  當(dāng)我們分析我國(guó)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制現(xiàn)狀的時(shí)候,不能不清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到它同國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比,同我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的實(shí)際需要相比,還存在著很大的差距。差距是全方位的,最要害的有三點(diǎn):</p><p>  第一,我國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模小,產(chǎn)值低,

16、企業(yè)同樣是規(guī)模小,產(chǎn)值低。2007年我國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值3000億元人民幣,只占工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值2.5%。10年前,美國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值已達(dá)到4千億美元,占工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值4%。目前,美國(guó)儀器儀表企業(yè)年產(chǎn)值超過(guò)20億美元不少于50家,我國(guó)最大的儀器儀表企業(yè),京儀集團(tuán)年產(chǎn)值80億元人民幣,川儀集團(tuán)60億元人民幣。兩相比較,差距實(shí)在太大。產(chǎn)業(yè)和企業(yè)的規(guī)模和產(chǎn)值直接影響到產(chǎn)業(yè)的活力與發(fā)展。要縮小和消除這個(gè)差距,需要我們努力奮斗10年20年。</

17、p><p>  第二,我國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上、品種上還存在不少問(wèn)題。產(chǎn)品的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)沒(méi)有得到根本解決,嚴(yán)重影響到市場(chǎng)銷售和正常使用。許多大型精密儀器我們還生產(chǎn)不出來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)需求幾乎全部依賴進(jìn)口。2007年我國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)品出口創(chuàng)下了88億美元,可是進(jìn)口卻達(dá)到了172億美元,逆差84億美元,成為裝備制造業(yè)之最。這個(gè)問(wèn)題不解決,我國(guó)儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制學(xué)科和產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展將無(wú)法擺脫落后被動(dòng)的局面。</p>

18、<p>  第三,我國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng),還無(wú)法承擔(dān)起科技創(chuàng)新主體的責(zé)任。國(guó)際上儀器儀表科技創(chuàng)新發(fā)展極快,產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的周期大約只需2至4年,多數(shù)企業(yè)銷售額一半以上幾乎都來(lái)自5年內(nèi)上市的新產(chǎn)品。而我國(guó)儀器儀表產(chǎn)品不少還沿自于20世紀(jì)80年代技術(shù)引進(jìn)的產(chǎn)物,相當(dāng)多企業(yè)產(chǎn)品是10年一貫制,靠吃老本為生。自主創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)原因是多方面的,影響最大的不外乎兩條:一是科技創(chuàng)新開(kāi)發(fā)投入資金太少。國(guó)外企業(yè)用于科技創(chuàng)新資金投入一般為銷

19、售收入8至10%,而我國(guó)企業(yè)投入資金很少超過(guò)3至5%,何況銷售收入本來(lái)就不多,極大地限制了科技創(chuàng)新的有效開(kāi)展;二是人的因素,有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不重視自主創(chuàng)新,更多的是創(chuàng)新人才匱乏。黨的十七大提出,提高自主創(chuàng)新能力,建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國(guó)家是國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的核心,是提高綜合國(guó)力的關(guān)鍵。企業(yè)提升科技創(chuàng)新能力,已經(jīng)成為刻不容緩的歷史使命。</p><p><b>  三、趨勢(shì)特點(diǎn)</b></p><

20、p>  當(dāng)今,儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)是:面對(duì)產(chǎn)品的穩(wěn)定性、可靠性和適應(yīng)性要求不斷提高;技術(shù)指標(biāo)和功能不斷提高;最先采用新的科學(xué)研究成果;高新技術(shù)大量采用;儀器及測(cè)控單元微小型化、智能化日趨明顯;要求儀器及測(cè)控單元可獨(dú)立使用、嵌入式使用和聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用;儀器測(cè)控范圍向立體化、全球化擴(kuò)展;測(cè)控功能向系統(tǒng)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展;便攜式、手持式以至個(gè)性化儀器大量發(fā)展。技術(shù)特點(diǎn)是:綜合各種新技術(shù),在研究?jī)x器儀表相關(guān)類型傳感器、元器件和材料及技術(shù)的基

21、礎(chǔ)上,創(chuàng)新開(kāi)發(fā)新的微弱信號(hào)敏感、傳感、檢測(cè)、融合技術(shù),物質(zhì)原子、分子級(jí)檢測(cè)技術(shù),復(fù)雜組成樣品的聯(lián)用分析技術(shù),生命科學(xué)的原位、在位、實(shí)時(shí)、在線、高靈敏度、高通量、高選擇性檢測(cè)技術(shù),創(chuàng)建各類新型檢測(cè)儀器儀表;結(jié)合系統(tǒng)論、控制論的發(fā)展,在開(kāi)發(fā)工業(yè)自動(dòng)化測(cè)控的在線分析和控制、原位分析及控制、高可靠性、高性能和高適應(yīng)性等技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,創(chuàng)新發(fā)展工業(yè)自動(dòng)化儀表與控制系統(tǒng);結(jié)合生命科學(xué)、人體科學(xué)的發(fā)展,在開(kāi)發(fā)醫(yī)療診治的健康狀況監(jiān)測(cè)、早期診治、無(wú)損診斷、

22、無(wú)創(chuàng)和低創(chuàng)直視診療、精確定位治療技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展醫(yī)療儀器;同時(shí)跟蹤新學(xué)科領(lǐng)域和各類應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展,開(kāi)發(fā)各種專用、快捷、自動(dòng)化檢測(cè)和計(jì)量</p><p>  工業(yè)自動(dòng)化儀表與控制系統(tǒng)和科學(xué)儀器,在產(chǎn)值和市場(chǎng)兩個(gè)方面都占據(jù)著儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制總體的一半,是儀器儀表與測(cè)量控制體系的兩大支柱。由于發(fā)言時(shí)間有限,下面就讓我們把主要的注意力放在這兩類儀器未來(lái)的發(fā)展上。</p><p>  工業(yè)自動(dòng)化儀

23、表與控制系統(tǒng)未來(lái)發(fā)展的關(guān)注點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)是:</p><p>  1、自動(dòng)化儀表與企業(yè)的信息化</p><p>  自動(dòng)化儀表技術(shù)包括信息采集、處理和應(yīng)用?!捌髽I(yè)信息化”實(shí)際上是企業(yè)信息的集成和整合。為此,必須用自動(dòng)化和系統(tǒng)的信息模型“簡(jiǎn)化”、“規(guī)則”和“抽象”信息,以便最有效地利用信息。這是自動(dòng)化儀表領(lǐng)域的一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作,也是統(tǒng)一信息表達(dá)的重要手段。</p><p>  2

24、、自動(dòng)化儀表工程項(xiàng)目全局信息和全生命周期信息的整合</p><p>  這是實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化儀表系統(tǒng)的全面可互操作??苫ゲ僮魇欠謱哟蔚?,實(shí)現(xiàn)需要一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。近年來(lái)IEC62424標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的出版,InTools工具軟件功能的擴(kuò)充以及控制系統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表層各項(xiàng)可互操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的推出是發(fā)展中一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志點(diǎn)。</p><p><b>  3、功能安全</b></p><

25、;p>  近年來(lái)功能安全的重要發(fā)展是,大量經(jīng)過(guò)功能安全認(rèn)證的儀表推向市場(chǎng)。為了爭(zhēng)取競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中有利地位,幾乎所有儀表制造商都會(huì)開(kāi)展功能安全的研究。</p><p>  4、系統(tǒng)維護(hù)與儀表診斷</p><p>  系統(tǒng)維護(hù)與儀表診斷越來(lái)越受到用戶、制造商和研究者各方的關(guān)注。它分為四個(gè)層次,生產(chǎn)流程的診斷、生產(chǎn)裝備的診斷,自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)的診斷和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表的診斷。</p><p

26、>  生產(chǎn)流程的診斷原則上不屬于自動(dòng)化儀表范疇,但是診斷信息的交換涉及自動(dòng)化儀表系統(tǒng)。針對(duì)生產(chǎn)裝備的監(jiān)控,診斷儀表系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)推出了新產(chǎn)品。自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的診斷通常是控制系統(tǒng)中設(shè)備管理軟件的一個(gè)模塊或一種功能,負(fù)責(zé)控制系統(tǒng)自身以及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表的實(shí)時(shí)診斷和預(yù)測(cè)性維護(hù)?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表的診斷難度較大,維護(hù)周期由智能儀表的損耗情況或固定時(shí)間確定。</p><p><b>  5、無(wú)線通信</b></p&

27、gt;<p>  工業(yè)無(wú)線通信技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展是自動(dòng)化儀表領(lǐng)域顯著的亮點(diǎn),它的特征是:技術(shù)方案多樣化,參與者迅速增加,成立了專業(yè)組織。推出多種無(wú)線演示系統(tǒng)、測(cè)量?jī)x表樣機(jī),將成為全球主要自動(dòng)化儀表展覽的熱點(diǎn)。</p><p><b>  6、控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)</b></p><p>  未來(lái)幾年網(wǎng)絡(luò)控測(cè)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)儀表是自動(dòng)化儀表發(fā)展的重點(diǎn),發(fā)展方向是大幅提高速度、簡(jiǎn)化安

28、裝和調(diào)試的復(fù)雜性、擴(kuò)展無(wú)線功能以及發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。</p><p><b>  7、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化</b></p><p>  標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化在自動(dòng)化儀表發(fā)展歷史上發(fā)揮過(guò)重要作用,未來(lái)還會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)儀表產(chǎn)品追趕世界水平發(fā)揮重大作用。在新經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代,有大量信息接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的需求,它的共同特點(diǎn)就是在相同的。</p><p>  Our instrument measuring

29、 and control the development of science and technology</p><p>  Instrument measuring and controlling in today's society; the important position and role, Our instrument measuring and controlling the basi

30、c situation, Instrument measuring and controlling the development trends and characteristics of China, as well as measuring instrument and control the significant progress in recent years.</p><p>  A positio

31、n</p><p>  As is known to all, the world is into the information age, information technology has become the key to the development of science and technology, high technology. Famous scientist xuesen has made

32、 it clear that "information technology including measurement technology, computer technology and communication technology. Measuring technique is based. WangDaHang academician also emphasized, "measuring techni

33、que is the source of information technology. The rapid development of information technology, </p><p>  So, the instrument measuring and controlling to promote science and technology, economic and social dev

34、elopment of what is important? In 2000, Chinese instruments, learn to accept the state planning commission, the state economic and trade commission and the ministry of the entrusted organization of national research grou

35、p, a specialist in an instrument industry for three months of study. Very rare is WangDaHang, YangJiaChi, jin, 3 academicians participated personally, and research activities in</p><p>  Due to the instrumen

36、t measuring and controlling of the important position and role is the social attention in recent years, the state adopted a series of important measures to speed up the development. Deserves special mention measures are:

37、 March 2001 seven-time four times at the National People's Congress on "national economic and social development during the 10th five-year plan", "the development of specifically instrument in importan

38、t position. National development program, and to mention in</p><p>  Two basic situation</p><p>  About instruments and measurement control of basic situation, should include two aspects, that i

39、s, discipline and industry.</p><p>  Instrument is an independent discipline? Over the past has been controversial. Today, we can be answered unhesitatingly, instruments and measurement control has formed a

40、complete development. The conclusion, we conclude that the four good reason. First, the instrument measuring and control subjects with its own set of basic theory and technology, which mainly includes theory and technolo

41、gy, detection sensor measuring theory and technology, the signal processing theory and technology, error analy</p><p>  About our instruments and control the basic situation of the industry, let us know some

42、 statistical data. 2007 China instrument industry scale enterprises above 3954 for home, achieve output 3078 billion yuan, sales income reached 3005 billion yuan, both breakthrough 3000 million yuan. Compared with the sa

43、me period of 2004 1000 billion yuan in 2006, 200 billion yuan, 4 years more than 30% annual growth rate. 30 billion yuan of sales and export commodities reached 88 billion dollars, up the previ</p><p>  Acco

44、rding to the different application, we used to measure the instrumentation and control is divided into six types, namely, industrial automation instrument and control system, scientific instruments, medical instrument, e

45、lectronic and electrical measurement instruments, all kinds of special instrument, sensors and instrumentation components and materials. This is a general classification, there are many crossover and penetration. Industr

46、ial automation instrument and control system, and is mai</p><p>  When we analyze current measurement instrument and control, cannot understand clearly that it is compared with the international advanced lev

47、el, and the country's economic and social development of the actual need, compared with a large gap still exists. The gap is comprehensive, the most crucial have three points:</p><p>  First, our instrum

48、ents industry in small scale, low value, enterprise is also in small scale, low value. In 2007, our instruments industry output 30 million yuan, total industrial output value of 2.5%. Ten years ago, the United States ins

49、truments industry output has achieved 4 billion dollars, the total industrial output value of 4%. Now, the instrument enterprise is more than 20 million dollars less than 50, China's largest instrument enterprise, th

50、e instrument group is 80 million yuan RMB, the</p><p>  Second, our instruments product quality, variety also exist some problems. Product reliability and stability, long-term since no fundamental solutions,

51、 severely affect marketing and normal use. Many large precise instrument, we also produce almost entirely on imports of domestic demand. In 2007, our products are exported to set the instrument imported us $8.8 billion,

52、but it reached $17.2 billion deficit of $84 billion, equipment manufacturing, become the most. This problem is not solved, our in</p><p>  Third, our instruments industry innovation ability is not strong, st

53、ill cannot assume responsibility of technological innovation. International instrument technology innovation consciousness, product update cycle only about 2-4 years, most of the enterprise sales more than half are from

54、almost five years of market with new products. But our instrumentation products many also along from the 1980s technology import product, considerable enterprise product is 10 years on a consistent, glide. Indepe</p&g

55、t;<p>  Three characteristics and trends</p><p>  Nowadays, the instrument measuring and controlling the development trend of the stability of the product is: face, reliability and flexibility require

56、ment enhances unceasingly, Technical indicators and function constantly improve, First to adopt new achievements in scientific research, High technology used in great quantities, Instruments and control unit of micro min

57、iaturization, intelligent become increasingly obvious, Measuring instrument and requirements can be used independently, unit and n</p><p>  Industrial automation instrument and control system in the producti

58、on and scientific instruments, and market both occupied with the measurement instrument, is half the total control instrument measuring and controlling system of the two big pillar. Due to the limited time, let's put

59、 the main focus on the future development of two kinds of instruments.</p><p>  Industrial automation instrument and control system for future development of concerns should be:</p><p>  1, indu

60、strial automation instrument and the enterprise's informatization</p><p>  Industrial automation instrument technology including information acquisition, processing and application. "The enterprise

61、informatization" is actually the enterprise information integration and integration. Therefore, we must use automation system and information model "simplify", "rules" and "abstract" in

62、formation, so as to make the most efficient use of information. This is an automated instrumentation field work, is an important means of unified expression.</p><p>  2 and instrumentation project global inf

63、ormation and the whole life cycle of information integration</p><p>  It is the automation system of comprehensive interoperable. Interoperable is hierarchical, realization needs a long process. In recent ye

64、ars, IEC62424 standard InTools tool software function expansion and control system with the instrument layer various interoperable standards has an important development is reversible.</p><p>  3 and functio

65、n</p><p>  In recent years, the development is the important function of security, a security certification by the instrument function of the market. In order to get the competition advantage position, almos

66、t all instrument manufacturers will develop the function of security.</p><p>  4, system maintenance and diagnostic instrument</p><p>  System maintenance and diagnostic instrument manufacturer

67、and user, more and more attention of the parties. It is divided into four levels, the production process of diagnosis, production equipment, automation control system of diagnosis and diagnosis of field instruments.</

68、p><p>  Production process in the diagnosis of automated instrument does not belong to the category, but the diagnostic information exchange involves instrumentation systems. According to the monitoring and dia

69、gnosis of production equipment, instrumentation systems have launched a new product. Automatic control system of diagnosis is usually in the control system of a module equipment management software, responsible for a fun

70、ction or site instruments and control system of the real-time diagnosis and pr</p><p>  5 and wireless communication</p><p>  Wireless technology, industrial automation instrument field developm

71、ent is the significant characteristic of window, it is: the technical scheme, diversification, participants is increasing rapidly, founded the professional organization. Launch various wireless demonstration system, meas

72、urement prototype, will become the world's major industrial automation instrument exhibition.</p><p>  6 and control networks</p><p>  Over the next few years network control and network ins

73、trument is focusing on the development of industrial automation instrument and development direction is greatly increased speed, simplify installation and commissioning of the complexity and the expansion of wireless net

74、work technology development and function.</p><p>  7 and standardization</p><p>  Standardization in instrumentation development history, played a important role in the future will also to pursu

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