117計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)相關(guān)有關(guān)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯成品 對(duì)java及其歷史的介紹（最新）

1、<p>　　此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式！下載之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢(qián)！一輩子也就一次的事！</p><p>　　外文標(biāo)題：An Introduction to Java and Its History</p><p>　　外文作者：Iuliana Cosmina</p><p>　　

2、文獻(xiàn)出處:Java for Absolute Beginners.2018. pp 1-22</p><p>　　英文4152單詞，19952字符，中文6559漢字。</p><p>　　An Introduction to Java and Its History</p><p>　　Iuliana Cosmina</p><p>　　Ja

3、va is currently one of the most influential programming languages. It all started in 1990, when an American company that was leading the revolution in the computer industry decided to gather its best engineers together t

4、o design and develop a product that would allow them to become an important player in the new emerging Internet world. Among those engineers was James Arthur Gosling, a Canadian computer scientist who is recognized as th

5、e “father” of the Java programming language. It would take</p><p>　　You might have the tendency to skip this chapter altogether. But I think it would be a mistake. I was never much interested in the history

6、of Java. I was using it for work. I knew that James Gosling was the creator and that Oracle bought Sun, and that was pretty much it. I never cared much about how the language evolved, where the inspiration came from, or

7、how one version was different from another. I started learning Java at version 1.5, and I took a lot of things in the language for granted. S</p><p>　　When I started doing research for this book, I was mesme

8、rized. The history of Java is interesting because it is a tale of incredible growth, success of a technology, and how a clash of egos in management almost killed the company that created it. Because even if Java is the m

9、ost used technology in software development, it is simply paradoxical that the company that gave birth to it no longer exists.</p><p>　　This code, when executed, prints Hello World!in the console. But if you

10、 have bought this book, it is assumed that you want to develop real applications in Java, and get a real chance when applying for a position as a Java developer. If this is what you want, if this</p><p>　　is

11、 who you are, a beginner with the wits and the desire to make full use of this language’s power, then this book is for you. And that is why to start this book, a complex example is used. We go over it in almost every sec

12、tion, when some part of it is clarified.</p><p>　　Java is a language with a syntax that is readable and based on the English language. So, if you have a logical thinking and a little knowledge of the English

13、 language, it should be obvious to you what the following code does without even executing it.</p><p>　　package com. apr ess. ch. one. hw;</p><p>　　i mpor t j ava. ut i l . Li st ;</p>&l

14、t;p>　　publ i c cl ass Exampl e01 {</p><p>　　publ i c st at i c voi d mai n( St r i ng[ ] ar gs) {</p><p>　　Li st <St r i ng> i t ems = Li st . of ( "1", "a", "2

15、", "a", "3", "a") ;</p><p>　　i t ems. f or Each( i t em - > {</p><p>　　i f ( i t em. equal s( "a") ) {</p><p>　　Syst em. out . pr i n

16、t l n( "A") ;</p><p><b>　　} el se {</b></p><p>　　Syst em. out . pr i nt l n( "Not A") ;</p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p><b>　　

17、}) ;</b></p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p><b>　　}</b></p><p>　　In this code example, a list of text values is declared; then the list is traversed, and when a t

18、ext is equal to "a", the letter "A" is printed in the console; otherwise, "Not A" is printed.</p><p>　　If you are an absolute beginner to programming, this book is for you, espe

19、cially because the sources attached to this book make use of algorithms and design patterns commonly used in programming. So, if your plan is to get into programming and learn a high-level programming language, read the

20、book, run the examples, write your own code, and you should have a good head start.</p><p>　　If you already know Java, you can use this book too because it covers the specifics of Java versions 9, 10, and 11

21、 (the EAP1 release).</p><p>　　When Java Was Owned by Sun Microsystems</p><p>　　The first version of Java was released in 1996. Up until that point, there was a small team named the Green Team th

22、at worked on a prototype language named Oak, which was introduced to the world with a working demo—an interactive handheld home entertainment controller called the Star7. The star of the animated touch-screen user interf

23、ace was a cartoon character named Duke, created by one of the team’s graphic artists, Joe Palrang. Over the years, Duke has become the official Java technology masco</p><p>　　Figure 1-1. The Duke mascot (ima

24、ge source:ht t p: / / oracl e. com)</p><p>　　The Green Team released it to the world via the Internet, because that was the fastest way to create widespread adoptions. You can imagine that they jumped for jo

25、y every time somebody downloaded it, because it meant people were interested in it. And there are a few other advantages making software open source, like the fact that contributions and feedback come from a bigger and d

26、iverse number of people from all over the world. Thus, for Java, this was the best decision, as it shaped the language</p><p>　　The American company that started all of this was Sun Microsystems, founded in

27、1982. It guided the computer revolution by selling computers, computer parts, and software. Among their greatest achievements is the Java programming language. In Figure 1-2,2 you can see the company logo that was used s

28、ince Java’s birth year until it was acquired by Oracle in 2010.</p><p>　　Figure 1-2. The Sun Microsystems logo (image source:ht t ps: / / en. wi ki pedi a. org/ wi ki / Sun_Mi crosyst ems)</p><p&g

29、t;　　It is quite difficult to find information about the first version of Java, but dedicated developers that witnessed the birth of Java—when the web was way smaller and full of static pages—did create blogs and shared t

30、heir experience with the world. It was quite easy for Java to shine with its applets that displayed dynamic content and interacted with the user. But because the development team thought bigger, Java became much more tha

31、n a web programming language. Because in trying to make applets </p><p>　　Nowadays, developers face a lot of headaches when developing software that should run on any operating system. And with the mobile re

32、volution, things have become really tricky. In Figure 1-3, you see an abstract drawing of what is believed to be the first Java logo.</p><p>　　Figure 1-3. The first Java logo, 1996–2003 (image source:ht t p:

33、 / / xahl ee. i nf o/ )</p><p>　　Java 1.0 was released at the first JavaOne conference—with over 6000 attendees. It started out as a language named Oak3 that was really similar to C++ and was designed for ha

34、ndheld devices and set-top boxes. It evolved into the first version of Java, which provided developers some advantages that C++ did not.</p><p>　　? security: In Java, there is no danger of reading bogus data

35、 when</p><p>　　accidentally going over the size of an array.</p><p>　　? automatic memory management: AJava developer does not have</p><p>　　to check if there is enough memory to all

36、ocate for an object and then deallocate it explicitly; the operations are automatically handled by the garbage collector. This also means that pointers are not necessary.</p><p>　　? simplicity: There are no

37、pointers, unions, templates, structures.</p><p>　　Mostly anything in Java can be declared as a class. Also, confusion when using multiple inheritance is avoided by modifying the inheritance model and not all

38、owing multiple class inheritance.</p><p>　　? support for multithreaded execution: Java was designed from the</p><p>　　start to support development of multithreaded software.</p><p>

39、　　? portability: AJava motto is Write it once, run it everywhere. This is</p><p>　　made possible by the Java virtual machine, which is covered shortly.</p><p>　　All this made Java appealing for

40、developers, and by 1997, when Java 1.1 was released, there were already approximatively 400,000 Java developers in the world. JavaOne had 10,000 attendees that year. The path to greatness was set. Before going further in

41、 our analysis of each Java version, let’s clarify a few things.</p><p>　　Why Is Java Portable?</p><p>　　I mentioned a few times that Java is portable and that Java programs can run on any operat

42、ing system. It is time to explain how this is possible. Let’s start with a simple drawing, like the one in Figure 1-4.</p><p>　　Figure 1-4. What makes Java portable</p><p>　　Java is what we call

43、 a high-level programming language that allows a developer to write programs that are independent of a particular type of computer. High-level languages are easier to read, write, and maintain. But their code must be tra

44、nslated by a compiler or interpreted into machine language (unreadable by humans because is it made up of numbers) to be executed, because that is the only language that computers understand.</p><p>　　In Fig

45、ure 1-4, notice that on top of the operating systems, a JVM is needed to execute a Java program. JVM stands for Java virtual machine, which is an abstract computing machine that enables a computer to run a Java program.

46、It is a platform-independent execution environment that converts Java code into machine language and executes it.</p><p>　　So, what is the difference between Java and other high-level languages? Well, other

47、high-level languages compile source code directly into machine code that is designed to run on a specific microprocessor architecture or operating system, such as Windows or UNIX. What JVM does, it that is mimics a Java

48、processor making it possible for a Java program to be interpreted as a sequence of actions or operating system calls on any processor regardless of the operating system.</p><p>　　And because the Java compile

49、r was mentioned, we have to get back to Java 1.1, which was widely used, even as new versions were released. It came with an improved Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) graphical API (collections of components used for buildi

50、ng applets), inner classes, database connectivity classes (JDBC model), classes for remote calls (RMI), a special compiler for Microsoft platforms named JIT,4 support for internationalization, and Unicode. Also, what mad

51、e it so widely embraced is that </p><p>　　Figure 1-5. From Java code to machine code</p><p>　　In Figure 1-5, you see that Java code is compiled and transformed to bytecode that is then interpret

52、ed and executed by the Java virtual machine on the underlying operating system. This is what Java is: a compiled and interpreted general-purpose programming language with a large number of features that make it well suit

53、ed for the web. And now that we’ve covered how Java code is executed, let’s go back to some more history.</p><p>　　Sun Microsystem’s Java Versions</p><p>　　The first stable Java version released

54、 by Sun Microsystems could be downloaded from the website as an archive named JDK1.0.2. JDKis an acronym for Java Development Kit. This is the software development environment used for developing Java applications and ap

55、plets. It includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), an interpreter (loader), a compiler, an archiver, a documentation generator, and other tools needed for Java development. We will get into this more when I cover how

56、 to install the JDKon </p><p>　　Starting with version 1.2, released in 1998, Java versions were given codenames.5</p><p>　　The Java version 1.2 codename was Playground. It was a massive release

57、and this was the moment when people started talking about the Java 2 Platform. Starting with this version, the releases up to J2SE 5.0 were renamed, and J2SE replaced JDKbecause the Java platform was now composed of thre

58、e parts:</p><p>　　? J2SE (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition), which later became JSE, a</p><p>　　computing platform for the development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server env

59、ironments</p><p>　　? J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition), which later became</p><p>　　JEE, a set of specifications extending Java SE with specifications for enterprise features such as di

60、stributed computing and web services</p><p>　　? J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition), which later became JME, a</p><p>　　computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for e

61、mbedded and mobile devices</p><p>　　With this release, the JIT compiler became part of Sun Microsystem’s JVM (which basically means turning code into executable code became a faster operation and the generat

62、ed executable code was optimized), the Swing graphical API was introduced as a fancy alternative to AWT (new components to create fancy desktop applications were introduced), and the Java collections framework (for worki

63、ng with sets of data) was introduced.</p><p>　　J2SE 1.3 was released in 2000 with the codename Kestrel (maybe as a reference to</p><p>　　the newly introduced Java sound classes). This release al

64、so contained Java XML APIs.</p><p>　　J2SE 1.4 was released in 2002 with the codename Merlin. This is the first year that the</p><p>　　Java Community Process members were involved in deciding whi

65、ch features the release should contain, and thus, the release was quite consistent. This is the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59.6 The following features are among t

66、hose worth mentioning.</p><p>　　? Support for IPv6 (basically applications that run over a network can</p><p>　　now be written to work using networking protocol IPv6).</p><p>　　? No

67、n-blocking IO (IO is an acronym for input-output, which refers to</p><p>　　reading and writing data— a very slow operation. Making IO non- blocking means to optimize these operations to increase speed of the

68、 running application.)</p><p>　　? Logging API (Operations that get executed need to be reported to a</p><p>　　file or a resource, which can be read in case of failure to determine the cause and

69、find a solution. This process is called logging and apparently only in this version components to support this operation were introduced.)</p><p>　　? Image processing API (Components developers can use this

70、to</p><p>　　manipulate images with Java code.)</p><p>　　Java’s coffee cup logo made its entrance in 2003 (between releases 1.4 and 5.0) at the JavaOne conference. You can see it in Figure 1-6.7&

71、lt;/p><p>　　Figure 1-6. Java official logo 2003-2006 (image source:ht t p: / / oracl e. com)</p><p>　　J2SE 5.0 was released in 2004 with the codename Tiger. Initially, it followed the typical versi

72、oning, and was named 1.5, but because this was a major release with a significant number of new features that proved a serious improvement of maturity, stability, scalability, and security of the J2SE, the version was la

73、beled 5.0 and presented like that to the public, even if internally 1.5 was still used. For this version and the next two, it was considered that 1. x = x. 0. Let’s list those features </p><p>　　In 2006, Jav

74、a SE 6 was released with a little delay, with the codename Mustang. Yes, yet another rename. And yes, yet again a serious number of features were implemented in a short period of time and a lot of updates followed. This

75、was the last major Java release by Sun Microsystems. Oracle acquired the company in January 2010. Let’s take a look at the most important features in this release:</p><p>　　? Dramatic performance improvement

76、s for the core platform</p><p>　　(applications run faster, need less memory or CPU to execute)</p><p>　　? Improved web service support (optimized components that are</p><p>　　requir

77、ed for development of web applications)</p><p>　　? JDBC 4.0 (optimized components that are required for development</p><p>　　of applications using databases)</p><p>　　? Java Compile

78、r API (basically, from your code you can components</p><p>　　that are used to compile code)</p><p>　　? Many GUI improvements, such as integration of SwingWorker in</p><p>　　the API,

79、 table sorting and filtering, and true Swing double-buffering (eliminating the gray-area effect); basically, improvement of components used to create interfaces for desktop applications</p><p>　　In December

80、2008, Java FX1.0 SDKwas released. JavaFXis used to create graphical user interfaces for any platform, and the initial version was a scripting language. Until 2008, there were two ways to create a user interface in Java:&

81、lt;/p><p>　　? AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) components, which are rendered</p><p>　　and controlled by a native peer component specific to the underlying operating system; that is why AWT components

82、 are also called heavyweight components.</p><p>　　? Swing components, which are called lightweight because they do</p><p>　　not require allocation of native resources in the operating system’s w

83、indowing toolkit. The Swing API is a complimentary extension of AWT.</p><p>　　In the first versions, it was never really clear if JavaFXwould actually have a future and grow up to replace Swing. The manageme

84、nt turmoil inside Sun did not help in defining a clear path for the project either.</p><p>　　Oracle Takes Over</p><p>　　Although Sun Microsystems won a lawsuit against Microsoft, in which they a

85、greed to pay $20 million for not implementing the Java 1.1 standard completely, in 2008, the company was in such poor shape that negotiations for a merger with IBM and Hewlett-Packard began. In 2009, Oracle and Sun annou

86、nced that they agreed on the price: Oracle would acquire Sun for $9.50 a share in cash; this amounted to a $5.6 billion offer. The impact was massive. Alot of engineers quit, including James Gosling, the fa</p>&l

87、t;p>　　Java SE 7, codename Dolphin, was the first Java version released by Oracle in 2011. It was the result of an extensive collaboration between Oracle engineers and members of the worldwide Java communities, like th

88、e OpenJDKCommunity and the Java Community Process (JCP). It contained a lot of changes, but still, a lot fewer than</p><p>　　developers expected. Considering the long period between the releases, the expecta

89、tions were pretty high. Project Lambda, which was supposed to allow usage of lambda expressions in Java (this leads to considerable syntax simplification in certain cases), and Jigsaw (making JVM and the Java application

90、 modular; there is a section in Chapter 3 about them) were dropped. Both were released in future versions. The following are the most notable features in Java 7.</p><p>　　It must have been difficult to pick

91、up a project and update it with almost none of the original development team involved. That can be seen in the 161 updates that followed; most of them needed to fix security issues and vulnerabilities.</p><p&g

92、t;　　JavaFX2.0 was released with Java 7. This confirmed that the JavaFXproject had a future with Oracle. As a major change, JavaFXstopped being a scripting language and became a Java API. This meant that knowledge of the

93、Java language syntax would be enough to start building user graphical interfaces with it. JavaFXstarted gaining ground over Swing because of its hardware-accelerated graphical engine called Prism that did a better job at

94、 rendering.</p><p>　　Java SE 8, codename Spider, was released in 2014, and included features that were initially intended to be part of Java 7. But, better late than never, right? Three years in the making,

95、Java 8 contained the following key features.</p><p>　　? Language syntax changes</p><p>　　– Language-level support for lambda expressions (functional programming</p><p><b>　　fe

96、atures)</b></p><p>　　– Support for default methods in interfaces (covered in Chapter 4) – New date and time API (covered in Chapter 5)</p><p>　　– New way to do parallel processing by using

97、 streams (covered in Chapter 8)</p><p>　　? Improved integration with JavaScript (the Nashorn project).</p><p>　　JavaScript is a web scripting language that is quite loved in the development comm

98、unity, so providing support for it in Java probably won Oracle a few new supporters.</p><p>　　? Improvements of the garbage collection process</p><p>　　Java 9 followed the same versioning scheme

99、 as Java 8, with a small change. The Java version number contained in the name of the JDKfinally became the $MAJORnumber in the version scheme. So, if you have Java 9 installed, when executing j ava - ver si on in a term

100、inal, you see something similar to the following log.</p><p>　　$ j ava - ver si on</p><p>　　j ava ver si on "9. 0. 4"</p><p>　　JavaTMSE Runt i me Envi r onment bui l d 9.

101、0. 4+11</p><p>　　Java Hot Spot TM64- Bi t Ser ver VMbui l d 9. 0. 4+11, mi xed mode</p><p>　　Java SE 10 (AKAJava 18.3) was released on March 20, 2018. Oracle changed the Java release style, so a

102、 new version is released every six months. Also, Java 10 uses the new versioning convention set up by Oracle: the version numbers follow a $YEAR. $MONTH format.11 Apparently, this release versioning style is supposed to