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1、<p>  中南大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院土木工程專業(yè)(本科)</p><p>  《鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)原理》課程設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書</p><p>  題 目:鋼框架主、次梁設(shè)計(jì)</p><p><b>  姓 名:陳知淳</b></p><p>  班 級(jí):土木1005</p><p>  學(xué) 號(hào):13040

2、90309</p><p><b>  建筑工程系</b></p><p><b>  設(shè)計(jì)資料</b></p><p>  工程名稱:某多層圖書館二樓框架書庫(kù)</p><p>  工程資料:結(jié)構(gòu)采用橫向框架承重,樓面活荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值,樓面板為150mm厚單向?qū)嵭匿摻罨炷涟?,荷載傳力途徑為:樓面板-次

3、梁-主梁-柱-基礎(chǔ)。設(shè)計(jì)中僅考慮豎向恒載和活載作用。框架主梁按連續(xù)梁計(jì)算??蚣芷矫娌贾脠D和柱截面圖如圖1和圖2。</p><p>  工程要求:(1)設(shè)計(jì)次梁截面CL-1。</p><p> ?。?)設(shè)計(jì)框架主梁截面KL-1。</p><p> ?。?)設(shè)計(jì)框架主梁短梁段與框架柱連接節(jié)點(diǎn),要求采用焊縫連接,短梁段長(zhǎng)度一般為0.9~1.2m。</p>&

4、lt;p> ?。?)設(shè)計(jì)框架主梁短梁段與梁體工地拼接節(jié)點(diǎn),要求采用高強(qiáng)螺栓連接。</p><p> ?。?)繪制主梁與柱連接節(jié)點(diǎn)詳圖,短梁段及梁體連接節(jié)點(diǎn)詳圖,短梁段與梁體制作詳圖(1#圖紙一張),KL-1鋼材用量表,設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明。</p><p> ?。?)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書,包括構(gòu)件截面尺寸估算、荷載計(jì)算、內(nèi)力組合、主次梁截面設(shè)計(jì)、主次梁強(qiáng)度、剛度、整體穩(wěn)定、局部穩(wěn)定驗(yàn)算。</p>

5、;<p><b>  設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</b></p><p>  混凝土自重: 厚度:150mm</p><p>  粉刷層: 厚度:15mm</p><p>  找平層: 厚度:20mm<

6、/p><p>  樓面活荷載的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值: </p><p>  水磨石樓面: </p><p>  鋼材(Q235)強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)值: </p><p>  鋼材(Q235)抗剪強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)值:</p><p>  鋼材(Q235)的彈性模量: </p><p>

7、  設(shè)計(jì)次梁截面CL-1</p><p><b>  1.設(shè)計(jì)荷載</b></p><p> ?。?)恒載—標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層樓面(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值)</p><p><b>  水磨石面層樓面</b></p><p><b>  粉刷層</b></p><p><b&

8、gt;  找平層</b></p><p>  結(jié)構(gòu)層:150mm單向鋼筋混凝土樓板 </p><p>  合計(jì): 5.055KN/m2</p><p><b> ?。?)活載</b></p><p>  樓面活載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值 <

9、;/p><p> ?。?)豎向荷載下框架受荷總圖</p><p>  荷載由板到梁傳遞示意圖如下圖3所示:</p><p><b>  荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值</b></p><p><b>  樓面板傳恒載=</b></p><p><b>  樓面?zhèn)鬟f活載=</b>

10、</p><p><b>  荷載設(shè)計(jì)值</b></p><p>  最大彎矩與剪力設(shè)計(jì)值</p><p>  次梁架于主梁之上,相當(dāng)于簡(jiǎn)支結(jié)構(gòu),計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖如下圖4:</p><p>  2.確定次梁的截面尺寸</p><p>  由于設(shè)計(jì)初鋼梁自重未知(考慮安全因素),故?。?lt;/p>

11、<p>  次梁所需的截面抵抗矩:</p><p>  次梁選用工字形截面,則: </p><p><b> ?。?)確定腹板尺寸</b></p><p>  梁的經(jīng)濟(jì)高度: </p><p>  取: </p><p>  腹板厚度: &

12、lt;/p><p>  ?。?</p><p><b>  若翼緣的厚度?。?lt;/b></p><p>  則 </p><p>  (2)確定翼緣尺寸:</p><p>  每個(gè)翼緣所需的截面面積: </

13、p><p>  翼緣板的寬度: </p><p>  暫取: </p><p> ?。?)次梁截面尺寸特征(如圖5-1):</p><p><b>  由于,則:</b></p><p><b> ?。?)確定焊縫尺寸</b></p><p

14、>  故取,鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在焊接時(shí)焊條采用E43列,焊接方法為手工焊。</p><p><b>  3.次梁驗(yàn)算 </b></p><p>  次梁自重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值:(用Q235鋼材)</p><p><b>  次梁自重設(shè)計(jì)值:</b></p><p>  次梁(包括自重)所承擔(dān)的最大的彎矩與最大剪力:

15、</p><p>  (1)整體穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)算 </p><p>  故次梁的整體穩(wěn)定滿足要求。</p><p> ?。?)局部穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)算</p><p>  故次梁不會(huì)發(fā)生局部失穩(wěn)。 </p><p>  (3) 剛度驗(yàn)算 </p&

16、gt;<p><b>  故滿足剛度要求。</b></p><p><b>  抗彎強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算</b></p><p>  故抗彎強(qiáng)度滿足要求。</p><p> ?。?)抗剪強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算:</p><p>  故主梁的抗剪強(qiáng)度滿足要求。</p><p><b&

17、gt; ?。?)翼緣焊縫驗(yàn)算</b></p><p>  故翼緣焊縫折算應(yīng)力符合。</p><p>  綜上所述:次梁為實(shí)腹式焊接工字型梁,截面</p><p>  為2×300×20+720×12,如右圖5-2。</p><p>  翼緣與腹板采用焊縫連接,hf=8mm,</p>&l

18、t;p>  鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在焊接時(shí)焊條采用E43列,</p><p><b>  焊接方法為手工焊。</b></p><p>  設(shè)計(jì)框架主梁KL-1</p><p><b>  1.設(shè)計(jì)荷載</b></p><p>  如圖,板荷載傳遞給次梁,次梁傳遞給主梁。主梁受自重恒載、次梁傳遞的集中恒載、次梁

19、傳遞的集中活載。其中邊緣主梁①⑤受力是主梁②③④受力的一半。則以主梁②③④進(jìn)行研究設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>  主梁計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖如下圖6:</p><p>  主梁截面尺寸待定,因此先不計(jì)主梁自重荷載。</p><p><b>  集中恒載:</b></p><p><b>  集中活載:</b><

20、/p><p><b>  荷載分析:</b></p><p>  由于此結(jié)構(gòu)具有對(duì)稱性,故僅對(duì)以下六種具有代表性的何在形式進(jìn)行分析:</p><p><b>  次梁傳遞集中力恒載</b></p><p><b>  連續(xù)梁受滿布活載</b></p><p>

21、;<b>  1跨受滿布活載</b></p><p><b>  2跨受滿布活載</b></p><p><b>  1、2跨受滿布活載</b></p><p><b>  1、3跨受滿布荷載</b></p><p><b>  (2)內(nèi)力計(jì)算&

22、lt;/b></p><p><b>  次梁集中力恒載</b></p><p><b>  連續(xù)梁受滿布活載</b></p><p><b>  1跨受滿布活載</b></p><p><b>  2跨受滿布活載</b></p>&l

23、t;p><b>  1、2跨受滿布活載</b></p><p><b>  1、3跨受滿布荷載</b></p><p>  內(nèi)力組合及最不利荷載</p><p><b>  故由以上計(jì)算表知:</b></p><p><b>  最不利彎矩為:</b>

24、;</p><p><b>  最不利剪力為:</b></p><p>  2. 確定主梁的截面尺寸:</p><p>  由于設(shè)計(jì)初鋼梁自重未知(考慮安全因素),故?。?lt;/p><p>  主梁所需的截面抵抗矩:</p><p>  主梁也選用工字形截面,則:</p><p&

25、gt; ?。?)確定腹板尺寸:</p><p>  主梁的經(jīng)濟(jì)高度: </p><p>  ?。?</p><p>  腹板厚度: </p><p>  ?。?</p><p>  若翼緣的厚度?。?</p

26、><p>  則: </p><p>  (2)確定翼緣尺寸:</p><p>  每個(gè)翼緣所需的截面面積:</p><p><b>  翼緣板的寬度: </b></p><p><b>  綜合上述?。?</b></p>&l

27、t;p> ?。?)主梁截面尺寸特征:</p><p><b>  確定焊縫尺寸</b></p><p><b>  , </b></p><p><b>  , </b></p><p>  取: 。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在焊接時(shí)焊條采用E43系列,焊接方法為手工焊。</p

28、><p><b>  3. 主梁驗(yàn)算</b></p><p>  主梁自重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值:(用Q235鋼材)</p><p><b>  主梁自重設(shè)計(jì)值:</b></p><p>  主梁(包括自重)所承擔(dān)的最大的彎矩與最大剪力近似按下式計(jì)算:</p><p>  (1) 整體穩(wěn)定驗(yàn)算:

29、 </p><p>  將次梁作為主梁的側(cè)向支撐,則</p><p>  故主梁的整體穩(wěn)定不必驗(yàn)算。</p><p> ?。?)局部穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)算</p><p>  故次梁不會(huì)發(fā)生局部失穩(wěn)。 </p><p>  (3) 剛度驗(yàn)算 </p>

30、<p><b>  故滿足剛度要求。</b></p><p><b> ?。?)抗彎強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算</b></p><p>  故抗彎強(qiáng)度滿足要求。</p><p> ?。?)抗剪強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算:</p><p>  故主梁的抗剪強(qiáng)度滿足要求。</p><p><b&

31、gt;  (6)翼緣焊縫驗(yàn)算</b></p><p>  故翼緣焊縫折算應(yīng)力符合。</p><p>  綜上所述:主梁為實(shí)腹式焊接工字型梁,截面</p><p>  為2×300×20+910×15,如右圖5-2。</p><p>  翼緣與腹板采用焊縫連接,hf=10mm,</p>&

32、lt;p>  鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在焊接時(shí)焊條采用E43列,</p><p><b>  焊接方法為手工焊。</b></p><p>  框架主梁短梁段與框架柱連接節(jié)點(diǎn)的設(shè)計(jì):</p><p><b>  1. 設(shè)計(jì)資料</b></p><p>  受力類型:彎矩、剪力(軸力較小忽略不計(jì))</p>

33、;<p>  荷載數(shù)據(jù):短梁和柱通過焊縫連接,短梁長(zhǎng)1m。由以上計(jì)算知,梁端最大彎矩和最大剪力分別為:M=890.655KNm,V=400.484KN。 </p><p><b>  焊縫的強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)值:</b></p><p>  主梁為組合工字型截面(),材料Q235鋼,焊條為E43型焊條采用角焊縫焊接。截面尺寸和作用荷載如圖所示。 </p

34、><p><b>  2. 連接計(jì)算</b></p><p>  連接采用沿全周施焊的角焊縫連接,轉(zhuǎn)角處連續(xù)施焊,沒有起弧和落弧所引起的焊口缺陷,并假定全部剪力由腹板的連接焊縫承擔(dān),不考慮工字形翼緣端部繞轉(zhuǎn)部分焊縫的作用。</p><p>  設(shè)沿工字形梁全周角焊縫的焊角尺寸為</p><p>  水平焊縫繞自身軸的慣性矩很

35、小,計(jì)算時(shí)忽略,全部焊縫對(duì)x軸的截面慣性矩近似地?。?</p><p>  焊縫在最外面邊緣“1”點(diǎn)處的截面抵抗矩:</p><p>  焊縫在腹板頂部“2”點(diǎn)處的截面抵抗矩:</p><p>  在彎矩作用下,角焊縫在最邊緣處“1”點(diǎn)處的最大應(yīng)力為:</p><p>  在翼緣和腹板交接的角焊縫“2”點(diǎn)處的M與V的共同作用下的應(yīng)

36、力為:</p><p><b>  滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。</b></p><p>  3. 按構(gòu)造設(shè)置水平加勁肋</p><p>  水平加勁肋應(yīng)設(shè)置于柱上相連梁的上下翼緣的位置上,且水平加勁肋的水平中心線應(yīng)與梁翼緣的水平中心線相重合;此時(shí)梁翼緣的內(nèi)力作為集中力作用于柱上。為了保證連接節(jié)點(diǎn)處不致于產(chǎn)生局部破環(huán),水平加勁肋應(yīng)按以下要求分別在與梁上下翼緣

37、對(duì)應(yīng)處柱腹板的兩側(cè)成對(duì)地布置。</p><p>  按水平加勁肋的構(gòu)造要求,設(shè)定其厚度為</p><p>  水平加勁肋的自由外伸寬度應(yīng)滿足下式要求:</p><p><b>  得出,</b></p><p>  水平加勁肋采用完全焊透的坡口對(duì)接焊接連接</p><p><b>  取

38、 </b></p><p>  設(shè)計(jì)框架主梁短梁段與梁體工地拼接節(jié)點(diǎn)(采用高強(qiáng)度螺栓)</p><p>  1. 計(jì)算螺栓連接處的荷載::</p><p> ?。?)由集中荷載產(chǎn)生的固端彎矩:</p><p>  由上述主梁內(nèi)力計(jì)算表知:</p><p><b>  梁端最大彎矩 ,</b&

39、gt;</p><p>  對(duì)應(yīng)工況下支座最大剪力為</p><p>  取短梁長(zhǎng)度為1.0m,則集中荷載在1.0m處產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)力計(jì)算如下:</p><p><b>  彎矩: </b></p><p><b>  剪力:</b></p><p> ?。?)由均布荷載產(chǎn)生的固

40、端彎矩:</p><p>  由均布荷載產(chǎn)生的端部剪力:</p><p>  均布荷載在1.2m處產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)力計(jì)算如下:</p><p><b>  彎矩:</b></p><p><b>  剪力:</b></p><p> ?。?)由集中、均布荷載疊加所得的彎矩剪力:<

41、;/p><p><b>  彎矩:</b></p><p><b>  剪力:</b></p><p>  2. 設(shè)計(jì)螺栓連接:</p><p>  采用精確設(shè)計(jì)的方法,即彎矩由翼緣和腹板共同承擔(dān),剪力僅由腹板承擔(dān),翼緣承擔(dān)的彎矩和腹板承擔(dān)的彎矩,二者按剛度成比例分配:</p><p

42、><b>  則:</b></p><p><b>  (1)翼緣拼接設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>  梁?jiǎn)蝹?cè)翼緣連接所需的高強(qiáng)度螺栓數(shù)目</p><p>  采用10.9級(jí)的M22螺栓:</p><p>  螺栓孔徑取25.5mm,翼緣板的凈截面面積為:</p><p&g

43、t;  翼緣板所能承受的軸向力設(shè)計(jì)值為:</p><p><b>  采用8個(gè)。</b></p><p>  翼緣外側(cè)拼接連接板的厚度:</p><p><b>  取</b></p><p>  翼緣外側(cè)板的尺寸為:</p><p>  翼緣內(nèi)側(cè)拼接連接板的厚度:</

44、p><p>  如果考慮內(nèi)外側(cè)拼接板截面面積相等,則有: </p><p>  取,內(nèi)拼接板的尺寸為:</p><p><b>  螺栓強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算</b></p><p>  上述計(jì)算表明螺栓強(qiáng)度滿足,可不必進(jìn)行驗(yàn)算。</p><p>  故,翼緣拼接采用八個(gè)M22螺栓,拼接板

45、尺寸為:</p><p><b>  外拼接板: </b></p><p><b>  內(nèi)拼接板: </b></p><p><b> ?。?)腹板拼接設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>  梁腹板連接所需的高強(qiáng)螺栓數(shù)目:</p><p>  采用10.9級(jí)的

46、M22螺栓:</p><p>  考慮到彎矩作用的影響,采用8個(gè)M22螺栓,并成兩排布置。</p><p>  腹板兩側(cè)連接板的厚度:</p><p><b>  取</b></p><p>  腹板兩側(cè)連接板的尺寸不妨取為:</p><p>  則梁與梁的拼接板連接圖如下圖:</p>

47、<p>  連接構(gòu)件的接觸面采用噴砂處理。</p><p><b>  螺栓強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算</b></p><p>  單個(gè)螺栓的抗剪承載力設(shè)計(jì)值:</p><p>  剪力 在螺栓群形心處所引起的附加彎矩:</p><p><b>  修正后的彎矩:</b></p><

48、p><b>  螺栓最大應(yīng)力</b></p><p>  故螺栓的連接強(qiáng)度滿足要求。</p><p>  故,腹板拼接采用8個(gè)M22螺栓,拼接板尺寸為:</p><p><b>  外拼接板: </b></p><p>  3. 螺栓的凈截面強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算:</p><p>

49、 ?。?)選截面1—1討論:</p><p>  最大正應(yīng)力 </p><p><b>  最大剪應(yīng)力</b></p><p>  對(duì)于點(diǎn)b,折算應(yīng)力為:</p><p><b>  滿足要求。</b></p><p>

50、  (2)選截面2—2討論:</p><p>  最大正應(yīng)力 </p><p><b>  最大剪應(yīng)力</b></p><p>  對(duì)于點(diǎn)b,折算應(yīng)力為:</p><p><b>  滿足要求。 </b></p><p&g

51、t;<b>  七、設(shè)計(jì)體會(huì) </b></p><p>  通過此次課程設(shè)計(jì),我更加扎實(shí)地掌握了有關(guān)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面的知識(shí)。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中雖然遇到了一些問題,但經(jīng)過一遍遍的思考和審視終于發(fā)現(xiàn)了問題的關(guān)鍵所在,同時(shí)也暴露出了前期我在這方面的知識(shí)欠缺和經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足。紙上得來(lái)終覺淺,絕知此事要躬行,只有自己真正動(dòng)手去做,才能明白這其中的奧妙。 </p><p>  過而能改,善莫大

52、焉。在課程設(shè)計(jì)過程中,我們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,不斷改正,不斷領(lǐng)悟不斷獲取。最終的驗(yàn)算環(huán)節(jié),本身就是在踐行“過而能改善莫大焉”的知行觀。這次課程設(shè)計(jì)終于順利完成了。在設(shè)計(jì)中遇到了很多問題,最后在同學(xué)們的共同努力下,也都終于游逆而解。在今后社會(huì)的發(fā)展和學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間過程中,我們一定要不懈努力,不能遇到問題就想到要退縮,而應(yīng)積極主動(dòng)地去面對(duì)問題,并發(fā)現(xiàn)癥結(jié),然后一一進(jìn)行解決。只有這樣,才能有所收獲,才能從這精心安排的課程設(shè)計(jì)中學(xué)到一些知識(shí)。 <

53、/p><p>  課程設(shè)計(jì)雖說(shuō)是一門專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)的課程,給我很多專業(yè)知識(shí)以及專業(yè)技能上的提升,但其同時(shí)又是一門哲學(xué)課,讓我明白了許多道理。通過此次課程設(shè)計(jì),我掌握了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種受力類型及相應(yīng)的破壞形式,了解了驗(yàn)算每種破壞形式的原理及步驟,同時(shí)對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的螺栓和焊縫連接也有了更深一步的認(rèn)識(shí)。 </p><p>  回顧此次課程設(shè)計(jì),至今讓感慨頗多。從理論到時(shí)間,在這短短幾天的日子里,可以說(shuō)是苦多于甜

54、。但是我們也真的學(xué)到了很多東西,不僅鞏固了之前的知識(shí),還獲得了許多書本之外的寶貴財(cái)富。這次課程設(shè)計(jì)讓我明白了理論纖細(xì)實(shí)際的重要性,只有理論知識(shí)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,只有把所學(xué)的理論知識(shí)與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合,從理論中得出結(jié)論,并以實(shí)踐驗(yàn)證,才是真正的有所收獲,才能提高自己的實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力和獨(dú)立思考的能力。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中遇到問題是必然的,但在解決問題中始終保持一顆求學(xué)的心卻是我們的學(xué)海無(wú)涯的心態(tài)使然。</p><p>  八、設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范及

55、參考書籍</p><p><b>  1、規(guī)范</b></p><p> ?。?)中華人民共和國(guó)建設(shè)部. 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB/T50105-2001)</p><p> ?。?)中華人民共和國(guó)建設(shè)部. 房屋建筑制圖統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB/T50001-2001)</p><p>  (3)中華人民共和國(guó)建設(shè)部. 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載

56、規(guī)范(GB5009-2001)</p><p> ?。?)中華人民共和國(guó)建設(shè)部. 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范(GB50017-2003)</p><p>  (5)中華人民共和國(guó)建設(shè)部. .鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范(GB50205-2001)</p><p><b>  2、參考書籍</b></p><p>  (1)沈祖炎等.

57、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)基本原理,中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,2006</p><p> ?。?)毛德培. 鋼結(jié)構(gòu),中國(guó)鐵道出版社,1999</p><p> ?。?)陳紹藩. 鋼結(jié)構(gòu),中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,2003</p><p> ?。?)李星榮等. 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)連接節(jié)點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第二版),中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,2005</p><p> ?。?)包頭鋼鐵設(shè)計(jì)研究院

58、0;中國(guó)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會(huì)房屋建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié). 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算(第二版),機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006</p><p>  g an employment tribunal claim</p><p>  Employment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.</p><p>  

59、You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if:</p><p>  you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you</p><p>  your employer dismisses you and

60、you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.</p><p>  For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal.</p><p>  You can make a claim to an employment tribunal,

61、even if you haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your f

62、ailure to appeal.</p><p>  Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your applic

63、ation is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.</p><p>  If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed under

64、60;Further help.</p><p>  Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.</p><p>  M

65、ost people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under 

66、Further help.</p><p>  If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known a

67、s a damages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation  if you win the case.</p><p>  If you are thinking about signing up for 

68、60;a damages-based agreement, you should make sure you're clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau.  To find yo

69、ur nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest CAB.</p><p>  For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.</p>

70、<p>  The (lack of) air up there </p><p>  Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations

71、and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.</p><p>  "I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport.</p><p> 

72、 "For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."</p><p>  Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the &qu

73、ot;racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.</p><p>  Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the refe

74、ree's actions.</p><p>  CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.&quo

75、t;</p><p>  Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the pa

76、ranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, sudd

77、enly feel something, do it.</p><p>  一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。或許是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子;或許是追溯過去,對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟,這些天以來(lái),思緒一直很凌亂,在腦海中不斷糾纏。總覺得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么,或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺,突然就感覺到有些事情,非做不可了。</p><p&g

78、t;  The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?</p><p>  而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?</p><p>  During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but a

79、s the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of al

80、umni in peace, suddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school chil</p><p>

81、;  童年時(shí),覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備,但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn),會(huì)越來(lái)越發(fā)現(xiàn),那些東西根本就可有可無(wú);初中時(shí),以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長(zhǎng),但三年過去后,自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候,突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長(zhǎng)了,好像并沒有那么重要了;然后到了高中,覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn),但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉,后來(lái)再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng),看著他投過籃球的球框時(shí),突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不

82、起他的容顏。</p><p>  Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.</p><p>  原來(lái),這個(gè)世界上,對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的,除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決,還有,時(shí)間。</p>

83、<p>  A person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last

84、. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righte

85、ous spiritual.</p><p>  一個(gè)人的時(shí)候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明確,好像沒有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事,但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦,最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分,有很多錯(cuò)過,好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑,或者說(shuō),是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。</p>

86、<p>  At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep fr

87、iendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning... Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.</p><p>  此刻,天空是陰暗的,空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫;那

88、些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙;那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼;還有那場(chǎng)還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃……那些年那些天的非做不可,終于和青春一樣,都將在我們的人生中謝幕。</p><p>  Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the grou

89、nd, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the tropos

90、phere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising al</p><p>  The supersonic descent could happ

91、en as early as Sunda.</p><p>  The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (</p><p>  Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an

92、Olympic diving platform.</p><p>  Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it w

93、ill not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. </p><p>  Skydiver preps for the big jump</p><p>  When he jumps, he is expected to reach t

94、he speed of sound -- 690 mph (1,110 kph) -- in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him

95、completely.</p><p>  If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 2

96、70-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).</p><p>  In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a

97、reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.</p><p>  Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would caus

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