[雙語翻譯]城市熱島外文翻譯--泰國曼谷城市熱島特征

1、2500 英文單詞， 英文單詞，13500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 3950 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Arifwidodo S D , Tanaka T . The Characteristics of Urban Heat Island in Bangkok, Thailand[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015, 195:423-428.The Charac

2、teristics of Urban Heat Island in Bangkok, ThailandSigit D. Arifwidodo, Takahiro TanakaAbstractThe study focuses on the characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) in Bangkok, Thailand. Hourly air temperature data from fo

3、ur weather stations -one in rural site and three in urban sites for the last five year are used to study the characteristics and intensities of UHI in Bangkok area. The results indicate the presence of urban heat island

4、in Bangkok and it is increasing in terms of intensity. The study reveals the maximum intensity of around 6-7°C is detected during dry season. The mean annual air temperature in Bangkok city is higher by 0.8°C t

5、han outside the city. The weather conditions (wind, cloud, and precipitation), and different land cover types are the major factors governing the near surface urban heat island.Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Urbanization,

6、Urban Development, Urban Climate1. IntroductionUrban heat island (UHI) is defined as a phenomenon where temperatures of urban areas are higher than surrounding or rural areas (Oke, 1982). A measure to quantify urban heat

7、 island usually uses the term Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) (Kolokotroni, 2005), which is the maximum temperature difference between urban and rural air. Generally, the largest urban heat island effect, or maximum u

8、rban-rural area temperature difference occurs most at night, three to five hours after sunset, because the roads and other surfaces absorbing solar radiation in daytime release heat in nighttime. Thus, the rural areas co

9、ol off faster than urban areas at night. UHIs can provide both negative and positive impacts for cities. As cities grow, the urbanization causes less tree and vegetation displaced by buildings and roads, more skyscrapers

10、 and streets trap the wind path, and more heat is released from vehicles and air-conditioners. Besides, UHI increases human discomfort and air pollution concentration. Moreover, higher temperatures in urban heat island i

11、ncrease energy use especially for air-conditioning in buildings. This increases more air pollution and energy cost due to the use of more fuel. The UHI conditions increase the risk of climatic and biophysical hazards in

12、the urban environments including heat stress and heighten acute and chronic exposure to air pollutants. Climate change, which is caused by increased anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, is

13、 a long term effect with the potential to alter the intensity, temporal pattern, and spatial extent for the UHI in metropolitan regions (Cynthia et al, 2005). On the contrary, urban heat island may be beneficial for redu

14、cing heat loads as a result of reduced energy use for heating consumption reduces. However, this benefit does not count for developing countries (Arifwidodo, 2012). UHIs also have further impacts on global scale; it infl

15、uences the long-term temperature record leading to difficulties to detect global climate changes.2. Bangkok and the Evidence of Urban Heat IslandBangkok is the capital city of Thailand located in the central part of the

16、country. It is the center of industries, manufacture, economy, commerce, and construction. This draws a large amount of people from all over the country into the city, leading to the high growth of urbanization and indus

17、trialization. The population is about 10 million in daytime which is 16% of temperature variation trend in Bangkok in 5 years moving average. These data are also used to understand the daily and annual course of UHI. Tab

18、le 2 summarized the data and analysis done in the study.Table 2. Type of Analysis and Data Source Used in the StudyAnalysis Database Source Finalized DataTemperature trend Monthly temperature records during 2008 -Ann

19、ual mean, maximum, and minimum during 2008-2012 2012Air temperature variation Hourly air temperature record from 2008 toMonthly mean air temperature data for April, August,20012 in April, August, December December

20、in 9 stations averaged for Bangkok city and Pathumthani station from 2008-2012Daily variation of UHIs Hourly air temperature record 5 from 2008 to Monthly mean air temperature data for April, August,20012 in April,

21、 August, December December averaged for the period 2008-20012Urban heat island intensity Hourly air temperature record 5 years fromMean monthly air temp differences in dry season 2008 to 20012 in

22、 January, November,during nighttime from 0.00-7.00a.m from 2008-2012DecemberMaximum air temperature difference in dry season for each year from 2008 to 20012sMaximum and minimumHourly air temperature record

23、 5 from 2008 to Monthly maximum and minimum for April, August, temperature 20012 in April, August, December December in from 2008 to 200123.2. ResultsBangkok is the capital of Thailand situated in the central part of

24、 the country on the low-flat plain of the Chao Phraya River which extends to the Gulf of Thailand. Its latitude is 13° 45’ north and longitude 100° 28’ east. The elevation is about 2.31 m. MSL. The city is divi

25、ded into 50 districts and 154 sub-districts. Total area of Bangkok is around 1568.737 square kilometers. Generally, the climate of Bangkok is tropical. The weather is warm and humid, and it is affected by monsoon season.

26、 The relative humidity is high throughout the year around 60 to 80 percent. There are three main seasons: Rainy (May-October), winter (November-January) and summer (February-April). The average wind velocity is 1.2 m/sec

27、 (4.3 km/hr). The average relative humidity is 73 % and the yearly average precipitation is 1,652 mm. The annual average ambient temperature is around 33-38°C. The absolute minimum temperature is about 20° and

28、the absolute maximum temperature is about 30°C. The rainy season temperature is around 25-32°C. The dry season temperature is around 20-25°C and hot season temperature is around 40-42°C.The registered

29、 population in Bangkok increased from 1.6 million in 1958 to 5.4 million in 1986 and 5.6 million in 1999. The population of Bangkok is close to 5.78 million according to household registration in 2004. This is 10% of the

30、 total population of Thailand. The population density is 3,686 per square km with the increase of 0.98% per year (Arifwidodo and Chandrasiri, 2013).· Urban-rural UHI variationThe long-term annual air temperature rec

31、ord in Bangkok from 1980-2010 shows that the temperature had been cooler in cool season and warmer in hot season. For example, Bangkok Metropolis weather shows that the mean maximum and minimum annual air temperature fro