齒輪和軸的介紹外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文原文：</b></p><p>　　GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in traditional machine and modern

2、machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations r

3、espectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .</p><p>　　Key words: Wheel gear; Shaft</p><p>　　In the force analysis of spur gears, the

4、 forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation.

5、 And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.</p><p>　　Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shaft

6、s. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelog

7、ram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge <

8、/p><p>　　The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come in

9、to more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer

10、of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to tran</p><p>　　Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The

11、teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, an

12、d are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli</p><p>　　cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They

13、are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding

14、 velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand. </p><p>

15、　　Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is

16、 called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a he

17、lical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvatu</p><p>　　Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially enc

18、loses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of dou

19、ble-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of heli</p><p>　　When gears are to be used to transmit motion between

20、 intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only th

21、e generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect

22、on the c</p><p>　　Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however,

23、 they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go</p><p>　　www.mapeng.net 馬棚網(wǎng)od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of

24、the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. </p><p>　　It is frequ

25、ently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids

26、of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.</p><p>　　A shaft is a rotating or stationary m

27、ember, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compressio

28、n, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be

29、subjected to static str</p><p>　　The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating sha

30、ft is often called a spindle.</p><p>　　When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the str

31、esses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they

32、 are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. W</p><p>　　Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft,

33、it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a co

34、nsiderable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover somethin</p><p>　　Be

35、cause of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in</p><p>　　www.mapeng.net 馬棚網(wǎng)ertias I1 and I

36、2 traveling at the respective angular velocities W1 and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are

37、 running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted

38、, the energy loss and the </p><p>　　1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes</p><p>　　2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes</p><p>　　3. Band type</p><p>　　4.

39、 Disk or axial type</p><p>　　5. Cone type</p><p>　　6. Miscellaneous type</p><p>　　The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The follow

40、ing step are necessary: </p><p>　　1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.</p><p>　　2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any

41、 point</p><p>　　3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.</p><p>　　Miscellaneous clutches include several typ

42、es, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.</p><p>　　A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The

43、 greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or ge

44、ar-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.</p><p>　　Altho

45、ugh positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.</p><p>　　Devices such as linear drives or motor-o

46、perated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermine

47、d toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.</p><p>　　An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “fre

48、ewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This </p><p>　　www.mapeng.net 馬棚網(wǎng)type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted

49、between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and

50、 ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. </p><p>　　Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powde

51、r mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any conditi

52、on from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.</p><p>　　Introduction of Machining</p><p>　　Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most comm

53、only used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece

54、under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to </p><p>　　Machining k

55、now the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high c

56、ost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing con

57、ditions, can be almost any type of raw materials,</p><p>　　Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the

58、 basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the produ

59、ction and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only t</p><p>　　Primary Cutting Parameters</p><p>　　Cutting the work

60、 piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.</p><p>　　Cutting

61、Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.</

62、p><p>　　Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with kni

63、ves. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.</p><p>　　Progressive Tool to speed is</p><p>　　cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating moveme

64、nt, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, f

65、eed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 </p><p>　　Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equa

66、l to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.</p><p>　　Wears of Cutting Tool</p><p>　　We already have been processed and

67、the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the

68、 main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibrati

69、on and provide for effici</p><p>　　As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail o

70、f zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear

71、 lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife </p><p>　　The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact

72、, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of th

73、e hardening of t</p><p>　　he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but

74、occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture cri

75、sis. </p><p>　　If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrappe

76、d, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for vario

77、us high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has </p><p>　　The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures</p><p>　　In metal cutting op

78、erations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure wher

79、e it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperatur

80、e in the chip adjacent to the face as the</p><p>　　Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volu

81、me of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will

82、 reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase</p><p>　　The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-sp

83、eed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.</p><p

84、>　　Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by usi

85、ng scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperat

86、ure distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning to</p><p>　　Automatic Fixture Design</p><p>　　Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixt

87、ure mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the cente

88、r line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance aga</p><p>　　T

89、he characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product de

90、sign changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automati</p>&l

91、t;p>　　on. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fi

92、xture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders. </p><p>　　According to their flexib

93、ility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacem

94、ent for the characteristic. </p><p>　　Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and

95、 flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening o

96、f the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To produc</p><p>　　According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to

97、 determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile struc