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1、中文 中文 3800 字, 字,2300 單詞, 單詞,12500 英文字符 英文字符文獻出處: 文獻出處:Joy Brooks. The Struggle of Girl Soldiers Returning Home[J]. Peace Review, 2012, 24(3):292-297.The Struggle of Girl Soldiers Returning HomeJoy BrooksFor a girl return
2、ing home from an armed group there is a daily battle for survival, dignity, and basic human rights. Her struggle could include protection from human trafficking, sexual violence, and finding necessary health services, wh
3、ile adapting back into a community and family that may be hostile.The process of reintegration, as a girl returns to her original social community after being engaged in conflict, is a long and difficult journey. Today,
4、girls return home and try to adapt to the political, legal, economic, and social conditions that were different before their involvement in the armed group. The systems to which they return are not adequately addressing
5、the problems that these former child soldiers face.Girls as young as nine have been recruited or abducted into armed conflicts and spend months or years involved with armed groups. And in many cases, sexual assaults take
6、 place when they return to their community. These girls have fought in war, given birth to children, and done acts of violence against people. Now they return to society, where they are faced with isolation, stigmatizati
7、on, and exclusion in addition to adapting to the trauma they have suffered during their involvement in the conflict. The social factor for many returning child soldiers is the most difficult to endure. The reintegration
8、process in which the girl must go through is a social issue and understanding the social aspects help grasp insight into the difficulties in which girls face when returning to their cities, communities, and families. In
9、cases where girl soldiers have given birth during their time in an armed group, they are met with more animosity upon return. The stigma that is attached to girl soldiers and the culture in which they return can be hosti
10、le during the reintegration process and can cause devastating effects on the physiological healing of the child already traumatized by war. Many girls that have been taken or recruited during times of conflict are childr
11、en that had limited access to education and vocational possibilities. When girls return, their problems have been compounded by war and rival conflicts, making their future possibilities even more challenging to achieve.
12、The involvement of female victims in armed groups varies from country to country, ranging from soldiers, porters, cooks, sex slaves, and/or “bush wives” (girls that have been taken by armed leaders as spouses). All confl
13、icts have different aspects and no one is identical to the other. However, some common denominators are poverty, sexual abuse at home, and abduction when going for supplies such as for water and/or food for the family. T
14、hose girls recruited by armed groups whom willingly joined many times did so because they either spent long hours at home, were not given a voice to make their own decisions, were marginalized by blended family members,
15、or underwent a combination of the three conditions.The definition of “child reintegration” is a process in which children transition into civil society and enter meaningful roles and identities as civilians accepted by t
16、heir families and communities. A sustainable reintegration process would need to include a political, legal, and social climate for children to have a livelihood and a sense of future. In areas of conflict where gender v
17、iolence has played a part in war, for example the use of “rape” was used as a weapon of Many states have adapted the Paris Principles, which address the issue of girls, stating that “pro-active measures must be taken to
18、ensure the full involvement and inclusion of girls in all aspects of prevention of recruitment, release and reintegration, and services should always respond to their specific needs for protection and assistance.” It is
19、essential that a sensitive approach is taken to identify and assist girls so as to not increase the stigma that often afflicts girls returning home with children born out of the armed forces.Barriers within the reintegra
20、tion system for girls include traditional family structures and community discrimination. A nation’s ability and desire to address the issue of girl soldiers and the capacity of NGOs to get funding for long-term programs
21、 are essential for the lives of the girls returning home. Without a successful reintegration system for girls it limits their ability to develop a sustainable future for themselves and their children.The essence of the r
22、eintegration process is promoting reconciliation and acceptance of the child into their families and communities. To address the problem of reintegration of girls, we need a new approach to the process. Including girls i
23、n the category of “child soldier” and enabling them to access existing programs that could help them find a sustainable livelihood for their future and address their specific needs is a must.The four principles in the Co
24、nvention of the Rights of a Child (CRC) within the Paris guidelines should be a part of programs that help reintegrate girl soldiers. These principles are: non-discrimination; best interest of the child; right to life, s
25、urvival, and development; and the right to respect the views of the child’s participation. If the implementation of these principles were given to a girl soldier the success of returning home to their communities would b
26、e less traumatizing and the ability to provide a future for themselves more likely.In a 2005 report, the NGO Save the Children asked girl soldiers to identify key ways the international community could help them adapt in
27、to their neighborhoods. Among the things listed were emotional support and mediation; assistance in education and employment; and medical care to help treat sexually transmitted diseases. These are the basic needs of any
28、 child and the core of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.According to the report Rehabilitation and Reintegration of War-Affected Children, the three “R’s” must be adapted into policy for a holistic reintegration
29、 process: reintegration, rehabilitation, and reconciliation. Accomplishing this requires us to address the intervention both psychosocially, on the individual level, and structurally, on the societal level. The three “R’
30、s” first require that children are provided their basic needs, services, and security. Second, they require community and family support. Third, they require reconciliation between children and their families and communi
31、ties. Finally, they require the strengthening of the capacities of local communities. Local ways of healing and reconciliation must occur to help address the social aspect of communities. In the process, sensitivities to
32、 girls needs must be adopted. The gaps between the principle and the practical programing must be closed when it comes to girl soldiers. The concept of best practices is necessary, but these ideas must actually be implem
33、ented for them to truly make a difference in the lives of girls that have suffered from the affects of wars and conflict.For the report, Voices of Girl Child Soldiers, soldiers were interviewed and they provided their ow
34、n suggestions. They seek basic needs, a safe forum for conversation when needed, the location of family members, and reconciliation. In addition, girls seek a new experience that will help them change their identities fr
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