[雙語翻譯]城市公園外文翻譯--城市公園夜間形象與場所認同的關(guān)系

1、4300 英文單詞， 英文單詞，2.2 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 6700 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Ngesan M R , Karim H A , Zubir S S . Image of Urban Public Park During Nighttime in Relation to Place Identity[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, 1

2、01:328-337.Image of Urban Public Park during Nighttime in Relation to Place IdentityMohd Riduan Ngesan, Hafazah Abdul Karim, Syed Sobri ZubirAbstractImage is a part of variable in forming place identity. There are three

3、attributes in measuring image domain in urban public park during nighttime which are conditions of physical setting; lighting and colour; and signage/ symbol. The aim of this research paper is to investigate the reliabil

4、ity of urban public park image in relation to nighttime place identity in Shah Alam. The data is collected through pilot questionnaire survey and the data were analysed using reliability scales known as internal consiste

5、ncy and correlation analysis. The results show the significant items used for image in determining the nighttime place identity of urban public park.Keywords: Image; urban public park; place identity; nighttime leisure a

6、ctivities1. IntroductionUrban parks and playgrounds fulfill a variety of social and psychological needs of the residents - for example, children’s play, social meeting, recreation, and privacy. Urban public park creates

7、more pleasant climate, relatively quiet, and with cleaner air than the rest of the city. The success in fulfilling the social functions by urban public parks may be measured by the frequency of the visitation by the popu

8、lation for whom they were designed. However, the hot climate during the day due to the effect of global warming discouraged human activities in an urban park (Ewer, 1991). Moreover, Shaharudin et al. (2010) argued that u

9、rban‘heat island’significantly reduced livability and human comfort where it is extremely hot to conduct outdoor activities during daytime. Furthermore the busy lifestyle of urbanites also affects the lack of time for le

10、isure and recreation activities in urban outdoor spaces (Oguz and Cakci, 2010). These constraints have changed the behavioral patterns of the urban communities where people prefer to carry out their leisure activities in

11、 outdoor public-park after the sun has set (Ngesan and Karim, 2012). Cheshmehzangi (2012) argued that, public realm could appear in many ways comprising varied identity of place. In this respect, public realm does not ha

12、ve a certain identity but rather is fulfilled with several changing identities influenced by content (i.e. person or object) and context (i.e. culture or environment) where content is the inherent value (Relph, 1976). At

13、 this juncture, the study on the image of urban public park during nighttime seemed to be warranted and in line with the Malaysian Economic Transformation Programme (2010), under Entry Point Project 6 (EPP6); to ensure e

14、very resident in Greater Kuala Lumpur/ Klang Vally benefits from the green space. This programme also aims to improve cities liveability by creating more comfortable spaces for leisure and recreational activities; and mo

15、st importantly to create a sustainable environment.2. Literature review2.1. The concept of place identityPlace identity could best be understood as that which makes a place unique. It is not just the identity of a place

16、that is important, but also the identity that a person or group has with that place (Relph, 1976). Proshansky et. al (1983), defined place-identity as a “pot-pourri of memories, conceptions, interpretations, ideas, and r

17、elated feelings about specific physical settings, as well as types of settings”, Although place attachment is considered a part of place identity, but place Jenkins (2005) described that the understanding of place requir

18、es various techniques and investigations based on three factors namely space, nature and time. Therefore, Relph (1976) explicated that place can have multiple identities to one person as well as to the whole society. Fea

19、ron (1999) also confirmed that persons might have multiple identities; therefore the possibility of having different answers and results will depend on different context that are self-associated with different times. Mea

20、nwhile, 'content' (self) and 'context' (circumstance or environment) are subject to change over time; therefore one can influence, manipulate and even change the other. Time then become an important dimen

21、sion in the analysis of urban settings (Proshansky and Fabian, 1987). Physical settings have a life cycle; they are planned, develop, change, and indeed may eventually disappear. Although the 'time' refers to the

22、 time decade (Proshansky and Fabian, 1987 and Fearon, 1999), the place can also be change over the daily time. Akin to this, Cheshmehzangi (2012) argued that, every time the place is experienced in a different way, the s

23、ociality and spatial interrelations of it become distinctive. This will include if the place is experienced during nighttime. It definitely offers a different environment and experience of place throughout the whole day

24、(Zaki and Ngesan, 2012). Besides, Gold (1980) highlighted that leisure and works are competitors for time. If one increases, the other decreases. This is the same for individual and for society as a whole.2.4. The urban

25、design at nighttimeArtificial light emerged as a powerful instrument to redesign a place, providing visibility and protection. In our modern societies it plays an increasing role in promoting leisure activities, well-bei

26、ng and the most significant is that artificial light gives people the perception of night territory appropriation/domination (Alves, 2009). A multiplicity of places and events are allowed to take place, contributing in a

27、 decisive way to create bonds of identity between people and places. Social and cultural changes of the recent decades have increased the importance of space-time relations at night. The cities concerned have generated a

28、rtificial day into the night, in order to continue the sunlight hour’s activities that are unable to get during the day (Alves, 2007). This dichotomy separates day and night very clearly, in which night was associated wi

29、th the unknown, provoking fears, mystery, curiosity and contradiction (Gwiazdzinski, 2005). Meanwhile, nighttime is the period where people must be resting and sleeping, respecting their biological needs. Zaki and Ngesan

30、 (2011) argue that the agglomeration of nighttime activity is able to created different activity to attract people. They also confirm that the creative arrangement of urban components can increase the urbanites movement

31、in urban outdoor spaces. Meanwhile, many nightlife activities are focus on tourists/ visitor such as pubs, bars, concerts and others that disturb the urban community during nighttime (Ngesan and Karim, 2011).3. Methodolo

32、gyThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the reliability of urban public park image in relation to nighttime place identity through findings from the pilot survey. This study is a part of nighttime place identity re

33、search for an on-going master consists of three domains which are: (D1) Nighttime leisure behaviour; (D2) Nighttime image of urban public park; and (D3) Perception of nighttime place identity. Therefore, this paper only

34、would determine the significant items of image attribute (D2) for the purpose of the main survey of place identity. For this particular researcli，Shah Alam’s urban public park located in the city center of Section 14 has