中小企業(yè)在采用b2b和b2c電子商務(wù)上面臨的挑戰(zhàn)外文翻譯（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文3000漢字,1500單詞，8000英文字符</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Asare, S. D., Gopolang, B., & Mogotlhwane, O. (2012). Challenges facing SMEs in the adoption of ICT in B2B and B2C E-commerce. International Journal of C

2、ommerce & Management, 22(4), 272-285.</p><p>　　http://www.wenku1.com/news/8A09053157754824.html</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Challenges facing SMEs in the adoption of

3、 ICT in B2B and B2C E-commerce</p><p>　　Asare, Sampson D; Bontle Gopolang; Mogotlhwane, Opelo</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Purpose - Companies and government depart

4、ments, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in developing countries, are trying to adopt information and communication technology (ICT) in their daily activities. Among these companies are small to medium-siz

5、ed enterprises (SMEs) which are also trying to get on board. However, these SMEs are faced with myriad challenges in the adoption of ICT. The purpose of this paper is to compare the challenges faced by SMEs in both Ghana

6、 and Botswana. Stat</p><p>　　Design/methodology/approach - Targeted SMEs in both Botswana and Ghana were approached with a carefully designed questionnaire. Top ranking staff, such as Directors/Managers/CEOs

7、, were asked to fill the questionnaires. Data collected were captured and analyzed using SPSS ANOVA and 2-t Pearson correlations. Findings - The results indicate that both Botswana and Ghana share a number of challenges,

8、 but also surprisingly there are a number of differences in the way SMEs perceive their problems in th</p><p>　　Originality/value - The paper seeks to bring to light the comparative challenges facing two dev

9、eloping countries in Africa. Most papers are on individual countries, but this one seeks to compare Ghana and Botswana.</p><p>　　Key words : Ghana, Botswana, Developing countries, Information technology, Com

10、munication technologies, Information communication technology, Small to medium-sized enterprises, E-commerce, B2C, B2B</p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)外文文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　1 Introduction and background

11、 study</p><p>　　The motivation to conduct this study was borne out of the fact that Ghana and Botswana have been hailed by the West as beacons of democracy. The researchers wanted to find out whether there i

12、s a correlation between the two countries in terms of the way information and communication technology (ICT) is used by small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs in Southern Africa, including Botswana are referred t

13、o as SMMEs ([13] OECD Report, 2002; [15] Garcia-Murillo, 2004). SMEs have different defin</p><p>　　Botswana and Ghana have been described as beacons of democracy and good governance by the West and most of t

14、he financial institutions in the West. From an economic point of view, both countries seem to be doing well ([3] World Economic Forum, 2004). This effect could be attributed to several factors. Among them is the use of I

15、CT in both public and private services. Of special concern is the use of ICT in SMEs, especially those in B2B and B2C transactions. We realize that several challenges face </p><p>　　2 Methodology</p>

16、<p>　　The methodology that has been used in this research paper has been that of mainly collecting data through the use of questionnaires. Target groups were identified, who were mainly SMEs or SMMEs (as used mainly

17、 in Botswana). Upon the identification of the target groups, research assistants (RAs) were dispatched with samples of the questionnaire for pilot testing the data collection instrument. After the pilot study, the resear

18、chers met with the RAs to discuss the problems and challenges they face</p><p>　　In May 2010, the RAs were dispatched with the main questionnaires to selected towns/villages in the two countries. Upon their

19、return, the RAs keyed in the data into an SPSS tool specifically developed for this research. Upon completion, the researchers carried out a verification of the input data. This was done in a randomized way; because the

20、total number of cases of the questionnaires was over 300, we could not look at each single case. We therefore had to use randomization or sampling approac</p><p>　　3 Experiences and challenges faced by the S

21、MEs</p><p>　　The survey sampled a total of 380 SMEs in both Ghana and Botswana. From the analysis of this survey, we gathered that the following posed a challenge to most of the SMEs just as is reported in t

22、he literature ([7] Kauffman and Walden, 2001; [8] Riggins and Rhee, 1998; [9] Seigel, 1999; www.esmaeilkhou.com/articles/9-SriLanka-2006.pdf): high electricity charges for doing business, high tariffs for connecting to a

23、nd staying online, lack of technical personnel to support ICT when things go wrong, to</p><p>　　In our interaction with the SMEs and also as reported from the survey, respondents were asked, "what do yo

24、u think the government can do to enable SMEs to do B2B and (/or) B2C E-commerce effectively?" in other words, how can the government address some of the identified concerns and challenges? The answers were varied, r

25、anging from granting of loans to SMEs by the government, provision of manpower with the requisite technical know-how to assist SMEs with ICT and E-commerce related solutions to th</p><p>　　4 Results and find

26、ings</p><p>　　Out of 380 distributed questionnaires, 302 were returned filled. All the respondents said that they somehow use one or more of ICT equipment in carrying out business transactions. We defined IC

27、T equipment as one of the following, although not limited to and bound by this list: telephone (landline), mobile phone, fax, internet, electronic point of sale (e-POS), PC and e-mail among others. In terms of totals, Bo

28、tswana respondents constituted 52 percent (156 respondents) of those who make use of IC</p><p>　　Respondents stating that they make use of e-POS represent just 37 percent (17) from Ghana and 63 percent (29)

29、for Botswana. This represents a Pearson correlation of 0.312, with a significance factor of 0.000, and therefore highly correlated between the two countries.</p><p>　　Those who own and make use of PC in thei

30、r daily business transactions represent 42.9 percent (85 cases) in Ghana while that of Botswana is 57.1 percent (113 cases). This represents a 0.042 Pearson factor and significance level of 0.487, making it less signific

31、ant than the confidence interval of 95 percent. SMEs that make use of e-mail in their daily activities make up 41.4 percent (72 cases) for Ghana and 58.6 percent (102 cases) for Botswana. This represents a Pearson factor

32、 of 0.159, with sign</p><p>　　Respondents were asked how important ICT facilities were to them. The answers were categorical ranging from very important, important, neutral, less important, to Not at all imp

33、ortant.</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　中小企業(yè)在采用B2B和B2C電子商務(wù)上面臨的挑戰(zhàn)</p><p>　　阿薩爾·桑普森；波特爾·科普蘭；莫思維利·歐普羅</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><

34、p>　　研究目的：發(fā)展中國(guó)家的企業(yè)和政府部門以及非政府組織，正試圖在日?；顒?dòng)中采用電子商務(wù)信息和通訊技術(shù)(ICT)。在這些企業(yè)里，中小型企業(yè))也在努力。然而，這些中小企業(yè)在采用ICT方面都面臨著無(wú)數(shù)的挑戰(zhàn)。本文的目的是比較在加納和博茨瓦納的中小企業(yè)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。研究結(jié)果表明，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)有相似之處，但他們之間也存在驚人的差異。</p><p>　　研究方法：有針對(duì)性的為博茨瓦納和加納地區(qū)的中小企業(yè)

35、精心設(shè)計(jì)了一套調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。一流的員工，如主管/經(jīng)理/首席執(zhí)行官，被要求填寫調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。使用SPSS方差分析和2 t皮爾遜相關(guān)性分析法對(duì)收集的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。</p><p>　　結(jié)果表明，博茨瓦納、加納正面臨著許多挑戰(zhàn)，而且令人驚訝的是，在這兩個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的中小企業(yè)感知他們的問(wèn)題有許多不同的方式。例如，兩者都認(rèn)為頻繁的電力中斷是阻礙中小企業(yè)采用ICT的因素之一。但是，中小企業(yè)不考慮將缺乏技術(shù)知識(shí)作為一個(gè)障礙。</

36、p><p>　　創(chuàng)新/價(jià)值：本文旨在揭露非洲的兩個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。大多數(shù)論文都局限于個(gè)別國(guó)家，但本文旨在比較加納和博茨瓦納這兩個(gè)國(guó)家。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:加納；博茨瓦納；發(fā)展中國(guó)家；信息技術(shù)；通信技術(shù)；中小型企業(yè)；電子商務(wù)；B2C；B2B</p><p><b>　　1 引言和研究背景</b></p><p>

37、;　　本研究的動(dòng)機(jī)在于證實(shí)加納和博茨瓦納已經(jīng)被西方譽(yù)為民主的燈塔。研究人員想要找出兩國(guó)中小型企業(yè)在使用信息和通信技術(shù)(ICT)之間是否有相關(guān)性的方式。在非洲南部的中小企業(yè)，包括博茨瓦納主要指的是中小型制造企業(yè) (經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的報(bào)告，2002；加西亞-穆里洛，2004)。中小企業(yè)有著不同的定義，根據(jù)定義它的人或“接受調(diào)查”的地理區(qū)域。本文的研究目的，一個(gè)中小企業(yè)被定義為“一個(gè)包含有多達(dá)99人員工的組織。”一些作者根據(jù)公司的營(yíng)業(yè)額進(jìn)行

38、定義等等。我們認(rèn)為，在政府和公共部門使用ICT增強(qiáng)了這些國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)。這是明顯的事實(shí)，越來(lái)越多的政府部門和私營(yíng)部門正在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上做生意，這是電子商務(wù)的一部分（考夫曼和瓦爾登 2001）。圖爾班(2002)將電子商務(wù)定義為購(gòu)買、出售或交易產(chǎn)品業(yè)務(wù)、服務(wù)和使用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息包括互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的過(guò)程。</p><p>　　博茨瓦納和加納已經(jīng)被西方和西方大部分的金融機(jī)構(gòu)描述為民主的燈塔和良好治理范本。從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來(lái)看，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家

39、似乎都做得很好(世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇，2004)。這種效應(yīng)可以歸因于幾個(gè)因素。其中之一就是兩個(gè)國(guó)家都在公共和私人服務(wù)領(lǐng)域使用了ICT電子商務(wù)技術(shù)。特別關(guān)注的是在中小企業(yè)使用信息通信技術(shù)，尤其是B2B和B2C交易。我們意識(shí)到這些中小企業(yè)在采用ICT（B2B和B2C）進(jìn)行日常的商業(yè)交易時(shí)面臨著一些挑戰(zhàn)。其中的一些挑戰(zhàn)就是安全問(wèn)題、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、技術(shù)訣竅、經(jīng)常停電、中小企業(yè)如何使用ICT設(shè)施方面缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)呐嘤?xùn)等等。(經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的報(bào)告，2002；莫

40、迪樂(lè) 2002；加西亞-穆里洛，2004)。本文試圖比較加納和博茨瓦納的中小企業(yè)采用B2B和B2C的響。其余部分安排如下:</p><p>　　第2節(jié)討論研究使用過(guò)的方法。緊隨其后的是第三節(jié)，分享了一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及大量的中小企業(yè)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。第四節(jié)闡述了研究結(jié)果，第五節(jié)列舉應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)的一些解決方案。第六節(jié)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。</p><p><b>　　2 研究方法</b><

41、/p><p>　　本文所使用的研究方法，主要是通過(guò)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查收集數(shù)據(jù)。確定目標(biāo)群體，主要是中小企業(yè)或中小型制造企業(yè)(主要用于博茨瓦納)。識(shí)別的目標(biāo)群體，研究助理(RAs)派出了問(wèn)卷，對(duì)樣本試驗(yàn)測(cè)試收集數(shù)據(jù)。初步研究后，研究人員與研究助理會(huì)面，討論他們面臨的問(wèn)題和挑戰(zhàn)。問(wèn)卷要避免以下一些問(wèn)題，有的問(wèn)卷太長(zhǎng)，過(guò)于文本化、一些問(wèn)題被重復(fù)提及等。</p><p>　　2010年5月，研究助理RAs選擇這

42、兩個(gè)國(guó)家的城鎮(zhèn)和村莊派出了主問(wèn)卷?；貒?guó)后，研究助理輸入數(shù)據(jù)到一個(gè)專門為本研究開(kāi)發(fā)的SPSS工具。輸入完成后，研究人員對(duì)輸入的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了一個(gè)驗(yàn)證。這樣做的目的是為了達(dá)到隨機(jī)的方式，因?yàn)閱?wèn)卷的總數(shù)超過(guò)了300個(gè)，我們不可能一個(gè)一個(gè)地看每個(gè)單例。因此，我們不得不使用隨機(jī)化或抽樣的方法進(jìn)行交叉檢查?？磥?lái)研究助理RAs做了一個(gè)非常了不起的工作，而且很少發(fā)現(xiàn)有遺漏的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)錄入后，分析是由一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家研究人員開(kāi)展的。受訪者來(lái)自公司管

43、理層的不同的層級(jí)，董事/總經(jīng)理 / 總裁的受訪人數(shù)總量為57(占19.1%)、而監(jiān)事組成是48(占16.1%)、另外，總經(jīng)理是37個(gè)(占12.4%)以及市場(chǎng)經(jīng)理是15個(gè)(占5%)，將剩下的部分是其他人。結(jié)果見(jiàn)4.1節(jié)所示。</p><p>　　3. 中小型企業(yè)使用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)</p><p>　　調(diào)查的樣本共計(jì)380個(gè)加納和博茨瓦納的中小型企業(yè)。根據(jù)這個(gè)調(diào)查分析，我們收集到以下因

44、素對(duì)大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)構(gòu)成了挑戰(zhàn)：在 (考夫曼和瓦爾登 2001；里金斯和瑞伊 1998；西格爾 1999) 的文獻(xiàn)中，主要有以下因素：高電費(fèi)、高關(guān)稅、缺乏技術(shù)人員支持ICT、缺乏政府的支持等。</p><p>　　在我們與中小企業(yè)的互動(dòng)溝通中以及調(diào)查報(bào)道中，都會(huì)有受訪者問(wèn)這樣的問(wèn)題：“你認(rèn)為政府可以使得中小企業(yè)的B2B和B2C電子商務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)變得更有效嗎？”換句話說(shuō)，政府怎樣才你能解決中小企業(yè)進(jìn)行B2B和B2C所面臨的

45、一些問(wèn)題和挑戰(zhàn)呢？答案是多樣的，主要有：可以由政府發(fā)放貸款給中小企業(yè)，提供人力和必要的技術(shù)協(xié)助中小企業(yè)解決信息通訊技術(shù)和電子商務(wù)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題，由利益相關(guān)方舉辦更多的研討會(huì)保持中小企業(yè)能夠及時(shí)了解信息通信技術(shù)方面的問(wèn)題，減少電力供應(yīng)中斷，提高電信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，降低連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的成本，降低權(quán)力維護(hù)成本，中小企業(yè)進(jìn)行商業(yè)交易的其他公用事業(yè)所需的成本。大量的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的提問(wèn)都提及到ICT的使用。我們隊(duì)這樣的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了整理和分析，結(jié)果如章節(jié)4.1和4.2

46、所示。 </p><p><b>　　4 結(jié)果和發(fā)現(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　380份發(fā)放出去的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷，返回了302份。所有的受訪者表示，他們或多或少都會(huì)使用一個(gè)或多個(gè)ICT設(shè)備進(jìn)行電子交易業(yè)務(wù)。我們將ICT設(shè)備定義為以下之一：不過(guò)不限于這個(gè)列表，電話(固定電話)、手機(jī)、傳真、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子銷售點(diǎn)(e-POS)、個(gè)人電腦和電子郵件等。</p><

47、;p>　　就受訪人數(shù)的總量而言，博茨瓦納地區(qū)的受訪者占到了52%，有156人利用信息通信技術(shù)，而加納的受訪者占到了48%(有144人)，皮爾遜相關(guān)性為0.000，表明在95%的置信區(qū)間是可以接受的。約45.8%的受訪者(110例)在加納地區(qū)利用電話進(jìn)行電子交易業(yè)務(wù)，而博茨瓦納是54.2%(130例)，與意義對(duì)應(yīng)皮爾遜相關(guān)系數(shù)0.940 0.112 (雙尾)和95%的置信區(qū)間。這意味著它必須被拒絕。在博茨瓦納地區(qū)使用傳真有(108例

48、)，占總數(shù)的71.1%額，而在加納則是28.9%(44例)。這對(duì)應(yīng)的皮爾遜相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.000，這是非常重要的。同樣，對(duì)于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用情況,博茨瓦納是 (103例),占62.8%；加納則是37.2%(61例)。這代表了皮爾遜相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.866，也就是說(shuō)，在于皮爾遜相關(guān)性方面嗎，它不是非常重要的。</p><p>　　加納地區(qū)的受訪者稱他們利用e-POS進(jìn)行交易的人數(shù)只占到37%(17人)，而在博茨瓦納地區(qū)是63

49、%（有29人)。這代表了皮爾遜相關(guān)性為0.312，重要性系數(shù)為0.000，因此可知，兩國(guó)之間呈高度相關(guān)性。</p><p>　　在加納地區(qū)，那些擁有和利用電腦進(jìn)行日常業(yè)務(wù)交易的人數(shù)占到了42.9%(有85例)。而在博茨瓦納地區(qū)則是57.1%(有113例)。這代表了一個(gè)0.042皮爾森系數(shù)和顯著性水平為0.487，這使得顯著低于95%的置信區(qū)間。加納地區(qū)的中小企業(yè)使用電子郵件進(jìn)行日常交易業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的占到了41.4%(

50、有72例)，而在博茨瓦納則高達(dá)58.6%(有102例)。這代表了皮爾森系數(shù)0.159，顯著性水平為0.01，這使得如果兩國(guó)之間呈高度相關(guān)性，在90%的置信區(qū)間。最后，加納地區(qū)的中小企業(yè)利用手機(jī)開(kāi)展日常活動(dòng)的占到了92.9%(有144例)，而在博茨瓦納地區(qū)的中小企業(yè)利用手機(jī)開(kāi)展日常活動(dòng)的占到了98.6%(有142例)。這就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)皮爾森系數(shù)-0.105,以及0.074的顯著性水平，結(jié)果表明，它沒(méi)我們之前原以為的那么重要。</p&g

51、t;<p>　　當(dāng)兩個(gè)地區(qū)的受訪者被問(wèn)及在日常該電子交易活動(dòng)中使用ICT設(shè)備是多么的重要時(shí)，答案是以下順序排列的：非常重要、重要的、中性、不是很重要、不重要。</p><p><b>　　文獻(xiàn)信息</b></p><p>　　標(biāo)題: Challenges facing SMEs in the adoption of ICT in B2B and B2C

52、E-commerce </p><p>　　作者: Asare, Sampson D; Bontle Gopolang; Mogotlhwane, Opelo</p><p>　　出版物名稱: International Journal of Commerce & Management</p><p>　　卷: 22 期: 4</p><

53、p>　　頁(yè): 272-285</p><p>　　出版年份: 2012</p><p>　　出版日期: 2012</p><p>　　ISSN: 10569219</p><p>　　來(lái)源類型: Scholarly Journals</p><p>　　出版物語(yǔ)言: English</p><