服務(wù)業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)ν馍讨苯油顿Y的開放鑒于國際的比較分析【外文翻譯】

1、1本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：外文題目：OpennesstoFeignDirectInvestmentinServices:AnInternationalComparativeAnalysis出處：處：TheWldEconomy作者：者：StephenS.Golub原文：文：OpennesstoFeignDirectInvestmentinServices:AnInternationalComparativeAna

2、lysisStephenS.GolubAbstractNationalpoliciestowardsFDItypicallyfeaturemeasuresaimedatbothattractingdiscouraginginflows.PoliciestoattractFDIsuchastaxbreaksfavourableregulatytreatmentsubsidiesofvariousstsareusuallyfocusedon

3、manufacturing.Policiestowardsservicesarefarmeambivalent.Lawsregulatypracticesfrequentlydiscriminateagainstfeigninvestsinservicessuchaspublicutilities(electricitydistributiontelecommunicationsinparticular)transpt(notablya

4、irmaritimetranspt)financialservicesevenconstructionwholesaleretaildistribution.1.IntroductionAsinthecaseofmanufacturingcountriesbenefitfromFDIinservicesthroughemploymentcreationcapitalaccumulationtransferoftechnologyimpr

5、ovedserviceincreasedcompetition.MeoverliberalisationofFDIinservicescancontributetomanufacturingproductivitybyincreasingavailabilityofqualityofproductionrelatedservices(Arnoldetal.20062007Gouldetal.2007).CriticsarguethatF

6、DIcanalsoimposeeconomiccostssuchasdisplacementoflocalfirmsreducedcompetition.Infant‘entrepreneurship’argumentscanbeadducedinfavourofdiscriminationagainstfeign3domesticinvestsarecomputed.Thereareseveralissuesinvolvedincom

7、putingtherestrictionsces.Aclassificationofvarioustypesofrestrictionsachoiceofindustriesasystemofweightingareneeded.Restrictionscanbeseparatedintothoseaffectingmarketentrythoseaffectingpostentryoperations.Thefmerisemphasi

8、zedheregiventhepredominanceimptanceofpoliciesrestrictingentry.Postentrynationaltreatmentismuchmewidelyacceptedinstitutionalizedthantherightofestablishment(UNCTAD2003Ch.5).Restrictionsofentrycantakethefmoflimitationsonfei

9、gnownershipscreeningrequirements.Ownershiprestrictionsspecifypermissiblemaximumfeignequityparticipationrangingfromacompletebanonfeignholdingstoallowing100percentfeignownership.Usuallyownershiplimitationsareapplicabletoap

10、articularindustry.Screeningrequirementsontheotherhoftenapplytoallsects.Screeningcanvarywidelyinitsstringencyfromroutinemasticationautomaticapprovaltoanationalinteresttestwherethefeigninvesthastomakeacasefentryratherthant

11、hegovernmenthavingtojustifydenyingentry.Postentryoperationaldiscriminationagainstfeignownedfirmsismediverse.Intheservicesectthemainsuchrestrictionsarestipulationsregardingthenationalitycitizenshipofmanagersboardmembersli

12、mitstotemparyentryofexpatriatepersonnelothernationalityrequirementsfstaff.Giventhatrestrictionsareoftenseptictoaparticularindustryahighlevelofdisaggregationisnecessary.Thesectsincludedarethosewhicharemostcommonlyinvolved

13、inFDIservicestradesubjecttorestrictions.Socialservicessuchaseducationhealthwerenotincludedinthisanalysis.Asnotedabovethefocusisondeparturesfromnationaltreatmentratherthanregulatybarriershamperingmarketaccessfbothdomestic

14、feignfirms.AnexceptionismadefgovernmentmonopolynearmonopolyhoweverasgovernmentmonopolyisineffectabanonFDI.Industriesreservedfthegovernmentarescedasthoughownershipisbanned.Wheregovernmentownershipwasdeterminedtobegreatert

15、han50percentapartialownershiprestrictionwasimputed.ThereisnocomprehensivesourceofinfmationonnationalFDIpolicies.ThedatausedherepulltogetherharmoniesthedatafromGolub(2003)KoyamaGolub(2006)fdevelopedcountriesUNCTAD(2006)fd