[雙語翻譯]城市熱島外文翻譯--泰國曼谷城市熱島特征（英文）

1、 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 ( 2015 ) 423 – 428 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect1877-0428 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article

2、 under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Istanbul Univeristy. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.484 World Conference on Technology, Innovation

3、and EntrepreneurshipThe Characteristics of Urban Heat Island in Bangkok, Thailand Sigit D. Arifwidodoa*, Takahiro TanakabaDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Kasetsart University, Thailand bDep

4、artment of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan Abstract The study focuses on the characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) in Bangkok, Thailand. Hourly air temperature data from fo

5、ur weather stations -one in rural site and three in urban sites for the last five year are used to study the characteristics and intensities of UHI in Bangkok area. The results indicate the presence of urban heat island

6、 in Bangkok and it is increasing in terms of intensity. The study reveals the maximum intensity of around 6-7°C is detected during dry season. The mean annual air temperature in Bangkok city is higher by 0.8°

7、C than outside the city. The weather conditions (wind, cloud, and precipitation), and different land cover types are the major factors governing the near surface urban heat island. © 2015 The Authors. Published by

8、Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of Istanbul University. Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Urbanization, Urban Development, Urban Climate 1. Introduction Urban heat island (UHI) is defined as a phenomenon where

9、 temperatures of urban areas are higher than surrounding or rural areas (Oke, 1982). A measure to quantify urban heat island usually uses the term Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) (Kolokotroni, 2005), which is the ma

10、ximum temperature difference between urban and rural air. Generally, the largest urban heat island effect, or maximum urban-rural area temperature difference occurs most at night, three to five hours after sunset, beca

11、use the roads and other surfaces absorbing solar radiation in daytime release heat in nighttime. Thus, the rural areas cool off faster than urban areas at night. UHIs can provide both * Corresponding author. Tel.: +66-2

12、942-8960 ext 314; fax: +66-2940-5413. E-mail address: sigit.d@ku.ac.th © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licens

13、es/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Istanbul Univeristy.425Sigit D. Arifwidodo and Takahiro Tanaka / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 ( 2015 ) 423 – 428 temperature may be differen

14、t from the true surface temperature. The air temperature data are collected from The Meteorological Department in Bangkok (3 stations) and Pathumthani Province (1 station) to compare the urban-rural condition. Table 1

15、shows the type of station and data collected for the study. Table 1. Weather station in the study Name of Station Type of Station Data Collected Bangkok Metropolis Urban Hourly air temperature record from 2008-201

16、2 Bangna Urban Hourly air temperature record from 2008-2012 Don Muang (airport) Urban Hourly air temperature record from 2008-2012 Pathumthani Rural Hourly air temperature record from 2008-2012 The air temperature

17、from 2008-2012 from all four stations are collected to understand the temperature variation trend in Bangkok in 5 years moving average. These data are also used to understand the daily and annual course of UHI. Table 2

18、 summarized the data and analysis done in the study. Table 2. Type of Analysis and Data Source Used in the Study Analysis Database Source Finalized Data Temperature trend Monthly temperature records during 2008 -2012

19、Annual mean, maximum, and minimum during 2008-2012 Air temperature variation Hourly air temperature record from 2008 to 20012 in April, August, December Monthly mean air temperature data for April, August, December in

20、9 stations averaged for Bangkok city and Pathumthani station from 2008-2012 Daily variation of UHIs Hourly air temperature record 5 from 2008 to 20012 in April, August, December Monthly mean air temperature data for Apr

21、il, August, December averaged for the period 2008-20012 Urban heat island intensity Hourly air temperature record 5 years from 2008 to 20012 in January, November, December Mean monthly air temp differences in dry seaso

22、n during nighttime from 0.00-7.00a.m from 2008-2012 Maximum air temperature difference in dry season for each year from 2008 to 20012s Maximum and minimum temperature Hourly air temperature record 5 from 2008 to 20012 in

23、 April, August, December Monthly maximum and minimum for April, August, December in from 2008 to 20012 3.2. Results Bangkok is the capital of Thailand situated in the central part of the country on the low-flat plain of

24、the Chao Phraya River which extends to the Gulf of Thailand. Its latitude is 13° 45’ north and longitude 100° 28’ east. The elevation is about 2.31 m. MSL. The city is divided into 50 districts and 154 sub-di

25、stricts. Total area of Bangkok is around 1568.737 square kilometers. Generally, the climate of Bangkok is tropical. The weather is warm and humid, and it is affected by monsoon season. The relative humidity is high thr

26、oughout the year around 60 to 80 percent. There are three main seasons: Rainy (May-October), winter (November-January) and summer (February-April). The average wind velocity is 1.2 m/sec (4.3 km/hr). The average relati

27、ve humidity is 73 % and the yearly average precipitation is 1,652 mm. The annual average ambient temperature is around 33-38°C. The absolute minimum temperature is about 20° and the absolute maximum temperatu

28、re is about 30°C. The rainy season temperature is around 25-32°C. The dry season temperature is around 20-25°C and hot season temperature is around 40-42°C. The registered population in Bangkok incr

29、eased from 1.6 million in 1958 to 5.4 million in 1986 and 5.6 million in 1999. The population of Bangkok is close to 5.78 million according to household registration in 2004. This is 10% of the total population of Thai