[雙語翻譯]新能源汽車電動車外文翻譯--新能源汽車（nevs）燃料電池的發(fā)展和中國的清潔空氣（英文）

1、H O S T E D B Y Contents lists available at ScienceDirectProgress in Natural Science: Materials Internationaljournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pnsmiReviewFuel cell development for New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) and

2、clean air in China☆Michaela KendallMidlands Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Network (MFCHN) and Business Forum, Birmingham City University, Adelan, 10 Weekin Works, 112-116 Park Hill Road, BirminghamB17 9HD, UKA R T I C L E I N F

3、 OKeywords:New energy vehicle (NEV)Electric vehicle (EV)Hybrid vehicle (HV)Battery electric vehicle (BEV)Fuel cell vehicle (FCV)Fuel cell busRange extenderPolymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)Solid oxide fuel ce

4、ll (SOFC)HydrogenClean air in ChinaA B S T R A C TThis paper reviews the background to New Energy Vehicles (NEV) policies in China, and the key scientific andmarket challenges that need to be addressed to accelerate fuel

5、 cells (FCs) in the rapidly developing NEV market.The global significance of the Chinese market, key players, core FC technologies and future research prioritiesare discussed.1. IntroductionChina became the largest car p

6、roducer a decade ago, set to overtakethe USA as the world's biggest oil importer in 2017. New passengervehicle sales in China will exceed 25 million per annum in 2017 [1]; inSeptember 2017 alone, sales of vehicles in

7、 China reached 2,709,000units, up 5.7% year on September 2016. Increased vehicle productionand sales meet exponential growth expectations within the car industry,but the increased emissions from road transport will also

8、have well-quantified impacts on urban air quality and greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions in China [2]. Traffic emissions have become incompatiblewith Chinese policies on climate change and the protection of humanhealth. This

9、unsustainable model results in real world emissions higherthan the regulated emission factors [3], high energy usage and lowutilization [4], exacerbating air quality problems in cities like Beijing.Urban air pollution ha

10、s significant consequence for human healthtoday; in 2013 premature deaths due to air pollution cost the globaleconomy an estimated $225 billion in lost labour income, and $5.11trillion in welfare losses worldwide, equiva

11、lent to the gross domesticproduct of India, Canada, and Mexico combined [5]. China alone lost ~10% of its GDP in 2013 as a result of air pollution according to thisWorld Bank study. If car ownership follows the Western m

12、odel, therewill be 10 billion cars in China by 2100 [6].Environmental protection and economic growth ambitions havepromoted the electrification of urban transport in China, attempting tode-couple transport from urban emi

13、ssions. Since the 2000s, the ChineseGovernment championed a national strategy for clean vehicles that isdistinct from the Western model, primarily to address urban pollution[7]. At the same time, around the world, fossil

14、 fuels are increasinglyseen as an investment liability, prompting significant investment shiftsinto decarbonised clean energy. Several national and local policies inChina encouraged the development of New Energy Vehicles

15、 (NEVs)which are based on battery technologies, and other non-combustiontechnologies such as fuel cells (FCs), which can improve battery per-formance and lifetimes [8]. NEVs are essential for China to meet in-ternational

16、 climate change obligations GHG emission reduction targets,which are reviewed every 5 years under the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change [9]. As a result, Chinese incentives forFC vehicles (FCVs) curren

17、tly extend beyond those offered for batteryNEVs.This paper reviews the background to NEV policies, and the keyscientific and market challenges that need to be addressed to accelerateFCs in the rapidly developing NEV mark

18、et. The global significance ofthe Chinese market, key players, core FC technologies and future re-search priorities are discussed.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.03.001Received 24 December 2017; Accepted 12 February

19、2018☆ Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Materials Research Society.E-mail address: michaela.kendall@adelan.co.uk.Progress in Natural Science: Materials International xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx1002-0071/ © 2018 Pub

20、lished by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Materials Research Society This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).Please cite this article as: Kendal

21、l, M., Progress in Natural Science: Materials International (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.03.001fit for the socio-politico-economic goal for Chinese citizens. Air qualitysecurity achieved through reduced ai

22、r pollution from NEVs – along withother socio-economic, environmental and food securities – is the goal.The technical outcomes of the NEV strategy are also aligned withother policies with industry seen as the foundation

23、of economic de-velopment. In particular, NEV policies are strategically aligned withMade in China 2025 which aims to elevate Chinese enterprises fromsystem integrators of components from the West (normally by imita-tion)

24、 who then develop solutions that achieve reasonable performanceat the lowest prices, to global innovation leaders that shape industry.The latest Communist Party Conference (CPC) 5 year plan emergingfrom the 19th CPC meet

25、ing in Beijing (October 2017) directed Chinesebusinesses to focus on smart, green manufacturing. The aim is for Chinato move up the manufacturing value chain through innovation researchand development (Rregional governme

26、nts offered local incentive schemes, lowering pricesfurther.Aside from moving from coal to PV, China already pioneeredtechnology interventions to tackle pollution. China undertook nation-wide programmes to reduce the imp

27、acts of biomass burning (includingair pollution), including several aimed at household stoves [20]. In the1980s, the Chinese government financed the National Improved StoveProgram (NISP), to provide rural households with

28、 more-efficient bio-mass stoves and, later, improved coal stoves, for cooking and heating.The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) ran the NISP: By the early 1990s,NISP had installed 130 million improved stoves, and MOA support

29、edstove manufacturers and energy service companies to standardizestoves. MOA claimed that, in 1998, 185 million of China's 236 millionrural households had improved biomass or coal stoves and the healthimpacts were as

30、sessed [20]. Later evaluations demonstrated poor fieldperformance however, and the strategic objectives of eliminating airpollution were not reached [21]. Reviewing this experience, there is aclear need for independent o

31、versight of implementation, quality controland support during the enactment and enforcement of any clean airstrategy. In cities, China has displaced combustion bikes with electricbicycles. 200 million battery electric bi

32、kes exist in China, with hun-dreds of manufacturers making > 30 million annually [22]. The pe-netration of electric bikes into Chinese markets is around 95% electriccompared to 5% combustion in Shanghai.4. New energy

33、vehicles (NEVs) in China: electrified vehiclesAs PV demonstrated, the Chinese market offers early scaling op-portunities for NEVs since only 0.2% of all passenger vehicles globally(approximately 2 million) were electric

34、in 2016 [23]. National policiesin China established support for NEV manufacturing capability expan-sion and deployment [24]. The Chinese government promoted variousplans since 2000 with the goal of leading NEV production

35、 by 2012, tocreate industries, jobs and exports, reduce urban pollution and reducefossil fuel dependence. NEVs include battery electric vehicles (BEVs)and FC hybrid vehicles (FCVs), but hybrid combustion-electric vehicle

36、s(HVs) and BEVs dominate. The key parameters in choosing an on-boardvehicle power source (Fig. 3) are strongly dictated by vehicle model.The commercial competition between companies and nations is com-plex, but the core

37、NEV technologies predicted for long term develop-ment are batteries and FCs. If China bans fossil fuel combustion enginesin cities in line with Europe, NEVs will still require massive investmentin materials R&D, manu

38、facturing infrastructure and charging/refuellinginfrastructure.Battery technologies have already benefitted from scaled massmanufacture, which built manufacturing capability, extensive customerdeployment/feedback and ess

39、ential cost reductions [24]. As BEVsemerged and production costs dropped, BEV incentives fell in China,but incentives for FCVs remain in place indefinitely. China tested themarket with various financial incentive schemes

40、 to off-set high pur-chase costs of low volume production vehicles, depending on battery orFC size, the extent of electrification on-board and the onboard fuel used(if hybridised). Instruments include tax exemptions, tax

41、 credits, prioritydriving lanes, and waivers on fees (free charging, parking, tolls, etc),Fig. 2. Schematic of the Toyota fuel cell vehicle (FCV).M. Kendall Progress in Natural Science: Materials International xxx (xxxx)