平面設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　平面設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　Wikipedia.《History of graphic design》[M]. 2005</p><p>　　任何時(shí)期平面設(shè)計(jì)可以參照一些藝術(shù)和專業(yè)學(xué)科側(cè)重于視覺傳達(dá)和介紹。采用多種方式相結(jié)合，創(chuàng)造和符號，圖像和語句創(chuàng)建一個(gè)代表性的想法和信息。平面設(shè)計(jì)師可以使用印刷，視覺藝術(shù)和排版技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的最終結(jié)

2、果。平面設(shè)計(jì)常常提到的進(jìn)程，其中溝通是創(chuàng)造和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　共同使用的平面設(shè)計(jì)包括雜志，廣告，產(chǎn)品包裝和網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)。例如，可能包括產(chǎn)品包裝的標(biāo)志或其他藝術(shù)作品，舉辦文字和純粹的設(shè)計(jì)元素，如形狀和顏色統(tǒng)一件。組成的一個(gè)最重要的特點(diǎn)，尤其是平面設(shè)計(jì)在使用前現(xiàn)有材料或不同的元素。</p><p>　　平面設(shè)計(jì)涵蓋了人類歷史上諸多領(lǐng)域，在此漫長的歷史和在相對最近爆炸視覺傳達(dá)中的第20

3、和21世紀(jì)，人們有時(shí)是模糊的區(qū)別和重疊的廣告藝術(shù)，平面設(shè)計(jì)和美術(shù)。畢竟，他們有著許多相同的內(nèi)容，理論，原則，做法和語言，有時(shí)同樣的客人或客戶。廣告藝術(shù)的最終目標(biāo)是出售的商品和服務(wù)。在平面設(shè)計(jì)，“其實(shí)質(zhì)是使以信息，形成以思想，言論和感覺的經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。</p><p>　　在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之間的第4和第7世紀(jì)的木塊被切斷打印紡織品和后重現(xiàn)佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷書籍。</p><

4、;p>　　在19世紀(jì)后期歐洲，尤其是在英國，平面設(shè)計(jì)開始以獨(dú)立的運(yùn)動(dòng)從美術(shù)中分離出來。蒙德里安稱為父親的圖形設(shè)計(jì)。他是一個(gè)很好的藝術(shù)家，但是他在現(xiàn)代廣告中利用現(xiàn)代電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)在廣告、印刷和網(wǎng)絡(luò)布局網(wǎng)格。</p><p>　　于1849年，在大不列顛亨利科爾成為的主要力量之一在設(shè)計(jì)教育界，該國政府通告設(shè)計(jì)在雜志設(shè)計(jì)和制造的重要性。他組織了大型的展覽作為慶祝現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)和維多利亞式的設(shè)計(jì)。</p>&

5、lt;p>　　從1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凱爾姆斯科特出版社出版的書籍的一些最重要的平面設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品和工藝美術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，并提出了一個(gè)非常賺錢的商機(jī)就是出版?zhèn)ゴ笪谋菊摰膱D書并以高價(jià)出售給富人。莫里斯證明了市場的存在使平面設(shè)計(jì)在他們自己擁有的權(quán)利，并幫助開拓者從生產(chǎn)和美術(shù)分離設(shè)計(jì)。這歷史相對論是，然而，重要的，因?yàn)樗鼮榈谝淮沃卮蟮姆磻?yīng)對于十九世紀(jì)的陳舊的平面設(shè)計(jì)。莫里斯的工作，以及與其他私營新聞運(yùn)動(dòng)，直接影響新藝術(shù)風(fēng)格和間接負(fù)責(zé)20世

6、紀(jì)初非專業(yè)性平面設(shè)計(jì)的事態(tài)發(fā)展。</p><p>　　誰創(chuàng)造了最初的“平面設(shè)計(jì)”似乎存在爭議。這被歸因于英國的設(shè)計(jì)師和大學(xué)教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息來源于20世紀(jì)初美國圖書設(shè)計(jì)師William Addison Dwiggins。</p><p>　　倫敦地鐵的標(biāo)志設(shè)計(jì)是愛德華約翰斯頓于1916年設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)經(jīng)典的現(xiàn)代而且使用了系統(tǒng)字體設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p

7、>　　在20世紀(jì)20年代，蘇聯(lián)的建構(gòu)主義應(yīng)用于“智能生產(chǎn)”在不同領(lǐng)域的生產(chǎn)。個(gè)性化的運(yùn)動(dòng)藝術(shù)在俄羅斯大革命是沒有價(jià)值的，從而走向以創(chuàng)造物體的功利為目的。他們設(shè)計(jì)的建筑、劇院集、海報(bào)、面料、服裝、家具、徽標(biāo)、菜單等。</p><p>　　Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年書中編纂了新的現(xiàn)代印刷原則，他后來否認(rèn)他在這本書的法西斯主義哲學(xué)主張 ，但它仍然是非常有影響力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯

8、印刷專家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一納吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面設(shè)計(jì)之父都被我們今天所知。</p><p>　　他們首創(chuàng)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和文體設(shè)備，主要用于整個(gè)二十世紀(jì)。隨后的幾年看到平面設(shè)計(jì)在現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格獲得廣泛的接受和應(yīng)用。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的建立更需要平面設(shè)計(jì)，主要是廣告和包裝等。移居國外的德國包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院于1937年到芝加哥帶來了“大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”極簡到美國;引發(fā)野火的“現(xiàn)代”建筑和設(shè)計(jì)。值得

9、注意的名稱世紀(jì)中葉現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)包括阿德里安Frutiger ，設(shè)計(jì)師和Frutiger字體大學(xué);保蘭德，從20世紀(jì)30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原則和適用包豪斯他們受歡迎的廣告和標(biāo)志設(shè)計(jì)，幫助創(chuàng)造一個(gè)獨(dú)特的辦法，美國的歐洲簡約而成為一個(gè)主要的先驅(qū)。平面設(shè)計(jì)稱為企業(yè)形象;約瑟夫米勒，羅克曼，設(shè)計(jì)的海報(bào)嚴(yán)重尚未獲取1950年代和1960年代時(shí)代典型。</p><p>　　從道路標(biāo)志到技術(shù)圖表，從備忘錄到參考

10、手冊，增強(qiáng)了平面設(shè)計(jì)的知識轉(zhuǎn)讓?？勺x性增強(qiáng)了文字的視覺效果。</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)還可以通過理念或有效的視覺傳播幫助銷售產(chǎn)品。將它應(yīng)用到產(chǎn)品和公司識別系統(tǒng)的要素像標(biāo)志、顏色和文字。連同這些被定義為品牌。品牌已日益成為重要的提供的服務(wù)范圍，許多平面設(shè)計(jì)師，企業(yè)形象和條件往往是同時(shí)交替使用。</p><p>　　教科書的目的是本科目，如地理、科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)。這些出版物已布局理論設(shè)計(jì)說明和圖表。

11、一個(gè)常見的例子，在使用圖形，教育是圖表人體解剖學(xué)。平面設(shè)計(jì)也適用于布局和格式的教育材料，使信息更容易和更容易理解的。</p><p>　　平面設(shè)計(jì)是應(yīng)用在娛樂行業(yè)的裝飾，景觀和視覺故事。其他的例子娛樂設(shè)計(jì)用途包括小說，漫畫，電影中的開幕和閉幕，在舞臺上節(jié)目的和道具的安排。這也包括藝術(shù)品在T恤衫的應(yīng)用和其他物品的出售。</p><p>　　從科學(xué)雜志報(bào)道，提出意見和事實(shí)往往是提高圖形和深思熟

12、慮的組成視覺信息-被稱為信息的設(shè)計(jì)。報(bào)紙，雜志，博客，電視和電影紀(jì)錄片，可以使用平面設(shè)計(jì)通知及娛樂。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)，信息與經(jīng)驗(yàn)的交互式設(shè)計(jì)的工具，如Adobe和Flash正越來越多地被用來說明的背景新聞。</p><p>　　一個(gè)平面設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目可能涉及程式化和介紹現(xiàn)有的文字，或者事先存在的意向或圖像開發(fā)的平面設(shè)計(jì)師。例如，一家報(bào)紙的故事始于記者和攝影記者，然后成為平面設(shè)計(jì)師的工作安排到一個(gè)合理的頁面布局，并確定是否有任何

13、其他圖形元素應(yīng)當(dāng)要求。在一本雜志的文章或廣告，往往是平面設(shè)計(jì)師或藝術(shù)總監(jiān)將委員會(huì)攝影師或插圖創(chuàng)建原始文件只是被納入設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃?，F(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)的做法已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展到了現(xiàn)代的計(jì)算機(jī)，例如在使用所見的用戶界面，通常被稱為交互式設(shè)計(jì)，或多媒體設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　任何圖形元素用于設(shè)計(jì)之前，圖形元素必須是源于通過視覺藝術(shù)技能。這些圖形通常（但并不總是）被設(shè)計(jì)師開發(fā)。視覺藝術(shù)的作品主要是視覺性的東西從使用傳統(tǒng)的傳播媒介、攝影或電腦產(chǎn)

14、生的藝術(shù)。平面設(shè)計(jì)原則可以適用于每一個(gè)人的版畫藝術(shù)元素，并最終組成。</p><p>　　印刷術(shù)是藝術(shù)，工藝和技術(shù)型，修改類型字形，并安排類型的設(shè)計(jì)。類型字形（字符）的創(chuàng)建和修改使用各種說明方法。這項(xiàng)安排的類型是選擇字體、大小、線長、主要的（行距）和文字的間距。</p><p>　　印刷術(shù)是由排字工機(jī) ，排字，印刷工人 ，圖形藝術(shù)家，藝術(shù)總監(jiān)，工作者和辦事員。直到數(shù)字時(shí)代，印刷成為一個(gè)專

15、業(yè)的領(lǐng)域。數(shù)字化開辟了新的視覺設(shè)計(jì)師和用戶。</p><p>　　排版設(shè)計(jì)師平面設(shè)計(jì)的一部分，是在網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)中是圖形設(shè)計(jì)，處理安排風(fēng)格（內(nèi)容）的要素。從早期的照明網(wǎng)頁手工復(fù)制書籍的中世紀(jì)和程序，以錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)代雜志和目錄布局，適當(dāng)?shù)木W(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)公司長期以來一直是考慮的印刷材料，與印刷媒體，內(nèi)容通常包括類型（文字 ，圖片（照片）偶爾發(fā)生持有者圖形的內(nèi)容，沒有印刷油墨，如模具/激光切割，燙金壓印或盲目壓花。</p&g

16、t;<p>　　平面設(shè)計(jì)師常常專心研究于界面設(shè)計(jì)，如網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)和軟件設(shè)計(jì)，最終用戶的交互性是一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)考慮的布局或接口。視覺溝通技巧、互動(dòng)溝通技巧與用戶互動(dòng)得相結(jié)合和在線品牌推廣，平面設(shè)計(jì)師往往與軟件開發(fā)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)開發(fā)人員創(chuàng)建的外觀和風(fēng)格的網(wǎng)站或軟件應(yīng)用程序，來加強(qiáng)用戶或網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)站的訪問者互動(dòng)體驗(yàn)。</p><p>　　版畫是在紙上，其他有機(jī)材料或者表面上印刷藝術(shù)品的過程。每一張不會(huì)被復(fù)制，但時(shí)最初的因?yàn)樗?/p>

17、是一個(gè)復(fù)制的另一藝術(shù)作品，并在技術(shù)上稱為留下深刻的印象。繪畫或素描，另一方面，創(chuàng)造了獨(dú)特的原始藝術(shù)品。版畫是由一個(gè)單一的原始表面創(chuàng)造的，在技術(shù)上已經(jīng)作為基質(zhì)而被已知。常見的矩陣包括：金屬板，通常是銅或鋅的雕刻或蝕刻;石料，用于光刻;塊木刻的木材，油氈和織物板的絲網(wǎng)印刷。但也有許多其他種類，討論如下：作品從一個(gè)單一的印刷板創(chuàng)造一個(gè)版本，在現(xiàn)代通常每個(gè)簽署和編號，形成限量。打印也可編制成冊，作為藝術(shù)家的書籍。一個(gè)單一的打印可能是產(chǎn)品的一種或

18、多種技術(shù)。</p><p>　　色彩學(xué)領(lǐng)域是如何在打印機(jī)上和顯示器上用眼睛識別顏色和如何解釋和組織這些色彩。眼睛的視網(wǎng)膜被兩個(gè)被命名為視桿和視錐的感光體涵蓋。視桿對光很敏感但是對顏色不是很敏感。視錐卻與視桿恰恰相反。他們對光不太敏感，但是顏色可以被感知。</p><p>　　Graphic design</p><p>　　Wikipedia.《History of

19、 graphic design》[M]. 2005 </p><p>　　The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation. Various methods are used to cr

20、eate and combine symbols, images and/or words to create a visual representation of ideas and messages. A graphic designer may use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to produce the final result. Graphic de

21、sign often refers to both the process by which the communication is created and the products which are genera</p><p>　　Common uses of graphic design include magazines, advertisements, product packaging and w

22、eb design. For example, a product package might include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design elements such as shapes and color which unify the piece. Composition is one of the most important features o

23、f graphic design especially when using pre-existing materials or diverse elements.</p><p>　　Graphic Design spans the history of humankind from the caves of Lascaux to the dazzling neons of Ginza. In both thi

24、s lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, there is sometimes a blurring distinction and over-lapping of advertising art, graphic design and fine art.

25、 After all, they share many of the same elements, theories, principles, practices and languages, and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising art the </p><p>　　During the Tang dynasty (618–906

26、) between the 4th and 7th century A.D. wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book.</p><p>　　In lat

27、e 19th century Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, the movement began to separate graphic design from fine art. Piet Mondrian is known as the father of graphic design. He was a fine artist, but his use of grids ins

28、pired the modern grid system used today in advertising, print and web layout.</p><p>　　In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the

29、 importance of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures. He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian design.</p><p>　　From 1892 to 1896 William Mo

30、rris' Kelmscott Press published books that are some of the most significant of the graphic design products of the Arts and Crafts movement, and made a very lucrative business of creating books of great stylistic refi

31、nement and selling them to the wealthy for a premium. Morris proved that a market existed for works of graphic design in their own right and helped pioneer the separation of design from production and from fine art. The

32、work of the Kelmscott Press is chara</p><p>　　Who originally coined the term “graphic design” appears to be in dispute. It has been attributed to Richard Guyatt, the British designer and academic, but anothe

33、r source suggests William Addison Dwiggins, an American book designer in the early 20th century</p><p>　　The signage in the London Underground is a classic of the modern era and used a font designed by Edwar

34、d Johnston in 1916.</p><p>　　In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual production' in different spheres of production. The movement saw individualistic art as useless in revolutionary

35、 Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They designed buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc.</p><p>　　Jan Tschichold codified the

36、 principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography. He later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as being fascistic, but it remained very influential. Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such a

37、s Herbert Bayer and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, and El Lissitzky are the fathers of graphic design as we know it today. They pioneered production techniques and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth century. The follow

38、ing years saw graphic design in t</p><p>　　From road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandums to reference manuals, graphic design enhances transfer of knowledge. Readability is enhanced b

39、y improving the visual presentation of text.</p><p>　　Design can also aid in selling a product or idea through effective visual communication. It is applied to products and elements of company identity like

40、logos, colors, and text. Together these are defined as branding (see also advertising). Branding has increasingly become important in the range of services offered by many graphic designers, alongside corporate identity,

41、 and the terms are often used interchangeably.</p><p>　　Textbooks are designed to present subjects such as geography, science, and math. These publications have layouts which illustrate theories and diagrams

42、. A common example of graphics in use to educate is diagrams of human anatomy. Graphic design is also applied to layout and formatting of educational material to make the information more accessible and more readily unde

43、rstandable.</p><p>　　Graphic design is applied in the entertainment industry in decoration, scenery, and visual story telling. Other examples of design for entertainment purposes include novels, comic books,

44、 opening credits and closing credits in film, and programs and props on stage. This could also include artwork used for t-shirts and other items screenprinted for sale.</p><p>　　From scientific journals to n

45、ews reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information - known as information design. Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and film docu

46、mentaries may use graphic design to inform and entertain. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools such as Adobe Flash are increasingly being used to illustrate the backgroun

47、d to news stories.</p><p>　　A graphic design project may involve the stylization and presentation of existing text and either preexisting imagery or images developed by the graphic designer. For example, a n

48、ewspaper story begins with the journalists and photojournalists and then becomes the graphic designer's job to organize the page into a reasonable layout and determine if any other graphic elements should be required

49、. In a magazine article or advertisement, often the graphic designer or art director will commission phot</p><p>　　Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be origina

50、ted by means of visual art skills. These graphics are often (but not always) developed by a graphic designer. Visual arts include works which are primarily visual in nature using anything from traditional media, to photo

51、graphy or computer generated art. Graphic design principles may be applied to each graphic art element individually as well as to the final composition.</p><p>　　Typography is the art, craft and techniques o

52、f type design, modifying type glyphs, and arranging type. Type glyphs (characters) are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type is the selection of typefaces, point size, l

53、ine length, leading (line spacing) and letter spacing.</p><p>　　Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and clerical workers. Until the Digital Age,

54、 typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up typography to new generations of visual designers and lay users.</p><p>　　Page layout is the part of graphic design that deals in the arrangem

55、ent and style treatment of elements (content) on a page. Beginning from early illuminated pages in hand-copied books of the Middle Ages and proceeding down to intricate modern magazine and catalog layouts, proper page de

56、sign has long been a consideration in printed material. With print media, elements usually consist of type (text), images (pictures), and occasionally place-holder graphics for elements that are not printed with </p&g

57、t;<p>　　Graphic designers are often involved in interface design, such as web design and software design when end user interactivity is a design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communica

58、tion skills with the interactive communication skills of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers and web developers to create both the look and feel of a web site or so

59、ftware application and enhance the interactive experience of the user or we</p><p>　　Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing on paper and other materials or surfaces. Except in the case of

60、monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each piece is not a copy but an original since it is not a reproduction of another work of art and is technically know

61、n as an impression. Painting or drawing, on the other hand, create a unique original piece of artwork. Prints are created from a single original surface, know</p><p>　　Chromatics is the field of how eyes per

62、ceive color and how to explain and organize those colors in the printer and on the monitor. The Retina in the eye is covered by two light-sensitive receptors that are named rods and cones. Rods are sensitive to light, bu