[雙語翻譯]外文翻譯--伊斯坦布爾購物中心空間組織變化調(diào)查

1、4600 英文單詞， 英文單詞，2.4 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 7200 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Ozorhon G , Ozorhon I F . Investigation of the change of the shopping mall’s space organization in Istanbul[J]. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 2014, 38(2):120

2、-129.INVESTIGATION OF THE CHANGE OF THE SHOPPING MALL’S SPACE ORGANIZATION IN ISTANBULGuliz Ozorhon, Ilker Fatih OzorhonAbstractWithin the scope of this article shopping malls were discussed as a building type and the ev

3、olution of a building type was tried to be witnessed within a twenty-five year period by comparing the early and late examples of shopping malls in Istanbul. The change of Istanbul’s shopping culture / spaces and the inc

4、lusion of shopping centers into the practice of architecture as a building type are briefly mentioned . Each of the selected malls were separately examined in terms of location, concept, space organization and other func

5、tions included, and in the fourth section both early and late examples were evaluated together in the same terms with a holistic perspective. The effect of shopping malls, the number of which constantly increases in Ista

6、nbul, on the city and its architecture is highly important. These massive bodies of buildings play a significant role in the formation and even definition of the new settlement areas of the city, and generate new areas o

7、f attraction. Due to these reasons, from location to architectural characteristic, from schedule to interior quality, they need to be designed punctiliously and with the consideration of the effects at all levels.Keyword

8、s: shopping mall, space design, Istanbul.IntroductionCity, according to Harvey (2013), is a place where people of all types and all classes come together and generate an ever-changing, ephemeral, but still a common exper

9、ience. Shopping malls, on the other hand, are a building typology this change brings into the city. According to Birol (2005), modern shopping mall represents one of the most significant marks of the global economic syst

10、em; yet it is not possible even today to state that there is a consensus concerning their design criteria or presence in the city.Shopping malls often receive criticism in the sense that they are places of spending time,

11、 built on the image of capitalism in the city and on consumption. For instance, while Yilmaz (2002) defines shopping malls as “the landscapes of consumption”, Ozkan(2013) asso-ciates these products of the global cultur

12、e, i.e. shopping malls, with “prisons”, stating that: “Shopping malls are not places where, for example a street musician could easily get in and perform. I consider shopping malls the same as prisons. People go to priso

13、ns by force. The only difference is, people go to shopping malls by their own will”. On the other hand, it is possible to state that the old downtowns are inadequate in many aspects in terms of fulfilling the needs of me

14、tropolises such as Istanbul, and that shopping malls have turned into alternative downtowns for the citizen that wishes to shop within a certain spatial comfort and at the same time to utilize other social facilities. In

15、 other words, shopping malls present a different and comfortable new world to the users, in terms of both their architectural designs and the technology and quality material used in their construction (Güzel, Sö

16、;nmez 2002).Leaving aside the discussion on existence mentioned above, from a typological point of view a shopping mall is a type of structure that constitutes new urban focal points by integrating many changing shopping

17、 culture – that played part in the transformation of the city structure (Kiliç, Aydo?an 2006). Examining the transformation of shopping areas within the course of time shows that the most typical characteristic of u

18、rban shopping areas until the 20th century was “the integration with the urban fabric”. For instance, the agoras in the ancient period cities and the squares in the medieval cities were the most important shopping areas

19、of these cities (Birol 2005). This characteristic is easily readable also for the case of Istanbul, when the shopping tradition and the places this tradition constituted are considered. Covered bazaars, inns, grand bazaa

20、rs and bazaars called arasta are shopping areas that were inherited from the Ottoman State and still actively included in the urban life.There always has beena two-way interaction between the city and the shopping places

21、 that sometimes reveal themselves as the extension of an alley, presenting several different spatial experience and surprises to the user. Dogru (1995) speaks of these structures that develop in line with the needs of th

22、e city and its dwellers, and that articulate as a part of the city as “these structures and squares directly affect the physical position of the city” (Üstün, Tutal 2008; Dogru 1995).However, the changes in the

23、 social life in consequence of the World War 2, technological developments, evolution of cities and population growth have contributed to the emergence of the shopping malls as we know today, particularly in metropolises

24、. With start of the sales of new types of products in new forms of shops with display windows and counters, at first stores were opened. The process that started in the 1830’s continued until the 1950’s in some cities an

25、d a period of draperies and agencies, which usually connoted the sales of imported goods, was witnessed. The “Bon Marche” store, which had been built by the Bortoli Brothers who settled in Istanbul in 1850 and continued

26、its existence until the year 1926, has become the ancestor of today’s supermarket and the center of shopping, style and objects. As from the second half of the 19th Century, branches of large European stores started to b

27、e established in Istanbul (Emiroglu 2002).Migration to cities and the consequent increase in supply of housing resulted in the emergence of the remote suburbs at city perimeters. The horizontal expansion of cities made t

28、he urban population dependent on automobiles, and on top of the unresolved problems of the city life came the noise, air pollution and the insufficient parking areas. The change in the consumption patterns, coupled with

29、the effects of the rapidly developing retail industry (Güzel, Sönmez 2002), made shopping malls –now preparing for becoming the new city centers – preferable in cities, with their characteristics of being close

30、r to the residential areas rather than city centers and free of transportation-related problems.Following the lead of Galleria, the very first shopping mall built in Istanbul in 1988, the number of the shopping malls in

31、Istanbul increased rapidly. As it was also stated by Dökmeci (1995), the examples of the early stage shopping malls in Istanbul achieved high commercial success, which in turn encouraged the establishment of many ne

32、w malls in the city. Arslan (2009) reports that the number of shopping malls in Turkey reached 208 in the year 2009. At that year, with a total of 71 shopping malls, Istanbul included 34% of all of the shopping malls in

33、Turkey (Arslan 2009).Shopping malls in IstanbulDue to the scope and the duration of the study, it was decided to include three early period and three late period examples of shopping malls in Istanbul to the scope of the