汽車疲勞耐久性試驗數(shù)據(jù)采集與應(yīng)用疲勞培訓

1、汽車疲勞耐久性試驗數(shù)據(jù)采集與應(yīng)用,1,2,PCB集團簡介 整車和零部件性能試驗 汽車疲勞耐久試驗 載荷分解與疲勞分析 PCB車輪六分力傳感器,Agenda,,,,,,3,PCB GROUP,,Established 1967 成立于1967年Located on 6 acres near Buffalo, New York, USA 位于美國紐約布法羅市Specialise in sensors for rapi

2、d and steady-state pressure, force, acoustic and vibration measurements 致力于快速和穩(wěn)態(tài)壓力、力、聲學和振動測量Represented in over 50 countries 在超過50個國家設(shè)有代表處或分銷商AS9100 Certified, ISO 9001 Certified, A2LA Accredited to ISO 17025 AS9100認證

3、，ISO9001認證，A2LA認證,4,PCB GROUP,Vibration, Shock, Pressure, Force, Load, Torque, Acoustic Measurement Solutions 振動、沖擊、壓力、力、載荷、扭矩、聲學等測試解決方案,Signal Conditioner信號調(diào)理器,WFT六分力傳感器,DC AccelerometerDC 加速度計,3-Component Dynamic

4、Force三分量動態(tài)力傳感器,Pressure Transducer靜/動態(tài)壓力傳感器,Miniature Accelerometer小型加速度計,TORKDISK®扭矩傳感器,Load Cell載荷稱重傳感器,Human Vibration Meters人體振動表,,High Sensitivity Microphones高靈敏度傳聲器,Sound Level Meters聲級計,5,Calibration

5、傳感器標定系統(tǒng),Shakers激振器,Instrumented Steering Wheel測力方向盤,PCB GROUP,www.pcb.com,Headquarters in Buffalo New York,6,,北 京,,,上海,深圳,PCB China,整車與零部件性能試驗規(guī)范制定流程,顧客需求,市場規(guī)范,整車性能規(guī)范,產(chǎn)品定義,整車性能與子系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系,子系統(tǒng)性能規(guī)范,整車性能規(guī)范向子系統(tǒng)分解,子系統(tǒng)性能規(guī)范向零部件分解,

6、零部件性能規(guī)范,,,整車與零部件性能試驗,7,整車與零部件試驗,整車道路試驗整車不同路面試驗噪音 與振動測試實驗室試驗整車轉(zhuǎn)鼓試驗臺試驗整車模態(tài)試驗零部件模態(tài)試驗進氣噪音測試排氣噪音測試轉(zhuǎn)遞函數(shù)測試整車漏聲測試 減震降噪材料試驗吸音系數(shù)測試聲音傳遞損失測試阻尼特性測試橡膠件剛度測試,振動與噪聲試驗,整車道路載荷測試整車疲勞試驗零部件載荷測試零部件疲勞試驗整車應(yīng)力測試零部件應(yīng)力測試

7、,疲勞與強度試驗,整車與零部件性能試驗,8,汽車疲勞耐久解決方案流程,汽車疲勞耐久試驗,9,測試步驟,1. 對所有的通道和傳感器進行命名和編號。,10,測試步驟,2. 確認方向,1）加速度計方向與整車坐標系的關(guān)系2）位移傳感器：拉伸為正，壓縮為負3）方向盤轉(zhuǎn)角：左轉(zhuǎn)為正,3. 對分段采集的工況名稱，采集次數(shù)要預先編號，讓其與實驗工況的名稱 一致，如制動工況、蛇形工況等等。,4. 采集之前，測量各輪胎氣壓以保證氣壓一致，同時

8、測量各輪胎靜態(tài)載荷； 記錄天氣和室外溫度，風速和方向，路面是否積水等； 輪胎一定要做動 平衡。,6. 在采集完之后，讓汽車處于水平路面，發(fā)動機怠速，記錄數(shù)據(jù)10秒鐘；,5. 在正式上路采集之前，讓汽車處于水平路面，發(fā)動機怠速，記錄數(shù)據(jù)10 秒鐘 ；,11,測試步驟,8. 采集完一種工況，看看數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量，如好再繼續(xù)；否則要查明原因再繼續(xù)；,,7. 先測空載，然后滿載；先測好路面，然后壞路面；每種工況

9、測三次；,9. 確保所有數(shù)據(jù)通道點數(shù)和采樣頻率一致,12,測試步驟,10. 確保制動信號的采集連續(xù)，真實反映駕駛員剎車過程，即從駕駛員的腳 踏上并壓下制動踏板然后放開，整個過程的信號都將是-5伏，其它時候 都將是0。因此在采集完成后，要對此進行處理；,13,測試步驟,11. 有條件的話，可以采用給特征路面標記,14,測試步驟,12. 采集完成后，要對所有加速度信號進行低通濾波器濾波，并注意沒有相位移動；最后對

10、所有采集的信號要進行檢查，在確保信號沒問題后，再拆解測試儀器。13. 完成測試報告，并對所有測試通道的正負極和測量信號名稱與內(nèi)容給予明確說明，必要時附以照片幫助說明（要特別注意的是，車輛參考坐標系的XYZ方向，按右手螺旋法則，X：水平指向車后；Y：水平指向車右；Z：垂直指向車上。因此對各通道正負極說明時，盡可能用車輛參考坐標系說明）。,15,記錄試驗車狀態(tài),16,設(shè)備儀器安裝調(diào)試,每一個設(shè)備儀器都需要調(diào)試正常， 應(yīng)變最好有補

11、償，做成半橋或者全橋。 數(shù)據(jù)線一定采用高屏蔽的線纜。,通道很多，一個數(shù)采可能不夠，可以用多個，最好所有通道一次同步采集，必 要時用路由器同步。,供電：電源最好采用直流電瓶。六分力傳感器單獨供電，電瓶必須固定。,加速度計等傳感器必須固定在大的不易變形的零件上，固定支架必須保證最夠的強度和剛度。,17,車輪六分力傳感器,測力方向盤,設(shè)備儀器安裝調(diào)試,18,三向加速度傳感器,GPS天線,應(yīng)變片,拉線式位移,設(shè)備儀器安裝調(diào)試,19,制定

12、嚴格全面的道路試驗規(guī)范。,試驗規(guī)范,20,試驗規(guī)范,21,原則：測試過程中，確保試驗數(shù)據(jù)的可靠與準確性。（為了確保數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量， 在正式測試之前，進行一個試測。試測的工況可以選擇加速+制動+轉(zhuǎn) 向的工況，然后進行數(shù)據(jù)檢查和校隊。）,測試原則,六分力傳感器輸出信號,22,左右懸架位移信號,左前輪軸頭三向加速度信號,23,左前輪軸頭三向加速度信號,24,汽車在行駛過程中，不平路面的激勵以及駕駛員輸入（轉(zhuǎn)向，加速，制動）將

13、導致汽車行駛狀態(tài)的變化。這種變化將使車輪載荷隨時間而變，進而懸架各零部件之間發(fā)生相對位移。這種相對位移的產(chǎn)生源于懸架各零部件之間的動態(tài)載荷所發(fā)生的相對變化，故而在行駛里程累計到一定程度后，某些零部件將會疲勞破壞。因此有效的獲取懸架零部件動態(tài)載荷時間歷程，是分析和設(shè)計零部件耐久性能的重要工作。 一般來說，懸架結(jié)構(gòu)強度和疲勞分析可以分為零部件級和系統(tǒng)級分析方法。 零部件級分析：采用多體動力學方法得到懸架硬點載荷，對單一結(jié)構(gòu)進

14、行分析的方法； 系統(tǒng)級分析方法：以整個懸架為基礎(chǔ)，同時考慮襯套、限位塊剛度以及零部件間相互運動的影響的分析方法。 零部件級分析方法原理簡單，而且容易將分析過程流程化、規(guī)范化，從而保證分析結(jié)果的準確性和一致性； 系統(tǒng)級分析方法，由于能夠考慮幾乎所有的懸架本身特性，如非線性連接關(guān)系、運動關(guān)系等特性，因而可以得到更為準確的分析結(jié)果。,載荷分解,25,疲勞分析,26,疲勞分析五框圖,疲勞分析,27,轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)單位載荷作用下應(yīng)

15、力場,疲勞分析,制動工況,礫石路工況,卵石路工況,轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)疲勞壽命結(jié)果,28,PCB Load and Torque Acquired Key Transducers in 1999 1999年并購Key Transducers公司 Acquired RS Technologies assets in 2009 于2009年收購RS Technologies公司Engineers and manufactures

16、 load cells, torque transducers, wheel force transducers 設(shè)計和制造載荷傳感器、扭矩傳感器以及六分力傳感器Engineers and manufactures tooling systems based on load and torque applications (torque angle transducers, torque wrenches, acquisi

17、tions units) 基于載荷和扭矩的應(yīng)用，設(shè)計和制造相應(yīng)的延伸產(chǎn)品（扭矩角度傳感器，扭矩扳手，采集模塊）Markets to automotive, aerospace and rail applications 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域涉及汽車，航空航天以及鐵路,PCB Wheel Force TransducerPCB 車輪六分力傳感器,29,History of Wheel Force Transducer車輪六分

18、力傳感器發(fā)展歷史,Invented in 1972 – Ralph Shoberg, RS Technologies Owner 由RS原擁有人Ralph Shoberg發(fā)明于1972年Ford Motor Company – Crown Victoria (note low profile design) 與福特公司聯(lián)合設(shè)計（扁平型設(shè)計）, 用于維多利亞皇冠型轎車,30,History of Wheel

19、Force Transducer車輪六分力傳感器發(fā)展歷史,Single Piece Design 整體式設(shè)計L – Strut Configuration L型橋路設(shè)計Cabling through Spindle 信號由特殊改制的傳動軸輸出,31,History of Wheel Force Transducer車輪六分力傳感器發(fā)展歷史,Original complete one wheel system

20、with Transducer Interface Unit (TIU) 最初的一套完整的六分力傳感器系統(tǒng)，帶TIU接口單元,32,History of Wheel Force Transducer車輪六分力傳感器發(fā)展歷史,AT Caldwell Award for Technical Paper on WFT WFT技術(shù)論文所獲獎勵,33,History of Wheel Force Transducer車輪六分力

21、傳感器發(fā)展歷史,Second Generation – Evolves to be like the modern WFT 第二代-與現(xiàn)在主流的WFT產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)非常相似,34,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,…essentially a “disk” designed to replace the center of the vehicle rim tha

22、t is strain gaged to measure forces and moments about its center本質(zhì)上來說，它就是一個替代汽車輪輞中心部分的圓盤，通過其上的應(yīng)變片來測量作用在車輪中心位置上的力和扭矩。,,,So what exactly is a Wheel Force Transducer?什么是車輪六分力傳感器？,,35,…a 6 degree of freedom sensor capable

23、of measuring vertical, lateral, and longitudinal forces simultaneously with brake, steer, and camber moments 在車輪制動、轉(zhuǎn)向和外傾時，能夠同時測量車輪的垂直、側(cè)向及縱向的力和扭矩的六自由度的傳感器。,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,What does it

24、 do? 它用來做什么？,36,,…ideally that sensor would allow for accurate translation of the rotating measurements into the more useful inputs to the vehicle at the tire patch or the spindle such as vertical, lateral, and longitud

25、inal forces simultaneous with brake, steer, and camber moments 理想狀態(tài)下，傳感器能夠測量車輪制動、轉(zhuǎn)向和外傾時的垂直、側(cè)向及縱向的力，并對這些測量的參數(shù)進行精確轉(zhuǎn)換，從而得到更有用的通過車軸或者車輪傳遞給汽車的輸入量。,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,37,M’x,M’z,,,F’z,F’x,F’y,

26、M’y,,,Not only did PCB make the first Wheel Force Transducer, we also made the first single piece designPCB不僅僅是第一套WFT的設(shè)計制造者，同時也是單片式設(shè)計的發(fā)明者,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,38,,…like all WFTs, the strain

27、 gaged elements rotate as the wheel rotates, rendering the in-plane forces and moments “unresolved” and rotating, too…和所有的WFT一樣，當車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的時候，應(yīng)變片也會旋轉(zhuǎn)，面內(nèi)的力和扭矩也一起旋轉(zhuǎn)…to provide more useful measurements to engineers, the coord

28、inates of these unresolved forces and moments are transformed to vehicle coordinates, often at the tire patch center or spindle center.為了給工程師提供更有用的測量數(shù)據(jù)，這些旋轉(zhuǎn)坐標系的力和扭矩要轉(zhuǎn)換為車輛坐標系。,F’y,M’y,,,,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transduce

29、r 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,39,“O” =Offset or distance from the wheel center-line to the wheel-to-spindle mating surface 車輪中心線與車輪軸配合面的間距,Standard “Single” tire/wheel cross-section標準單輪截面圖,Series 5400 Wheel Force Trans

30、ducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,40,Single wheel WFT set-up 單輪WFT結(jié)構(gòu),The wheel force transducer is designed to replace the center hub of a specially machined rim or wheel and strain gaged to measure 3 forces and 3 moments sim

31、ultaneously about its center.車輪六分力傳感器安裝在經(jīng)過特殊加工的輪輞和輪轂之間，并利用應(yīng)變片來同時測量中心位置上的3個方向的力及3個方向的扭矩。,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,41,Wheel offset from the centerline of the tire to the centerline of the transduc

32、er produces a moment about the vehicle X-axis due to the vertical load. When considering the load rating of the transducer, this moment is added to the moment produced by side loading at the tire patch. On-line correctio

33、n for this offset is available 由于垂直載荷使得車輪中心線與傳感器中心線之間產(chǎn)生一個沿車輛X軸方向的扭矩。如果考慮傳感器的額定載荷，這個扭矩就被加載到了車輪側(cè)面負載所產(chǎn)生的扭矩之上，對于這個偏置可以進行在線修正。,Single wheel WFT set-up 單輪WFT結(jié)構(gòu),Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,42,,,,,,

34、Dual wheel WFT set-up 雙輪WFT結(jié)構(gòu),,PCB is the only company to offer a flexible enough WFT design that the sensor may be “reused” in various wheel configurations and axle locations. The PCB WFT may be used for driven an

35、d trailing axles, front turning or tag axles, and single, super single, and dual wheel set-ups.PCB是唯一一家能夠提供靈活的WFT設(shè)計方案的公司，傳感器可以在各種車輪配置及車軸位置情況下重復使用。PCB的WFT可以用于驅(qū)動牽引軸，前轉(zhuǎn)向或連接的軸，單輪，超大單輪或者雙輪結(jié)構(gòu)。,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transduc

36、er5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,43,Super Single wheel WFT set-up 超大單輪WFT結(jié)構(gòu),,,,,This configuration is quite common with heavy truck vehicles in Europe.該結(jié)構(gòu)在歐洲的重卡車型中極為普遍,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,44,5400系列車輪六分力

37、傳感器主要由傳感器、放大器、滑環(huán)、信號調(diào)理儀、電纜等組成。,信號調(diào)理儀,電纜,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,45,,,,,,,,Cross Sectional View of WFTWFT橫截面圖,Sensor 傳感器,Slip Ring Adapter滑環(huán)適配器,Hub Adapter 輪轂適配器,Custom Rim定制輪輞,Slip Ring As

38、sembly*滑環(huán)套件,Vehicle Hub車輛輪轂,,tire walls輪胎壁,,,,*Telemetry available遙測可選,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,46,Class 10.9 or better lug bolt fasteners with a unique tapered face for increased clamp load

39、 of Sensor to wheel and hub, signal cable, tether rod and suction-cup clamps to provide a fixed mechanical “zero” reference – for coordinate transformations 10.9級或者更好的扁尾螺栓緊固件，獨一無二的錐形面設(shè)計，可以增加傳感器與車輪和輪轂之間的夾緊力，信號線，線頭和吸入式錐形夾

40、頭可以提供固定的機械零點參考-用于坐標系轉(zhuǎn)換,Required Accessory Package附件包,Specific to every application based upon tire size, axle type, and bolt pattern - PCB recommends (and will design and deliver) rims for wheel force transducer - machi

41、ned from forged Alcoa 6061-T6 AL – not welded基于各種應(yīng)用的輪胎尺寸，車軸類型以及螺栓式樣定制-PCB推薦(并負責設(shè)計和運輸)適用于WFT的定制輪輞，由6061-T6 AL式鋁材鍛造，非焊接成型,Custom Rim定制輪輞,Single machined adapter bolts between sensor and vehicle hub interface - available

42、 for passenger car and light truck. Heavy truck/bus sensors have integral hub or universal hub adapter (to allow same sensor to be used on US, EU or Military wheels 位于傳感器和車輛輪轂之間的整體式螺栓接口適配器，適用于乘用車和輕卡，重卡和客車具有集成的輪轂以及通用的輪

43、轂適配器(使美式、歐式以及軍用車輪均可以使用同樣的傳感器),Hub Adapter輪轂適配器,slip ring, encoder - instrument quality encoders capable of transferring amplified signals of sensors Forces, Moments, angular position, and speed滑環(huán)，整合了編碼器，能夠?qū)⒎糯蠛蟮膫鞲衅鞯牧团ぞ兀?/p>

44、角位置及車速等信號進行傳輸,Slip Ring Assembly滑環(huán)套件,Single machined interface to outboard of WFT sensor - provides protected passage of unamplified connections of sensor to preamplifier ring on outer edge of wheel - sized to selected

45、sensor and rim WFT傳感器外側(cè)的整體式接口，能夠為傳感器和車輪外側(cè)的前置放大器之間的未放大信號提供保護，并提供與傳感器和輪輞的尺寸匹配,Slip-Ring Adapter滑環(huán)適配器,Single machined piece of metal (aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium) - designed with 6 individual strain gage brid

46、ges each sensitive to one of 3 forces or 3 moments 整體式金屬加工(鋁、不銹鋼、鈦)，由六組獨立的應(yīng)變式電橋組成，分別感應(yīng)三個方向的力和扭矩,WFT Sensor車輪六分力傳感器,DESCRIPTION,PART NAME,,,,,,,,,,,,,TIU,,Transducer Interface Unit (TIU)傳感器信號調(diào)理儀,Amplifies signals and

47、transforms rotating signals of sensor to vehicle coordinates - outputs resolved force, moment, speed and position signals對信號進行放大，并將傳感器的旋轉(zhuǎn)信號變換到車輛坐標系- 輸出轉(zhuǎn)換之后的力、扭矩、車速以及位置信號,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感

48、器,47,WFT 技術(shù)規(guī)格,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,48,5410 - 5413 Example,Slip Ring Assembly,Sensor,Slip Ring Adapter,,,Hub,,,,Hub Adapter,,Custom Wheel,,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,4

49、9,5414 and 5415 Examples,Dual Rear,Single,Ex: slip ring with amplifier,,Sensor,,Carrier (top hat),,,Hub,,Series 5400 Wheel Force Transducer 5400系列車輪六分力傳感器,50,Competitive Edge競爭優(yōu)勢,Proven 1-piece sensor (increased effici

50、ency, unparalleled value):整體式傳感器 (提高效率)Fast set-up and calibration 快速設(shè)置和校準Widest flexibility 靈活性強Unique safety and reliability features 獨一無二的安全性和可靠性Durability 耐久性,51,Fast set-up and calibration 快速設(shè)置和

51、校準No hub adapter required for heavy truck — mounts right onto test vehicle重卡不需要輪轂適配器-正確安裝于測試車輛即可Superior temperature performance(Tmax > 150°C, compensation 0.005%/ ℃) – ideal for brake studies優(yōu)越的溫度穩(wěn)定性(溫度上限15

52、0°C，補償0.005%/℃)-制動研究的理想選擇,Competitive Edge競爭優(yōu)勢,Fast Setup and Calibration 快速設(shè)置和校準,52,Competitive Edge競爭優(yōu)勢,Widest Flexibility 靈活性強,Signal transmission includes slip ring or telemetry 信號傳輸可通過滑環(huán)或者遙測兩種方式Accommo

53、dates steered, dual rear, super single, or trailing wheels/axles適用于操控、雙輪、超大單輪或者單輪的車輪No recalibration required when switching wheel configurations改變車輪設(shè)置的情況下無需再校準Universal heavy truck hub adapter available 通用的重卡輪轂適配

54、器easily switch from US - Euro – Military 美式、歐式和軍用車輛任意變換,53,Exclusive fastening technology - higher clamp load, greater security獨有的緊固技術(shù)，夾緊力更大，更安全Highest water/dust ingress protection 最高的防水防塵保護Temperature compensati

55、on integrated into the transducer傳感器集成溫度補償Minimal crosstalk due to unique design for struts 獨立式設(shè)計使得交叉干擾最小,Competitive Edge競爭優(yōu)勢,Unique safety and reliability features獨一無二的安全性和可靠性,54,Lightest WFT sensor and assembly 最輕

56、的安裝好的輪力傳感器Durable design (available in AL, SS, or Ti) 耐久設(shè)計(鋁、不銹鋼、鈦可選)>150% FS overload rating simultaneous in all axes>150% FS 各軸向同時的過載保護Integral stops for extreme overload protection過載保護立刻停止工作，保護傳感器,Competit

57、ive Edge競爭優(yōu)勢,Durability 耐久性,55,Applications 應(yīng)用,One transducer for several applications:一種傳感器，多種應(yīng)用：Road load data acquisition (RLDA) 道路載荷試驗數(shù)據(jù)采集Road Simulation Testing on a variety of manufacturers te

58、sting systems 基于制造商的各種測試設(shè)備的道路模擬試驗 Tire characterization and tread wear testing 輪胎性能和胎面磨損試驗Suspension characteristics analysis 懸架特性分析Vehicle Dynamics Model development 車輛動力學模型開發(fā)NVH

59、 and Ride & Handling 振動噪聲舒適度、乘坐和操控性分析,56,Perform data acquisition on a variety of vehicles with the same sensor用同樣的傳感器在各種車輛上進行試驗數(shù)據(jù)采集Minimal set up time最短的設(shè)置時間Reliable data out to 400 Hz達400Hz的可靠數(shù)據(jù),Applica

60、tions 應(yīng)用,Road load data acquisition (RLDA) 道路載荷試驗數(shù)據(jù)采集,57,Use the transducer with either custom or OEM testing systems可在定制的或者OEM的測試系統(tǒng)中使用傳感器Analog signals feed right into the servo or dynamometer controller模擬信號傳輸給伺服控制

61、器或者測功機Communicates to any test system能與任何測試系統(tǒng)通訊,Applications 應(yīng)用,Road Simulation Testing 道路模擬試驗,58,Applications 應(yīng)用,Tire characterization and wear 輪胎性能和磨損試驗,Perform multi degree of freedom characterization for tir

62、es 檢測輪胎多自由度的特性Static or dynamic characterization靜態(tài)或動態(tài)特性,59,Applications 應(yīng)用,Suspension characteristics analysis懸架特性分析,DECOUPLED CONCEPT, MOVING VEHICLE 解耦合，使車輛運動Full-vehicle durability test rig for service load s

63、imulation臺架道路模擬的整車耐久試驗,COUPLED HEXAPOD CONCEPT, FIXED AXIS 六腳耦合，固定軸向One corner of a suspension test rig with suspension懸架一腳的臺架試驗,60,Applications 應(yīng)用,Vehicle Dynamics Model Development 汽車動力學模型開發(fā),Correlate the engine

64、ering models to the actual data for a more precise design將工程模型與實際的數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)起來，以便于更加精確的設(shè)計,61,Applications 應(yīng)用,Ride and Handling & NVH 乘坐和操控性、振動噪聲舒適度,Perform NVH studies on vehicles in the test lab as well as collect r

65、ide and handling data on a proving ground or test track在實驗室測試車輛的NVH性能，同時也在試驗場或者試車跑道上采集乘坐和操控性數(shù)據(jù),62,Examples of WFTs 輪力傳感器實例,63,Examples of WFTs 輪力傳感器實例,64,Examples of WFTs 輪力傳感器實例,65,66,Examples of WFTs 輪力傳感器實例,PCB W

66、FT Customers PCB WFT 客戶,PCB Series 5400 customers are performance driven:PCB 5400系列產(chǎn)品用戶：Ford Motor Company (USA)BMW (Germany)Daimler Benz (Germany)FAW (China)Nissan (Japan)Visteon (USA)MCI Coach (USA)ArvinMer

67、itor (USA)Volvo Truck (Sweden & USA)Ssang Yong (Korea)Axle Alliance (USA)Citroen Racing (France)More…,67,Instrumented Steering Wheel測力方向盤,Instrumented Steering Wheel System (5600 Series) 5600系列測力方向盤Passenger

68、Car and Truck models available 可用于客車和卡車IR telemetry provides friction-free wireless transmission IR遙測提供無摩擦無線傳輸Inertial moment and weight comparable to OEM steering wheels 慣性扭拒和重量優(yōu)于OEM方向盤Two ranges of each measuremen

69、t available at all times (steering moment, angle, and angle velocity) （轉(zhuǎn)動扭拒、角度和角速度）Fast, easy, and backlash-free mounting 快速、容易、正確安裝Highly accurate and reliable 高精度和可靠性Integrated wireless power supply 集成無線電