外文翻譯---對(duì)四川電網(wǎng)輸變電設(shè)施在汶川地震中受損調(diào)查

1、<p><b>　　附錄2：外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　對(duì)四川電網(wǎng)輸變電設(shè)施在汶川地震中受損調(diào)查</p><p>　　2008年5月12日，發(fā)生中國四川省汶川的里氏8.0級(jí)大地震是自中華人民共和國自1949年成立以來最大破壞的地震。這次地震不僅僅造成大量生命死亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)的損失，而且還影響到了輸變電設(shè)施。</p><p>　　災(zāi)

2、難發(fā)生后，來自中國電力研究院的一組專家到達(dá)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)做調(diào)查。本文就是對(duì)于這次調(diào)查的一個(gè)摘要，同時(shí)對(duì)于電力設(shè)備抵抗地震災(zāi)難的建議也起到有利作用。</p><p>　　2008年5月12日，下午二點(diǎn)二十八分發(fā)生在中國四川省汶川的里氏8.0級(jí)地震。在寧夏、青海、甘肅、河南、山西、山東、云南、湖北、上海、重慶、北京等地的人們都感覺到了。這次地震對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊纳踩约柏?cái)產(chǎn)造成了巨大的威脅；它同時(shí)也對(duì)輸變電設(shè)備造成了嚴(yán)重的損失。

3、為了減少設(shè)備的損失，縮短維修時(shí)間以盡可能快地恢復(fù)電力供應(yīng)，因而減少二次損失，在地震過后對(duì)它們做一個(gè)調(diào)查是非常有必要的。此外，根據(jù)己知的設(shè)備抗震性能的了解，采取有效的對(duì)策來提高設(shè)備的抵抗地震的能力。</p><p>　　為了知道四川電網(wǎng)的輸變電設(shè)備的詳細(xì)的地位以及增加未來對(duì)地震后的數(shù)學(xué)緩解，從五月十八號(hào)到二十一號(hào)，一組來自中國電力研究院的專家被組織起派往四川做一個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查。專家們檢查220-kV和110-kV變電所

4、的一些受災(zāi)情況。為了交流和取得一些現(xiàn)場(chǎng)信息，他們同當(dāng)?shù)氐碾娏景ㄋ拇娏?，四川電力測(cè)試和研究機(jī)構(gòu)，四川德陽電力公司和四川綿陽電力公司，舉辦了一個(gè)座談會(huì)。根據(jù)這些，他們做了一個(gè)初期的關(guān)于在地震中輸變電設(shè)備損失的摘要。</p><p>　　根據(jù)本次調(diào)查，以及世界范圍內(nèi)曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過類似地震，這次地震破壞了大部分的電力設(shè)備，尤其是帶有瓷套管人高壓設(shè)備，包括變壓器，斷路器，隔離開關(guān)，電流互感器，電壓互感器等。變電所的

5、建筑設(shè)備同樣遭受了不同程度的破壞。輸電線路和桿塔沒有受到很大的損壞。</p><p><b>　　汶川地震的特點(diǎn)</b></p><p>　　汶川地震是自中華人民共和國自1949年成立到現(xiàn)在最大破壞力的地震。這次地震的強(qiáng)度和力度都超過1976年的唐山大地震。</p><p>　　在談到中國地震震中和周邊國家（自公元前780年到公元1979年）和

6、中國地震地圖，汶川位于中國大陸中部地震帶。根據(jù)“工作報(bào)告的中國地震烈度區(qū)劃圖”，汶川處于一個(gè)強(qiáng)烈和頻發(fā)地震的區(qū)域。在談到“地震地震動(dòng)參數(shù)區(qū)劃圖中的中國（GB18306-2001），”然而，在這個(gè)區(qū)域的強(qiáng)化地震強(qiáng)度只是第七和相應(yīng)的地面運(yùn)動(dòng)的加速度是0.1克。</p><p>　　根據(jù)相關(guān)資料，這次地震的大小被認(rèn)定為里氏8.0級(jí)，震中烈度約為十一，它遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過“地震地震動(dòng)參數(shù)區(qū)劃圖中的中國”給出的參考值。這次災(zāi)難影響的

7、范圍超過了100 000平方公里。</p><p>　　變電站的工作人員描述了本次地震。當(dāng)?shù)卣鸢l(fā)生后，220-kV的安縣變電所是首先是水平遭到破壞然后垂直遭到破壞。顫抖持續(xù)大約十秒種每次，總共八十秒。而位于德陽市的新市變電所情況幾乎相同，只是總的持續(xù)時(shí)間長了大約2-3秒鐘。</p><p>　　自汶川地震發(fā)生以來到08年5月22日上午8點(diǎn)，在汶川區(qū)域發(fā)生了近七千次余震，有167次的強(qiáng)度是超

8、過里氏4.0級(jí)的。</p><p>　　總結(jié)，汶川地震的特征如下：</p><p>　　1)地震的強(qiáng)度是非常強(qiáng)的，達(dá)到十一，與周圍地面運(yùn)動(dòng)加速度1.5克。</p><p>　　2)活動(dòng)時(shí)間持續(xù)很長，達(dá)到2-3分鐘。</p><p>　　3)震源淺，離地面只有14公里。</p><p>　　4)在相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間段時(shí)余震頻繁

9、。</p><p><b>　　對(duì)電力設(shè)備的損壞</b></p><p><b>　　變壓器</b></p><p>　　因地震引起的電力變壓器損壞包括體位移，打破了焊接或螺栓固定，開裂，滲漏和瓷套管位移。</p><p>　　對(duì)變壓器損傷統(tǒng)計(jì)見表1。</p><p><

10、;b>　　變壓器體位移</b></p><p>　　變壓器在地震中嚴(yán)重受損。許多變壓器的體位移動(dòng)了，甚至從基座上掉了下來。不同程度的移位在許多220-kV變電所里都能看見。比如袁家壩變電所，天明變電所，大康變電所，永興變電所，安縣變電所和新市變電所。這些現(xiàn)象在許多110-kV變電所也能看見，比如說：盛木全變電所，萬春變電所，三堆變電所，劍閣變電所等。另外，茂縣有二座500-kV變電所起火。<

11、;/p><p>　　德陽新市變電所的許多220-kV變壓器的安裝螺栓被破壞和變壓器滑動(dòng)了。</p><p>　　正如第一張圖片顯示的那樣，16個(gè)安裝螺栓有近14個(gè)在地震中受損，固定夾子仍然夾著剎車以抵消變壓器的水平力量，因此，它可以保留堅(jiān)定地防滑。如果夾子被破壞了，變壓器可能會(huì)關(guān)閉打滑而移動(dòng)，將會(huì)造成極其嚴(yán)重的后果。</p><p>　　因?yàn)檫@樣高強(qiáng)度的地震，有些沒有固

12、定牢靠的變壓器從基座掉下來了。 一座設(shè)計(jì)于1970年的220-kV的變壓器掉進(jìn)了一排油池，高壓套管彎曲，油泄漏，機(jī)箱局部變形。通過仔細(xì)調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)這些變壓器即沒有螺栓也沒有定位和固定裝來提供同基座的堅(jiān)固的聯(lián)接。</p><p>　　變壓器套管斷裂和泄漏</p><p>　　本次地震同時(shí)也對(duì)高壓和中壓套管造成破壞，在輪緣和瓷器的聯(lián)結(jié)處出現(xiàn)斷開，錯(cuò)位或者油泄漏，導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模的變壓器和反應(yīng)堆停運(yùn).襯

13、套與角度上升基礎(chǔ)接點(diǎn)部分也受到了損壞，而在主體內(nèi)部的襯套受到的損壞較小。圖片三就是一張典型的在地震中受損的襯套。</p><p>　　大多數(shù)石油泄漏可能是由于套管損壞。因此，關(guān)鍵是要提高套管的抗震性能。</p><p><b>　　開關(guān)</b></p><p>　　由地震引起的開關(guān)柜損壞有幾種類型，比如休息和崩潰，柜體變形，氣體泄漏，機(jī)械故障等

14、。關(guān)于開關(guān)損傷統(tǒng)計(jì)見表2?？梢钥闯鰪谋碇校瑩p害的主要類型，開關(guān)壞了，崩潰。</p><p>　　隔離開關(guān)的損壞大多發(fā)生在高強(qiáng)度地震中地區(qū)，周邊地區(qū)隔離開關(guān)受損較少。</p><p>　　在對(duì)斷路器的損害的，它似乎隨型號(hào)的產(chǎn)品。有一個(gè)252千伏氣體絕緣開關(guān)設(shè)備（GIS）在本次調(diào)查涉及的設(shè)置。這次地震只造成了兩板間房和設(shè)備襯套傾斜恢復(fù)很快。</p><p>　　對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)

15、的斷路器，它的損壞程度跟它們的結(jié)構(gòu)很相關(guān)。電壓等級(jí)為252kV的情況，老式的雙斷六氟化硫斷路器的瓷絕緣子因?yàn)轫敳刻囟竺娣e受損（見圖4）。而新式的單斷六氟化硫斷路器有頂部輕而情況好一些，尤其因?yàn)橛幸恍┻M(jìn)口的陶瓷產(chǎn)品（見圖5）。電壓等級(jí)為126kV的情況，除了老式的斷路器在地震強(qiáng)度很強(qiáng)的震中受損外，大部分的斷路器只是受了輕微的損壞。</p><p>　　根據(jù)調(diào)查，大多數(shù)處在不同電壓等級(jí)的開關(guān)是由陶瓷制成，并且是露

16、天型的，所以它們的抗震性能差。相對(duì)而言，氣體絕緣開關(guān)和油箱式斷路器有較好的抗震性能。因此，在未來對(duì)震區(qū)設(shè)備選擇時(shí)可以作為一個(gè)選擇。</p><p><b>　　母線和支柱絕緣子</b></p><p>　　在變電所中母線有兩種類型，硬母線接線和軟母線。硬母線是由鋁管和鋁導(dǎo)線制成，而軟母線是由鋁導(dǎo)線制成。他們?cè)诘卣鹬惺艿降钠茐姆绞绞遣煌?。有關(guān)硬母線受損，主要是母線的實(shí)

17、心支柱絕緣子（通常是瓷器做的）破裂；有關(guān)軟母線受損，一般是打破瓷絕緣子。</p><p><b>　　分析受損的原因</b></p><p><b>　　地震強(qiáng)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</b></p><p>　　在汶川地震輸變電設(shè)施受損的主要原因是，實(shí)際地震烈度超過了設(shè)施強(qiáng)化限制設(shè)置。此外，主震持續(xù)時(shí)間相對(duì)較長。達(dá)到最大強(qiáng)度第十一這次地震

18、，但本地區(qū)電力設(shè)施的抗地震的強(qiáng)度只有七。</p><p>　　一般而言，建筑物和變電站結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和建造根據(jù)一個(gè)給定的地震強(qiáng)度強(qiáng)化，所以他們的抗震能力是有限的。在地震加速度超支的情況下建筑物的承載能力/構(gòu)筑物，他們可能會(huì)損壞。</p><p><b>　　建議</b></p><p>　　為了減少地震損害的，未來輸變電設(shè)施，縮短維修時(shí)間，提出了一

19、些建議根據(jù)調(diào)查的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　更詳細(xì)的損害調(diào)查及對(duì)策研究應(yīng)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)電力設(shè)施。建設(shè)者在改造前應(yīng)記錄所有變電站設(shè)備損壞的整體細(xì)節(jié)。</p><p>　　2) 位于地震帶的所有變電站應(yīng)評(píng)估其抗震性能。正如在有關(guān)地震信息記錄地震發(fā)生后世界各地，用于地震的強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了極其巨大的限制和強(qiáng)化執(zhí)行，以發(fā)生在地震帶的超級(jí)地震。因此，有必要在這些區(qū)域中作出變電設(shè)施的評(píng)價(jià)。</p>

20、;<p>　　3)這次地震減少和隔離技術(shù)，應(yīng)適用于變電站工程建設(shè)。通過隔離和穩(wěn)定的重要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)備和建筑/結(jié)構(gòu)方式，其抗震能力將大大加強(qiáng)。</p><p>　　4) 考慮到高壓瓷設(shè)備在地震破壞性，應(yīng)進(jìn)行研究，在取代硅瓷高強(qiáng)度絕緣材料或其他新型瓷目標(biāo)。</p><p>　　5) 對(duì)于大型變壓器和開關(guān)設(shè)備等，他們的套管電氣設(shè)備質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)應(yīng)給予更多的關(guān)注和設(shè)備應(yīng)確保已連接牢固的基礎(chǔ)。&l

21、t;/p><p>　　6) 地震減少和變電設(shè)施隔離技術(shù)的研究應(yīng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)行深入探討。同時(shí)，高壓變電設(shè)備的抗震性能應(yīng)該走過，尤其是用瓷套管或支柱絕緣子的某些要求應(yīng)要求設(shè)備制造商。</p><p>　　7) 建議在抽查陶瓷器件的抗地震能力。瓷器的設(shè)備應(yīng)選擇一定比例作為隨機(jī)地震模擬平臺(tái)，以確?？拐鹦阅茉O(shè)計(jì)樣本。</p><p>　　8) 這次地震強(qiáng)化重點(diǎn)變電站和線路鐵塔在地震帶

22、的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該提高，適當(dāng)?shù)膫溆迷O(shè)備和備品備件準(zhǔn)備。</p><p>　　9) 應(yīng)急響應(yīng)應(yīng)著力提高地震等突發(fā)事件。衛(wèi)星電話可以考慮提供給一些關(guān)鍵變電站。</p><p>　　Investigation On Transmission and Substation Facilities of Sichuan Power Grid in Wenchuan Earthquake</p>

23、<p>　　On May 12, 2008, an earthquake of Ms 8.0 hit the area around Wenchuan County, Si chuan Province, China. It has been one of the most destructive earthquakes since the founding of P. R. China in 1949. The quak

24、e caused not only tremendous loss of life and wealth, but also severe damage to transmission and substation facilities. After the disaster, an expert group from China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) was sent fo

25、r on-site investigation. This paper is a summary of the investigation, in</p><p>　　On. May 12, 2008, 14:28, an Ms 8.0 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province in China. People all felt it in

26、Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Henan, Shanxi , Shaanxi, Shandong, Yunnan, Hubei ,Shanghai, Chongqing, Beijing, e tc. The earthquake threatened greatly the security of people’s lives and possessions in the local area; it also i

27、nflicted a heavy loss on transmission and substation facilities. In order to minimize losses on these facilities, shorten repair time,resume electricity sup</p><p>　　To understand the detailed status of the

28、transmission and substation facilities of Sichuan power grid and to gain experience for earthquake after math mitigation in the future, an expert group from China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) was organized a

29、nd sent to Sichuan for on-site investigation from May 18 till May 21. Experts inspected some disastrous 220-kV and110-kV substations. They also held a symposium to exchange with some local electric companies including Si

30、chuan Electric Powe</p><p>　　According to the investigation done, similar to the earthquakes that have ever happened worldwide, this earthquake damaged mainly electric equipment [1 ],especially high-voltage

31、equipment with porcelain bushings including transformers, circuit breakers, disconnectors, current transformers, potential transformers, etc. Buildings of substations also encountered varying degrees of damage. Transmiss

32、ion lines and towers were not damaged very seriously。</p><p>　　Features of Wenchuan Earthquake</p><p>　　Wenchuan earthquake has been the most destructive and far going one since the founding of

33、P. R. China in 1949. Both the strength and intensity of the earthquake exceeded that of the Tangshan earthquake in 1976. </p><p>　　Referring to the map of earthquake epicenters for China and surrounding coun

34、tries (from 780 B.C. to A.D. 1979) and Chinese seismicity map, Wenchuan is located on the central seismic belt of Chinese mainland. According to the “Working Report on Seismic Intensity Zoning Map of China[2],”Wenchuan i

35、s zoned as a area with strong and frequent seismic activities. Referring to the “Seismic Zoning Map of Ground Motion Parameters in China (GB18306-2001)[3] ,”however, the seismic fortifying intensity in th</p><

36、p>　　In accordance with the relevant information, the magnitude of the earthquake was confirmed as 8.0 on the Richter scale, and the intensity at the epicenter was about XI, which was far beyond the reference value giv

37、en in the “Seismic Zoning Map of Ground Motion Parameters in China.”The disaster-ridden area was beyond 100 000 square kilometers. </p><p>　　Employees of substations described the earthquake。When it came, th

38、e 220-kV Anxian Substation was first shaken horizontally and then vertically. The shakes lasted about 10 seconds every time and 80 seconds totally. The case of Xinshi Substation in Deyang City was almost the same but the

39、 total duration was much longer roughly 2-3 minutes.</p><p>　　Since the Wenchuan earthquake, up to 8:00 on May22, 2008, nearly 7 000 aftershocks had taken place, of which 167 strong ones with strengths above

40、 Ms 4.0 occurred in Wenchuan area.</p><p>　　To sum up, the features of Wenchuan earthquake were as follows.</p><p>　　1) The seismic intensity was very high, reaching XI, with a ground motion acc

41、eleration around 1.5g.</p><p>　　2) the active duration was long, reaching 2-3 minutes. </p><p>　　3) the source was shallow, about 14 kilometers beneath the ground. and </p><p>　　4)

42、aftershocks were frequent in quite a long time.</p><p>　　Damage to electric equipment</p><p>　　Transformers</p><p>　　Damage to power transformers caused by the earthquake included m

43、ainly body displacement, breaking of mounting welds or bolts, cracking, leaking and displacement of porcelain bushings. Damage statistics on transformers are shown in Table 1.</p><p>　　Displacement of transf

44、ormer body</p><p>　　Transformers were badly damaged in the earthquake。Many transformer bodies were displaced even dropped from mounting bases. Varying degrees of displacements can be seen in many 220-kV <

45、/p><p>　　substations, such as Yuanjiaba Substation, Tianming Substation, Dakang Substation, Yongxing Substation, Anxian Substation and Xinshi Substation. These phenomena can also be seen in many 110-kV stations

46、, such as Shengmuquan Substation, Wanchun Substation, Sandui Substation, Jiange Substation, etc. Furthermore, transformer 2 in 500-kV Maoxian Substation caught fire.</p><p>　　Most of the mounting bolts of 22

47、0-kV transformers were broken inXinshi Substation in Deyang City, and the transformers were moved along the skid (see Fig. 1).As shown in Fig. 1, although 14 of 16 mounting bolts were broken in the earthquake, the fixing

48、 clips still clipped the skid hard which counteracted the horiontal force acting on the transformer, so that it could be retained firmly on the skid. If fixing clips were disabled, transformers might be off the skid and

49、upset, resulting in extremel</p><p>　　Due to the high seismic intensity, some transformers without firm fixation fell off their mounting bases. A 220-kV transformer designed in 1970s fell into an oil drainag

50、e pool, resulting in bending of HV bushing, leaking of oil and local deformation of chassis (see Fig. 2). By careful inspection, it was found that the transformer had neither anchor bolts nor locating and fixing devices

51、that provide</p><p>　　firm connection with the mounting base.</p><p>　　Breaking and leaking at transformer bushings</p><p>　　The earthquake also caused breaking of HV and MV bushing

52、s, disconnection, dislocation or leaking of oil at the joint of flange and porcelain, which in large scale resulted in outage transformers and reactors. Bushing’ s part at the junction with angled ascending base was most

53、 damaged, while bushing’s part inside main body was less damaged. Fig. 3 is a typical picture of bushings damaged in the earthquake. </p><p>　　Most oil leaking could be attributable to bushing damage. Theref

54、ore, it is crucial to improve</p><p>　　Bushing’s aseismatic performance.</p><p>　　Switchgear</p><p>　　There were several types of damage to switchgears caused by the earthquake, suc

55、h as break and collapse, body deformation, leaking of gas, mechanical failure and so on. Damage statistics on switchgears are shown in Table 2. It can be seen from the table that the main type of damage to switchgears wa

56、s breaking and collapse.</p><p>　　Damage to disconnecting switches happened mostly in epicentre area with high seismic intensity. There were fewer disconnecting switches damaged in circumjacent areas.</p&

57、gt;<p>　　In respect of the damage to circuit breakers, it seemed to vary with types of products. There was one set of 252-kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS) involved in this investigation. The earthquake just cause

58、d a bushing incline between two cubicles and the equipment was restored soon.</p><p>　　For traditional circuit breakers, the degree of damage related closely to their structures. At the voltage level of 252

59、kV, the post porcelain insulators of old-type double-break SF6 circuit breakers were broken widely because of heavy top (see Fig. 4). The new type of single-break SF6 circuit breakers were in better conditions thanks to

60、light top, especially for some imported porcelain products (see Fig. 5). At the voltage level of 126 kV, most of the circuit breakers were damaged slightly exce</p><p>　　According to the investigation, most

61、of the switchgears at various voltage levels were made of porcelain and were of open-air type, so they had bad aseismatic performance. In comparison, GIS and tank circuit breakers had better aseismatic performance. There

62、fore they can be considered as a choice in future equipment selection for earthquake areas.</p><p>　　Bus bars and post insulators</p><p>　　There were two kinds of bus bar in the substations, tha

63、t is, hard and flexible. The hard one was made of aluminum tube and aluminum conductor, and the flexible one was made of aluminum conductor. They were damaged in different ways by the earthquake. The damage relating hard

64、 bus bars was mainly breaking of solid-core post insulators (normally made of porcelain); for flexible bus bars, the damage was generally breaking of porcelain insulators suspending flexible bus bars. </p><p&g

65、t;　　Analysis of reasons for damage</p><p>　　Seismic fortifying criteria</p><p>　　One of the main reasons for damage to transmission and substation facilities in Wenchuan earthquake was that the

66、actual earthquake intensity exceeded the fortifying limitation set for the facilities. Also, the main earthquake lasted for a comparatively longer period of time. The maximum intensity of this earthquake attained XI, but

67、 the seismic fortifying intensity set for electric facilities in this area is just VII.</p><p>　　Generally, buildings and structures in a substation are designed and built according to a given seismic fortif

68、ying intensity, so their earthquake resisting ability is limited. In case seismic acceleration overruns the bearing capability of buildings/structures, they may be damaged.</p><p>　　Suggestions</p>&l

69、t;p>　　In order to reduce damage to transmission and substation facilities in future earthquakes and shorten repair time, some suggestions are presented according to the investigation results.</p><p>　　Mor

70、e detailed damage investigations and countermeasure studies should be furthered for electric facilities. Builders should record the overall details of equipment damage in all substations before reconstruction.</p>

71、<p>　　All substations located on seismic belt should be evaluated for their aseismatic performance. As recorded in seismic information concerning earthquakes having happened worldwide, super earthquakes used to occ

72、ur on seismic belt with a seismic intensity much higher than了fortifying limitation and extremely tremendous execution. Consequently, it is necessary to make evaluations for substation facilities in these zones.</p>

73、<p>　　3)The earthquake reduction and isolation technology should be applied to substation project construction. By way of isolating important equipment and buildings/ structures from steadier and groundwork, thei

74、r earthquake resisting ability could be greatly enhanced.</p><p>　　4) Considering the destructibility of high-voltage porcelain equipment in earthquakes, researches should be carried out aiming at replacing

75、 porcelain with new type of high strength silicon porcelain or other fictile insulation material.</p><p>　　5) For large-scale electric equipment such as transformer and switchgear, inspection of their bushi

76、ng quality should be given more attention and the equipment should be made sure to have connected firmly with the base.</p><p>　　6) Studies on earthquake reduction and isolation technology for substation fa

77、cilities should be carried</p><p>　　out in depth. Meanwhile, the aseismatic performance of high-voltage substation equipment should be traversed, especially for the devices with porcelain bushings or post in

78、sulators for which certain requirements should be demanded of manufacturers.</p><p>　　7) It is recommended to spot-check porcelain devices for their earthquake resisting capability. Certain proportion of po

79、rcelain devices should be chosen as random sample on earthquake simulation platform to ensure designed aseismatic performance.</p><p>　　8) The earthquake fortifying design criteria of key substations and li

80、ne towers on seismic belt should be raised, with appropriate spare devices and spare parts being prepared.</p><p>　　9) Emergency response mechanism should be improved for earthquake and other unexpected even