[雙語翻譯]物聯(lián)網外文翻譯--物聯(lián)網的研究方向

1、5200 英文單詞， 英文單詞，28500 英文字符 英文字符,中文 中文 9200 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Stankovic, John A . Research Directions for the Internet of Things[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2014, 1(1):3-9.Research Directions for the Internet of Things

2、John A. StankovicAbstractMany technical communities are vigorously pursuing research topics that contribute to the Internet of Things (IoT). Nowadays, as sensing, actuation, communication, and control be- come even more

3、sophisticated and ubiquitous, there is a significant overlap in these communities, sometimes from slightly different perspectives. More cooperation between communities is encour- aged. To provide a basis for discussing o

4、pen research problems in IoT, a vision for how IoT could change the world in the distant future is first presented. Then, eight key research topics are enumerated and research problems within these topics are discussed.I

5、ndex Terms—Cyber physical systems, Internet of Things (IoT), mobile computing, pervasive computing, wireless sensor networks.I. INTRODUCTIONThe notions Smart devices, Smartphones, Smart cars, Smart homes, Smart cities—A

6、 smart world—have been espoused for many years. Achieving these goals has been investigated, to date, by many diverse and often disjoint research communities. Five such prominent research communities are: Internet of Thi

7、ngs (IoT), mobile computing (MC), pervasive computing (PC), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and, most recently, cyber-physical systems (CPS). However, as technology and solutions progress in each of these fields, there

8、is an increasing overlap and merger of principles and research ques- tions. Narrow definitions of each of these fields are no longer appropriate. Further, research in IoT, PC, MC, WSN, and CPS often relies on underlying

9、technologies such as real-time com- puting, machine learning, security, privacy, signal processing, big data, and others. Consequently, the smart vision of the world involves much of computer science, computer engineerin

10、g, and electrical engineering. Greater interactions among these communities will speed progress.In this paper, as a backdrop to identifying research questions, Section II briefly highlights a vision for a smart world. S

11、ection III then discusses open research questions categorized into eight topics. The research discussed is representative rather than complete. Two goals of the paper are: 1) to highlight a number of significant research

12、 needs for future IoT systems; 2) to raise awareness of work being performed across various research communities.II. VISION AND IOT SCOPEMany people [8], including myself [28], [29], hold the view that cities and the wor

13、ld itself will be overlaid with sensing and actuation, many embedded in “things” creating what is referred to as a smart world. But it is important to note that one key issue is the degree of the density of sensing and a

14、ctuation coverage. I believe that there will be a transition point when the degree of coverage triples or quadruples from what we have today. At that time, there will be a qualitative change. For example, nowadays, many

15、buildings already have sensors for attempting to save energy [7], [38]; home automation is occurring [3]; cars, taxis, and traffic lights have devices to try and improve safety and transportation [9]; people have smartph

16、ones with sensors for running many useful apps [2]; industrial plants are connecting to the Internet [1]; and healthcare services Many important topics such as the development of standards, the impact of privacy laws, an

17、d the cultural impact on use of these technologies are outside the scope of this paper.A. Massive ScalingThe current trajectory of the numbers of smart devices being deployed implies that eventually trillions of things w

18、ill be on the Internet. How to name, authenticate access, maintain, protect, use, and support such a large scale of things are major problems. Will IPv6 suffice? Will protocols such as 6LowPAN play a role? Will entirely

19、new standards and protocols emerge? Since many of the things on the Internet will require their own energy source, will energy scavenging and enormously low-power circuits eliminate the need for batteries? How will the m

20、assive amounts of data be collected, used, and stored? What longitudinal studies will be performed? How will the real-time and reliability aspects be supported [5], [13]? How will devices including mobile devices be disc

21、overed? Will the emergence of a utility model, if it occurs, mean entirely new standards? How will such a utility be achieved? It is unlikely that any solution immediately be- comes the norm. Many protocols and variation

22、s will coexist. What will be the architectural model that can support the expected heterogeneity of devices and applications?B. Architecture and DependenciesAs trillions of things (objects) are connected to the Internet,

23、 it is necessary to have an adequate architecture that permits easy connectivity, control, communications, and useful applications. How will these objects interact in and across applications [37]? Many times, things or s

24、ets of things must be disjoint and protected from other devices. At other times, it makes sense to share devices and information. One possible architectural ap- proach for IoT is to borrow from the smartphone world [2],

25、[4]. Smartphones employ an approach where applications are im- plemented and made available from an app store. This has many advantages including an unbounded development of novel ap- plications that can execute on smart

26、phones. Various standards and automatic checks are made to ensure that an app can execute on a given platform. For example, the correct version of the underlying operating system (OS) and the required sensors and actuato

27、rs can be checked when the app is installed [12]. A similar architectural approach for IoT would also have similar advan- tages. However, the underlying platform for IoT is much more complicated than for smartphones. Nev

28、ertheless, if IoT is based on an underlying sensor and actuator network that acts as a utility similar to electricity and water, then, different IoT applications can be installed on this utility. While each application m

29、ust solve its own problems, the sharing of a sensing and actuation utility across multiple simultaneously running applications can result in many systems-of-systems interference problems, especially with the actuators. I

30、nterferences arise from many issues, but primarily when the cyber depends on assumptions about the environment, the hardware platform, requirements, naming, control, and vari- ous device semantics. Previous work, in gene

31、ral, has considered relatively simple dependencies related to numbers and types of parameters, versions of underlying OSs, and availability of correct underlying hardware. Research is needed to develop a comprehensive ap

32、proach in specifying, detecting, and resolving dependencies across applications. This is especially important for safety critical applications or when actuators can cause harm. Let us consider a few examples of dependenc

33、ies [21], [31], [32]. Assume that we integrate several systems responsible for energy management (controlling thermostats [17], windows, doors, and shades) and home health care (controlling lights, TVs, body nodes measur