[雙語翻譯]城市公園外文翻譯--城市公園夜間形象與場所認(rèn)同的關(guān)系（英文）

1、 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 ( 2013 ) 328 – 337 1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibil

2、ity of the Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers, AMER (ABRA malaysia). doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.207 ScienceDirectAicQoL 2013 Langkawi AMER International Conference on Quality of Life Holiday

3、Villa Beach Resort lighting and colour; and signage/ symbol. The aim of this research paper is to investigate the reliability of urban public park image in relation to nighttime place identity in Shah Alam. The data i

4、s collected through pilot questionnaire survey and the data were analysed using reliability scales known as internal consistency and correlation analysis. The results show the significant items used for image in determ

5、ining the nighttime place identity of urban public park. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researc

6、hers, AMER (ABRA Malaysia). Keywords: Image; urban public park; place identity; nighttime leisure activities 1. Introduction Urban parks and playgrounds fulfill a variety of social and psychological needs of the resident

7、s - for example Urban public park creates more pleasant climate, relatively quiet, and with cleaner air than the rest of the city. The success in fulfilling the social functions by urban public parks may be measured b

8、y the frequency of the visitation by the population for whom they were designed. However, the hot climate during the day due to the effect of global warming * Corresponding author. Tel.: +60-17-694-4986; fax: +6-03-552-

9、11564. E-mail address: nightcityconcept@gmail.com. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and/or peer-review under r

10、esponsibility of the Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers, AMER (ABRA malaysia).330 Mohd Riduan Ngesan et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 ( 2013 ) 328 – 337 which identi

11、ty of an environment is recognised. As it is elucidated by Walmsley (1988), social categories rest on shared [and collective] meanings and that meanings are systems of signs Within the urban environment, this is a very

12、important factor. Akin to this, Lynch (1960) also emphasised upon the importance of nodes and landmarks as ways of enhancing legibility and identity of a place. As part of this theory, we can clarify that a building fo

13、r instance can both be material and/or characteristics of an urban environment. Accordingly, Walmsley (1988) asserted that buildings in general are considered as a signage system. In this respect, both buildings and ur

14、ban environments can appear as symbolic entities or landmarks. Symbolism itself is a trendy approach in urban design in order to make a place identifiable and distinctive. To Cooper (1974), there are four kinds of symb

15、olism that could also be acknowledged in continuous stages of symbolism. The first kind archetypal symbolism which is the collective or associational symbolism associations based on direct designers acculturated sym

16、bolism iation; symbolism of the familiar2.3. The relation between place and time Cheshmehzangi (2012) elucidated that actions taken place within the environment are outcomes of the urban system, which could modify qual

17、ities and adjust inner character development and future inputs within the public place. Nighttime activities in public-park are part leisure and part recreation that has become an urban trend (Ngesan and Karim, 2012).

18、Hague and Jenkins (2005) described that the understanding of place requires various techniques and investigations based on three factors namely space, nature and time. Therefore, Relph (1976) explicated that place can

19、have multiple identities to one person as well as to the whole society. Fearon (1999) also confirmed that persons might have multiple identities; therefore the possibility of having different answers and results will d

20、epend on different context that are self-associated with different times. Meanwhile, content (self) and context (circumstance or environment) are subject to change over time; therefore one can influence, manipulate

21、 and even change the other. Time then become an important dimension in the analysis of urban settings (Proshansky and Fabian, 1987). Physical settings have a life cycle; they are planned, develop, change, and refers to

22、 the time decade (Proshansky and Fabian, 1987 and Fearon, 1999), the place can also be change over the daily time. Akin to this, Cheshmehzangi (2012) argued that, every time the place is experienced in a different way,

23、 the sociality and spatial inter- relations of it become distinctive. This will include if the place is experienced during nighttime. It definitely offers a different environment and experience of place throughout the w

24、hole day (Zaki and Ngesan, 2012). Besides, Gold (1980) highlighted that leisure and works are competitors for time. If one increases, the other decreases. This is the same for individual and for society as a whole. 2.

25、4. The urban design at nighttime Artificial light emerged as a powerful instrument to redesign a place, providing visibility and protection. In our modern societies it plays an increasing role in promoting leisure activ

26、ities, well-being and the most significant is that artificial light gives people the perception of night territory appropriation/domination (Alves, 2009). A multiplicity of places and events are allowed to take place,