自動(dòng)磨碎機(jī)以及散裝流體材料對其的影響外文翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文原文：</b></p><p>　　THE SELF-GRINDING MECHANISM AND AFFECTING FACTORS OF BULK MATERIAL IN FLUID MOTION</p><p>　　Abstract: The fluidity and classfication of bulk material

2、 (loose body) were introduced, the self-grinding mechanism and the affecting factors bulk materials in various forms of phase, state and motion were investigated. A rotational-flow-state centrifugal autogenous grinder wa

3、s developed on the basis of applying self-grinding mechanism of bulk material, the result tested by the autogenous grinder was compared with extremely high specific area were obtained. The feasibility lf the developed ne

4、w-t</p><p>　　Key words: motion of bulk material; self-grinding mechanism; new developed mill</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Comminution except coarse grinding in most commintors o

5、r crushing machines is performed in the course of motion of bulk materials. Only in a few comminting equipments such as rollermill and extruding milll, the vomminuted materials are stationary or fluid motion was provided

6、 through grasping the characteristic of fluid motion in the course of comminuting.</p><p>　　2 Fluid Motion of Bulk Materials</p><p>　　2.1Fluidity of bulk materials</p><p>　　In uncon

7、solidated media mechanics, bulk material is also named loose body, it is the aggregate of interrelated solid particles, where a single particle presents the characteristic of solid and is the skeleton of the loose body.

8、However, in macroscopic view, it also presents fluidity and some characteristics of liquid: (a) being the same with liquid, bulk material can not keep a certain shape; (b) both bulk material and liquid can not bear a ten

9、sion force but bear a pressure force. The difference</p><p>　　2.2 Affecting facters of bulk material motion</p><p>　　As stated above, the most predominant factor affecting the motion of bulk mat

10、erial is the existence of inner friction angle. The smaller the inner friction angle is, the easier the motion of bulk material becomes. In the conctrte, the factors can be: (a) the lumpiness of single particle in bulk m

11、aterial, the lumpier the particle is, the more difficult the motion of bulk material will be;(b) the unit weight of bulk material, the beavier the rnit weight is, the more difficult the motion will be;(c</p><p

12、>　　2.3 Classification of fluid motion of bulk material</p><p>　　The fluid motion of bulk material can be classified according to whether there is energy-carrier medium or not:</p><p>　　(Ⅰ) Si

13、ngle-phase flow. When there is not energy-carrier medium in the bulk material, or there are media, for example, air and water, but the media do not play the role of energy-carrying, the flow is all regarded as single-pha

14、se flow.</p><p>　　(Ⅱ) Biphase flow, when there are quantities of energy-carrier media in the bulk material, the particles of bulk material are suspending or near to suspending, the flow is biphase flow.</

15、p><p>　　The flow velocity of bulk material is an impoetant parameter for self-grinding. According to the velocity, the fluid motion can be classified:(ⅰ) ultimate low velocity (ν<9m/s); (ⅱ) low velocity (9&l

16、t;ν<100m/s);(ⅲ) medium velocity (20<ν<100m/s);(ⅳ)high velocity (100<ν<200m/s); (ⅴ) ultrahigh velocity (250<ν<1000m/s). The efficiency of self-grinding is very low when the flow velocity is in the ult

17、imate low velocity range, the velocity is hardly chosen as a parameter in autogenous grinder. The low vel</p><p>　　3 Analysis of Fluid Motion Mechanisn</p><p>　　3.1 Classification of self-grindi

18、ng modes</p><p>　　The self-grinding modes of fluid motion can be classified into:(a) impact self-grinding. In this mode, particles collide each other and reduction takes place;(b) delaminating self-grinding.

19、 Particles impact and shear each other, the particles are delaminated and reduction take place;(c) fatigue rupture self-grinding. Materials are fatigued to rupture under the condition of high-frequency altenating pulse s

20、tresses. The fatigue rupture self-grinding can make tough mateials to be comminuted in the </p><p>　　3.2 Analysis of self-grinding mechanism</p><p>　　The flowing forms of every kinds of bulk mat

21、erials are composed of two basic flowing forms:linear flow and rotational flow. In practice, an independent flowing form is usually present in grinding machine, in a very few case, two flowing forms are compositely prese

22、nt in centrfugal autogenous grinder. Hence, respectively studying the self-grinding mechanism of the two basic flowing forms is the basis for investigating the self-grinding mechanism of bulk material. Moreover, differen

23、ce in phase and </p><p>　　3.2.1 linear flow</p><p>　　(a) Single-phase linear flow. The forms of self-grinding are impacting and delaminating of particles. For example, he principle of vertical s

24、haft impact comminutor is that a strong centrifugal force field caused by a high-speed rotating centrifugal disk brings about a high-speed linear jet of bulk material, the jet collides and impacts the particles remained

25、the wall of cylinder. Meantime, the difference in velocity of jet particles caused by different sizes and morphologies also brings about im</p><p>　　(b) Biphase linear flow. Similar to flow of liquid, the bi

26、phase linear flow also includes laminar flow and turbulent cuttent. The flow is stable when it is in the district of laminar flow, the velocity of particles in a layer is same but that in various layers is different. The

27、 friction of particles between different layers takes place. However, as well-known, the flow velocity in laminar flow district is very low, so the degree of self-grinding caused by laminar flow is limited.</p>&l

28、t;p>　　The comminution mainly takes place in the district of turbulent vurrent due to higher or very high velocity of current and occurrence of violent turbulence in the district. Violent collision between particles ex

29、ists in the trubulence, and impact comminution is formed. If several jets intersect each other, the intersected particles will violently collide and impact. The higher the velocity is, the more efficient the self-grindin

30、g will be. For example, air-current comminutor works in gas-solid bip</p><p>　　3.2.2 Rotational flow</p><p>　　Rotational flow is formed by an external force such as in an anular pipe and cylindr

31、ical container. The centrifugal force field caused by rotating flow radially acts on the particles, the particle jet pressures the walls of pipe or container and particles remained on the walls, thus lesds to friction an

32、d shear force between the particles. The peculiar shear force in rotational flow is a predominant factor contributing self-grinding.</p><p>　　Single-phase rotational flow. The state and velocity of each part

33、icle of bulk material are different owing to the difference in size and morphology of each particle. Consequently, the fricting shear force between particles caused centrifugal pressure is a kind of alternating and pulse

34、 stress, the higher the flowing velocity is, the higher the altermating frequency and intension wil be. The high-frequency alternating and pulse shear stress make particles fatigue ruptured, the fatigur rupture whic</

35、p><p>　　Biphase rotational flow. The self-grinding foem stated in single-phase flow above obviously is present in biphase flow. However, the self-grinding form is relatively weak owing to the fact that the visc

36、id effect of energy-carrier medium hinders the flow of particles. Similar to those of biphase linear flow, the occurrence of violent turbulence ta high rotational velocity brings about the collision of particles and impa

37、ct comminution is formed. The self-grinding form also occupies a place in biph</p><p>　　4 Factors Affecting Self-grinding</p><p>　　On the basis of analyses of comminution mechanism stated above,

38、 the factors affecting self-grinding can be summarized as following:</p><p>　　The instinctive structure and physical properties of bulk material such as fragility, hardness, brittleness, toughness, joint, cl

39、eavage and natural defects. All these factors are of importance to every comminution form. (b) The state of flowing. Linear flow and biphase rotational flow are applicable to brittle material, and single-phase rotational

40、 flow is applicable to tough material, the reason is that the high-frequency pulse shear effect renders tough material brittle failute. (c) The velocit</p><p>　　5 Practical Application</p><p>　　

41、A new-type rotational-flow-state centrifugal autogenous grinder has successfully developed by applying self-grinding machanism of bulk material in Wuhan University of Technology. The schematic diagram of principal machin

42、e is shown in Fig.1. The evident difference betweeen the developed autogenous grinder and other vertical shaft centrifugal comminutor is that the working pan of the developed autogenous grinder is in conical shape. When

43、the conical working pan rotates at a high speed, the resolut</p><p>　　The results of comminution efficency by the developed autogenous grinder were compared with those(listed in Table 1).</p><p>

44、;　　The results in Table 1 show that such indexes as the granularity and fineness of product, throughput, enery-consumption and noise by the centrifugal autogenous grinder are all superior to those by 4R Raymond mill. Thi

45、s reveals that the new type autogenous grinder which is develop on the basis of the viewpoint of fluid motion is feasible.</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　自動(dòng)磨碎機(jī)以及散裝流體材料對其的影響</p>

46、<p>　　摘要：在不同階段的形狀、狀態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)的情況下，通過被采用的液體和散裝材料（主體松軟材料），對自動(dòng)磨碎機(jī)以及散裝流體材料的影響所做的調(diào)查。在散裝材料磨碎機(jī)應(yīng)用的基礎(chǔ)上，一種新型的循環(huán)流體狀態(tài)自生磨碎機(jī)已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來了，自生磨碎機(jī)的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與4R雷德蒙工廠的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果通過比較，及其高精確地獲得了更小的微粒。在對散裝材料磨碎方面，這種新發(fā)展起來的自動(dòng)研磨機(jī)的可行性是被證明成功的。</p><p><

47、;b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　粉碎除了在大多數(shù)粉碎機(jī)的磨碎過程或是壓縮機(jī)在散裝材料運(yùn)動(dòng)中被壓碎的過程，只有在很少的一些設(shè)備例如軋輥機(jī)和擠壓機(jī)粉碎時(shí)采用的材料才是固定的或可以說是比較固定的。因此，一種關(guān)于流體狀態(tài)的散裝材料自動(dòng)磨碎機(jī)的新的構(gòu)想，通過深刻領(lǐng)會(huì)流體材料在研磨過程中的特性而被提出來了。</p><p><b>　　散裝材料的流體狀態(tài)<

48、/b></p><p><b>　　2.1流體散裝材料</b></p><p>　　在機(jī)械學(xué)的分支介質(zhì)機(jī)械學(xué)中，散裝材料同樣被叫做主體松軟材料，它是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的固體微粒的集合體，在這里，每一個(gè)單獨(dú)的微粒都代表著固體的特性，并且是主體松軟材料的骨骼。然而，肉眼可見的方面分析，它同樣代表流體和流體的一些特性。</p><p>　　與流體一樣，散

49、裝材料不能保持固定的形狀；</p><p>　　散裝材料和流體都不能承受拉力但可以承受壓力。散裝材料與流體的不同是散裝材料可以承受較小的正切力，而流體不能，這是由于在散裝材料里存在內(nèi)部摩擦（內(nèi)部摩擦角）。也就是說，如果用外部條件施加在散裝材料上用以減輕或削減內(nèi)部摩擦角，散裝材料將被流體化。舉例來說，把一些如水和膠體材料的介質(zhì)加入到散裝材料中或是在外部施加特殊的力（諧振力等）在散裝材料上，散裝材料將會(huì)被流體化。&l

50、t;/p><p>　　2.2散裝材料狀態(tài)的影響因素</p><p>　　如上所述，影響散裝材料狀態(tài)最主要的因素是其內(nèi)部存在摩擦角。摩擦角越小，散裝材料的狀態(tài)越容易得到。具體說來，影響因素包括：</p><p>　　散裝材料單獨(dú)微粒體的塊狀程度。微粒的塊狀程度越大，散裝材料的狀態(tài)越難得到。</p><p>　　散裝材料單元體的重量。單元體的重量越大

51、，散裝材料的狀態(tài)越難得到。</p><p>　　散裝材料的疏松（多孔性）程度。散裝材料越疏松，散裝材料的狀態(tài)越容易得到。</p><p>　　散裝材料的潮濕程度。當(dāng)濕度超過臨界值時(shí)，散裝材料開始流動(dòng)，然而，對于某些散裝材料，在濕度反面附加的東西反過來也帶來摩擦角影響因素并且導(dǎo)致散裝材料不易流動(dòng)。</p><p>　　微粒的形態(tài)和表面粗糙程度。內(nèi)部的摩擦角與散裝材料微

52、粒的形態(tài)和粗糙程度有著密切的關(guān)系。</p><p>　　對于理想狀態(tài)的散裝材料，實(shí)際狀態(tài)的散裝材料更難流動(dòng)。</p><p>　　2.3散裝材料流體狀態(tài)的分類</p><p>　　散裝材料流體狀態(tài)根據(jù)是否有承載能量的介質(zhì)可分類為：</p><p>　　（Ⅰ）單階段流動(dòng)。但散裝材料中沒有承載能量的介質(zhì)，又或者是有介質(zhì)，如水和空氣，但不能起到承載

53、能量作的介質(zhì)，這樣的流動(dòng)形式都被認(rèn)為是單階段流動(dòng)。</p><p>　　（Ⅱ）雙階段流動(dòng)。當(dāng)散裝材料中存在大量的能量承載介質(zhì)，散裝材料的微粒是懸浮的或是接近懸浮的，這樣的流動(dòng)形式被認(rèn)為是雙階段流動(dòng)。</p><p>　　散裝材料的流動(dòng)速度對于自磨來說是主要參數(shù)。根據(jù)其速度，流體的狀態(tài)可分為：</p><p>　　最低速度(ν<9m/s)；</p>

54、<p>　　低速(9<ν<100m/s)；</p><p>　　中速(20<ν<100m/s)；</p><p>　　高速(100<ν<200m/s)；</p><p>　　超高速(250<ν<1000m/s)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)流動(dòng)速度在最低速度范圍內(nèi)時(shí)，自磨的效率是非常低的

55、，作為自動(dòng)磨碎機(jī)來說這種速度幾乎不能作為參數(shù)。低速經(jīng)常被拿來作為水平圓柱磨碎機(jī)的參數(shù)。介質(zhì)的速度經(jīng)常被選來作為縱向離心磨碎機(jī)的參數(shù)，并且極細(xì)粉碎中采用高速和超高速。</p><p>　　3．流體磨碎機(jī)的分析</p><p>　　3.1自磨形式的分類</p><p>　　流體的自磨形式可以分為：</p><p>　　自磨的沖擊。在這種形式下，微

56、?；ハ嗯鲎膊⑶覝p?。?lt;/p><p>　　自磨的分層。微?；ハ嘧矒艋ハ嘞鳒p，發(fā)生微粒分層、減少的現(xiàn)象；</p><p>　　自磨的疲勞破裂。在高頻率交替脈沖的重壓下，材料因疲勞而導(dǎo)致破裂；疲勞破裂的自磨過程，用脆性材料被研磨的方式，可以使較硬的材料被研磨。</p><p>　　3.2自動(dòng)磨碎機(jī)的分析</p><p>　　各種各樣的散裝材料流動(dòng)

57、形式都是由以下兩種流動(dòng)形式組成：直線流動(dòng)和旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)。實(shí)際上，獨(dú)立的流動(dòng)形式常出現(xiàn)在自磨機(jī)上，在一些情況下，兩種流動(dòng)形式在離心自磨機(jī)中合成。因此，為了研究散裝自磨機(jī)，把自磨機(jī)的這兩種流動(dòng)形式分開來研究。而且，流動(dòng)時(shí)不同的階段和狀態(tài)會(huì)帶來不同的自磨形式。因此，散裝材料的階段和狀態(tài)也必須考慮進(jìn)去。</p><p><b>　　3.2.1直線流動(dòng)</b></p><p>　　

58、（a）單直線流動(dòng)。自磨的形式是微粒的撞擊和分層。縱向沖擊自磨機(jī)的原理是：一個(gè)高速的旋轉(zhuǎn)離心圓盤產(chǎn)生的巨大的離心力場，帶動(dòng)散裝材料產(chǎn)生高速直線噴霧，噴霧互相撞擊，并且微粒停留在圓筒壁上。同時(shí)，不同大小和形態(tài)導(dǎo)致噴霧微粒在速度上的不同，致使微粒撞擊和分層，但是磨損和分層的程度是有限的。</p><p>　?。╞）雙直線流動(dòng)。與流體的流動(dòng)形式相似，雙直線流動(dòng)同樣包括層流和亂流。在層流區(qū)域流動(dòng)是穩(wěn)定的，微粒的速度在同一層

59、上是相同的，而不同層上的速度不同。不同層上的微粒產(chǎn)生摩擦。然而，總所周知，層流區(qū)域的速度是非常慢的，因此層流自磨的程度是有限的。</p><p>　　研磨主要發(fā)生在亂流區(qū)域，因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)區(qū)域發(fā)生高速流動(dòng)和強(qiáng)烈騷動(dòng)。亂流中產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的微粒撞擊，形成撞擊粉碎。如果幾條噴霧相交，交錯(cuò)的微粒會(huì)強(qiáng)烈的碰撞和沖擊。速度越高，自磨得效率越高。如，氣流自磨機(jī)以固體、氣體雙直線流動(dòng)的自磨下工作。</p><p>

60、;<b>　　3.2.2旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)</b></p><p>　　旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)是在如密閉管子或圓筒形容器中的產(chǎn)生的外力的作用下形成的。由旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的微粒的徑向運(yùn)動(dòng)形成的離心力場，使微粒噴霧對管壁和容器壁產(chǎn)生壓力，并且使微粒停留在壁上，因此導(dǎo)致微粒間摩擦力和剪切力。旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生的特殊的剪切力是促成自磨的主要因素。</p><p>　　單旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)。由于散裝材料的每個(gè)微粒大小和

61、形態(tài)的不同，導(dǎo)致每個(gè)微粒的狀態(tài)和速度不同。因此，微粒間的摩擦剪切力導(dǎo)致的離心壓力是一種交替和脈沖的壓力，流動(dòng)的速度越高，交替的頻率和強(qiáng)度越高。高頻率的的交替和脈沖剪切力使微粒疲勞破裂，這種被認(rèn)為是脆性疲勞自磨的疲勞破裂是自磨在旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)的主要形式。</p><p>　　雙旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)。單旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)的自磨形式，明顯地存在于雙旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)中。然而，由于承載能量的介質(zhì)的粘度妨礙介質(zhì)的流動(dòng)，自磨得形式相對較弱。與雙直線流動(dòng)相似，高旋

62、轉(zhuǎn)速度的亂流導(dǎo)致微粒的撞擊和自磨得沖擊。雙旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)在自磨中同樣占據(jù)一個(gè)重要位置。</p><p><b>　　4．自磨的影響因素</b></p><p>　　如上所述的自磨機(jī)的基本分析，自磨機(jī)的影響因素可以總結(jié)如下：</p><p>　　散裝材料的本質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)和物理性質(zhì)有脆性、硬度、易變性、強(qiáng)度、連接、裂開和自然缺陷。這些因素對每個(gè)自磨形式都非常重

63、要。</p><p>　　流動(dòng)狀態(tài)。直線流動(dòng)和雙旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)適用于脆性材料，單循環(huán)流動(dòng)適用于硬性材料，原因是高頻率脈沖剪切的影響使硬性材料脆性斷裂。</p><p>　　流動(dòng)速度。無論是在直線流動(dòng)狀態(tài)或是在旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)狀態(tài)，流動(dòng)的速度是影響自磨效率的一個(gè)主要因素。速度越高，自磨得效率越高，獲得的微粒越細(xì)。</p><p>　　集中性（雙流動(dòng)）松散度（但流動(dòng)）。在可行性理論的

64、基礎(chǔ)上，集中材料的增加會(huì)加劇微粒間的撞擊，因此影響自磨得效率。因此，雙循環(huán)中集中材料的增加和單循環(huán)狀態(tài)松散材料的減少是提高自磨效率的有效途徑。</p><p><b>　　5．實(shí)際應(yīng)用</b></p><p>　　圖1 機(jī)器原理略圖 </p><p>　　1-縱軸 2-底盤 3-工作盤 4-錘板 5-安裝網(wǎng) 6-刮削器 7-自磨

65、筒 8空氣進(jìn)入筒 9-分離器 10-材料入口</p><p>　　一種旋轉(zhuǎn)流動(dòng)離心自磨機(jī)已經(jīng)被武漢科技大學(xué)成果的研制出。機(jī)器的主要圖表如圖1。這種自磨機(jī)與其它縱向自磨機(jī)的明顯區(qū)別是它的工作盤是圓錐形的而其它的事平的。當(dāng)圓錐工作盤在高速下旋轉(zhuǎn)，強(qiáng)烈的橫向的和縱向的離心力作用在材料上，材料在圓筒中處于螺旋循環(huán)上升狀態(tài)，材料可以在旋轉(zhuǎn)流中被完全磨碎。圖2和3分別是水平和軸向運(yùn)動(dòng)方向。</p>&l

66、t;p>　　圖2 水平流動(dòng) 圖3 縱向流動(dòng)</p><p>　　這種自磨機(jī)工作效率的結(jié)果與4R雷蒙德工業(yè)公司的相比較：</p><p>　　表1 與4R雷德蒙工廠的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的比較</p><p>　　從表1中可以看出這種產(chǎn)品的粒度和細(xì)度、產(chǎn)量、消耗量和噪音等指數(shù)都好于4R雷蒙德工廠