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1、<p><b>  畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)</b></p><p><b>  外文翻譯</b></p><p>  題 目 南溝門常態(tài)混凝土重力壩 </p><p>  及溢流壩段設(shè)計(jì) </p><p>  專 業(yè) 水利水電工程 <

2、;/p><p>  班 級(jí) 水工115班 </p><p>  學(xué) 生 </p><p>  指導(dǎo)教師 </p><p><b>  2015 年</b></p>

3、<p>  準(zhǔn)脆性材料在動(dòng)荷載作用下結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值計(jì)算:</p><p><b>  以混凝土重力壩為例</b></p><p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  本文使用有限元數(shù)值計(jì)算方法對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)加載后的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行計(jì)算,混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)加載通常情況下類似于自然地震的效果,其后果往往是毀滅性的。如今

4、在動(dòng)態(tài)的一般方程中,已經(jīng)建立了基于損傷力學(xué)且考慮了混凝土材料的性質(zhì)的模型。從現(xiàn)象學(xué)的角度看,選擇行為模型考慮造成的損害的微裂紋。本文采用1967年Koyna地震的記錄,通過(guò)數(shù)值應(yīng)用程序,對(duì)二維Koyna重力壩進(jìn)行抗震分析。對(duì)混凝土重力壩的地震反應(yīng)破壞的影響進(jìn)行了研究。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:法律行為,混凝土,損傷,動(dòng)態(tài)加載,開裂,模型。</p><p><b>  1簡(jiǎn)介&

5、lt;/b></p><p>  準(zhǔn)脆性材料的損傷與斷裂過(guò)程是屬于非線性問(wèn)題,特別是對(duì)混凝土材料性質(zhì)的模擬,是研究混凝土材料在土木工程領(lǐng)域中應(yīng)用的脆弱性研究(Lemaitre and Mazars, 1982; Lemaitre and Chaboche, 1985)。模擬過(guò)程中的現(xiàn)象往往是復(fù)雜的,即使在簡(jiǎn)單的情況下,問(wèn)題的解析解也是困難的。至少,要知道材料的性質(zhì),模擬的結(jié)構(gòu)需進(jìn)行靜態(tài)和或動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)荷?;炷帘?/p>

6、認(rèn)為是設(shè)計(jì)中最常用的材料,其可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)動(dòng)載荷的結(jié)構(gòu)中。無(wú)論是意外情況或人為的,它都屬于一類比較復(fù)雜且具有非線性性質(zhì)的非均質(zhì)材料。大量存在的文獻(xiàn)中的實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試表明該材料的性質(zhì)為“準(zhǔn)脆性的材料的拉伸強(qiáng)度明顯低于壓縮,在高速度對(duì)混凝土的沖擊試驗(yàn)(Klepaczko 和 Brara, 2001; Hervé a和 Gatuingt, 2002; Hentz et al., 2004)或循環(huán)加載試驗(yàn)(Dubé 1994; L

7、a Borderie 1991)中表現(xiàn)很明顯。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是預(yù)測(cè)宏觀行為模型的材料損傷原理。在這些模型中,J. Mazars模型的原理是基于損傷力學(xué)理論,描述由于起始材料的力學(xué)性能逐漸減少,從而產(chǎn)生顯微</p><p><b>  2動(dòng)力平衡方程</b></p><p>  對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,在時(shí)間站的運(yùn)動(dòng)方程中,給出下面的表達(dá)式(1)(Owen和Hinton

8、 1986)</p><p><b>  (1)</b></p><p>  其中M和C是總體質(zhì)量和阻尼矩陣,是內(nèi)部節(jié)點(diǎn)力的總體矢量,是所有的節(jié)點(diǎn)力向量組合在一起,身體力項(xiàng)(-Mug)由于地震,包括在有了考慮到身體的力量,ün 是節(jié)點(diǎn)的加速度和ù總體向量是節(jié)點(diǎn)速度矢量的總和。運(yùn)動(dòng)方程(1)可以通過(guò)使用中心差分方程如下重寫(2)。</p>

9、<p><b>  (2)</b></p><p>  為了簡(jiǎn)便求解方程(2),質(zhì)量矩陣和阻尼矩陣M、C做對(duì)角矩陣變換。在這些假設(shè)下,方程(2)可以改寫為一個(gè)標(biāo)量方程(3)(Owen 和Hinton 1986;paultre2005)。</p><p><b> ?。?)</b></p><p>  方程式

10、(3)的穩(wěn)定性與(ΔT)的時(shí)間間隔大小程度有關(guān)。分析其內(nèi)部抵抗力可由下式(4)給出,</p><p><b>  (4) </b></p><p>  其中和是有效應(yīng)力和整體應(yīng)變的位移矩陣。</p><p><b>  3閾值函數(shù)</b></p><p>  損傷加載函數(shù)f(ε,D),根據(jù)損傷變

11、量值而引入。這種損傷閾值函數(shù)定義其過(guò)程是可逆的,只要當(dāng)f(ε,D)≤0時(shí),損傷就不會(huì)增加。所以,損傷是在一個(gè)給定的狀態(tài)下,其加載的函數(shù)是(5)式。</p><p><b>  (5)</b></p><p>  加載函數(shù)的變量為相關(guān)加載的歷史系數(shù), 為等效應(yīng)變, 主要取決于壓力給定的表達(dá)式(6),比如,如果,則和.如果,則 損傷D生長(zhǎng),當(dāng)?shù)刃?yīng)變達(dá)到一個(gè)閾值k(D)

12、初始。如果</p><p><b>  (6)</b></p><p>  破壞由Mazars分為兩個(gè)部分。</p><p><b> ?。?)</b></p><p>  剪切實(shí)驗(yàn)的參數(shù):它通常被認(rèn)為是常數(shù)(= 1.05)。和損傷變量分別表示張力和壓縮。破壞的過(guò)程以一個(gè)集成的形式表示,作為變量的函

13、數(shù)。</p><p><b>  (8)</b></p><p>  4 Koyna大壩的損傷反應(yīng)</p><p>  Koyna混凝土重力壩,高103米,寬70.2米,如圖1所示,位于Koyna河印度半島的西部。1967年,該地區(qū)發(fā)生6.5級(jí)地震與,其基礎(chǔ)面壩軸線水平方向和垂直方向的最大加速度分別為0.49g和0.34 g。Koyna地震的時(shí)

14、間歷時(shí)(記錄)圖2所示。觀測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)大壩上方的上游和下游出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重破壞的水平裂縫。本文對(duì)大壩進(jìn)行非線性動(dòng)態(tài)分析,使用將混凝土材料當(dāng)做各向同性的材料的模型進(jìn)行觀察損傷的方法。我們注意到大壩蓄水過(guò)程影響是不考慮。大壩部分的網(wǎng)格圖如圖2(b)所示。選擇分析節(jié)點(diǎn)(313 N),此點(diǎn)的時(shí)間歷時(shí)圖表代表在壩頂垂直和水平運(yùn)動(dòng)。三個(gè)元素集成點(diǎn)(807 P,811 P 807 P)選擇代表的時(shí)間歷時(shí)損傷圖。</p><p>  (a)幾

15、何性質(zhì) (b)網(wǎng)格狀的大壩</p><p><b>  圖1</b></p><p>  在此研究中使用的材料性質(zhì)如下表1中。</p><p>  表1 材料特性</p><p>  本研究中使用的關(guān)鍵的粘性阻尼系數(shù)可以分別采取3、5和7

16、%。積分時(shí)間間隔是0.001秒。動(dòng)態(tài)加載歷時(shí)是通過(guò)橫向和縱向的加速度圖時(shí)間記錄或記錄Koyna地震圖2所示。本文總結(jié)了地震造成的影響如位移、應(yīng)變、應(yīng)力和損傷,對(duì)重力壩結(jié)構(gòu)圖表的結(jié)果進(jìn)行了討論和比較。</p><p>  (a)垂直分量 (b)水平分量</p><p>  圖2 Koyna加速度圖</p><p>  圖3是位于

17、壩頂節(jié)點(diǎn)(313)的垂直位移和水平位移的歷時(shí)曲線。</p><p> ?。╝)垂直位移; (b)水平位移</p><p>  圖3 壩頂節(jié)點(diǎn)(313)的位移歷時(shí)曲線</p><p><b>  5討論的結(jié)果</b></p><p>  在本文中,我們討論了影響混凝土材料安全和破壞重力壩穩(wěn)

18、定的地震荷載。選用的阻尼比是5%,在文中選用了現(xiàn)實(shí)例子進(jìn)行計(jì)算。圖3時(shí)間歷時(shí)圖顯示了位于壩頂?shù)牡墓?jié)點(diǎn)(313)處垂直和水平位移情況。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)到前兩秒期間位移相對(duì)較低,主要由于低振幅的影響。四秒到五秒的位移達(dá)到最大,4.62秒記錄為20毫米,最大位移值與在3.65秒時(shí)的最大振幅點(diǎn)不對(duì)應(yīng)。5s后的節(jié)點(diǎn)位移減少。在運(yùn)動(dòng)振幅處沒(méi)有損失,損傷相對(duì)較低。損傷記錄(參見圖4。)在3.53秒后的大壩的集成點(diǎn)(815)達(dá)到最大,然后在3.54秒集成點(diǎn)(8

19、11)達(dá)到最大。可以看出,損傷的演變主要是集中在時(shí)間間隔正負(fù)位移的最大值處。結(jié)論相比在我們的研究中獲得的結(jié)果(Calayir和Karaton 2005;Jianwen et al . 2011年)相對(duì)一致。</p><p>  圖4 在各集成點(diǎn)處累積損傷記錄(815、811和807點(diǎn))</p><p><b>  6結(jié)論</b></p><p>

20、;  本研究的目的首先是研究當(dāng)重力壩受到地震荷載時(shí)的位移,應(yīng)變和應(yīng)力隨時(shí)間的變化過(guò)程;其次是研究幾個(gè)代表集成點(diǎn)處損傷演化的歷史位移圖,其損壞程度和起始結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。選擇Koyna混凝土重力壩的原因是因?yàn)?在這個(gè)大壩結(jié)構(gòu)在1967年經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng)毀滅性的地震后,對(duì)于這個(gè)大壩的許多研究已經(jīng)完成。地震記錄的水平和垂直加速度圖形式和結(jié)構(gòu)用作動(dòng)態(tài)載荷時(shí)的性質(zhì)相同。在這項(xiàng)研究中顯然考慮了阻尼系數(shù)的影響,而不考慮水的動(dòng)力作用。</p><

21、p><b>  參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>  [1] Calayir,Y、Karaton M ,2005年.混凝土重力壩蓄水系統(tǒng)中混凝</p><p>  土連續(xù)損傷模型的地震分析.土動(dòng)力學(xué)和地震工程25(2005)857 - </p><p><b>  2005.</b></p><

22、p>  [2] Davenne L.,Ragueneau F.,瑪澤J.,Ibrahimbegovic A.,2003</p><p>  年有限元分析地震工程中的高效的方法。計(jì)算機(jī)和結(jié)構(gòu)81(2003)</p><p>  1223年至1239年。</p><p>  [3] Dubé J.F.,1994年混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)建模,博士論文的簡(jiǎn)化粘易損行&l

23、t;/p><p><b>  為,巴黎6 S</b></p><p>  [4] Hentz S., Daudeville L., Donzé F.V.,,動(dòng)態(tài)加載在高應(yīng)變離散</p><p>  元建模。計(jì)算機(jī)和結(jié)構(gòu)82(2004)2509至24年. </p><p>  [5] Hervé G., G

24、atuingt F.,損壞水泥板和混凝土受一個(gè)理想化的動(dòng)</p><p>  態(tài)加載的數(shù)值模擬。 LMT,ENS Cachan。</p><p>  [6] Jianwen P.Chuhann Z.Yanjie X., Feng J.不同程序?qū)?594年至</p><p>  1606年混凝土大壩土動(dòng)力學(xué)與地震工程地震開裂分析比較研究。</p><

25、;p>  [7] Kachanov LM,蠕變條件下破裂過(guò)程的時(shí)間,Izv。 AKAD。Nauk。 </p><p>  OTD。 Tekh。 Nauk。 8(1958)26-31。</p><p>  [8] Klepaczko R.J., Brara A.2001年的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法混凝土剝落通過(guò)動(dòng)態(tài)</p><p>  拉伸試驗(yàn)。影響工程的國(guó)際雜志。第25卷,第

26、4期,2001年4月, </p><p><b>  頁(yè)387-409。</b></p><p>  [9] La Borderie C., 1991.在易損材料1991單方面現(xiàn)象:建模和應(yīng)用</p><p>  到混凝土結(jié)構(gòu),博士論文的分析,巴黎大學(xué)6. </p><p>  [10] Lemaitre J., Maz

27、ars J.1982.理論的1982年的應(yīng)用損壞結(jié)構(gòu)混</p><p>  凝土的非線性行為和破裂。理論和計(jì)算249的方法。</p><p>  [11] Lemaitre J., Chaboche J.L., 1985. 力學(xué)的固體材料, Dunod,</p><p><b>  Paris.</b></p><p>

28、;  [12] Mazars J., 1984. 機(jī)械損壞的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的非線性行為和破損應(yīng)</p><p>  用. 博士論文,大學(xué)皮埃爾與瑪麗·居里 - CNRS </p><p>  [13] Omidi O., Valliappan S., Lotfi V.,,采用不同的阻尼機(jī)制由</p><p>  塑料損傷模型的混凝土重力壩地震2012年破裂。在

29、分析和設(shè)計(jì)有</p><p>  限元63(2013) 80–97.</p><p>  [14] Owen D.R.J, Hinton E.,1986年,:理論與實(shí)踐可塑性的有限要</p><p><b>  素。</b></p><p>  [15] Paultre P.,2005年土木工程中的結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力學(xué)。愛馬仕科學(xué)

30、出版</p><p>  物。 </p><p>  [16] Peyrot I. Bouchard P.O., Bay F. Bernard F., Garcia-Diaz E. </p><p>  2007年數(shù)值方面來(lái)模擬準(zhǔn)脆性材料的力學(xué)行為。計(jì)</p><p>  算材料科學(xué)40(2007)327-34

31、0。</p><p>  Numerical computation of structures with quasi-brittle materiel under dynamic loading: case study of concrete gravity dam</p><p><b>  Abstract</b></p><p>  T

32、he present paper deals with a numerical computation using finite element method for concrete structures subjected to dynamic loads,usually of seismic nature the consequences of which are often devastating. In the general

33、 equation of dynamic, a law of concrete material behavior taking into account models based on the damage mechanics has been implemented. From a phenomenological viewpoint, the chosen behavior model takes into account the

34、 damage caused by the opening of micro-cracks. For numerica</p><p>  Keywords: law of behavior, concrete, damage, dynamic loading, cracking, model.</p><p>  1 Introduction</p><p>  

35、The simulation of nonlinear problems of damage and fracture processes for quasi-brittle materials, particularly concrete, is the subject of research studies in the field of civil engineering in the goal to serve for vuln

36、erability studies (Lemaitre and Mazars, 1982; Lemaitre and Chaboche, 1985). The phenomena taking part in these processes are often complex and, even in simple cases, the analytical resolution of the problems turns out to

37、 be, for the least, difficult. To simulate complex structure</p><p>  2 Dynamic equilibrium equations</p><p>  For dynamic equilibrium of a body in motion, the equation of motion at time station

38、 tn is given as the following expression (1) (Owen and Hinton 1986).</p><p>  (1) </p><p>  where M and C are the global mass and damping ma

39、trices respectively, pn is the global vector of internal resisting nodal forces, fn is the vector of consistent nodal forces for the applied body and surfaces traction forces grouped together, the body force term(-Mug) d

40、ue to seismic excitation, is included in the body forces which are taken into account in fn,ün is the global vector of nodal accelerations and ù is the global vector of nodal velocities. Equation of motion (1)

41、can be rewritten by us</p><p><b>  (2)</b></p><p>  In order to solve the equation (2) explicitly, the mass matrix M and the damping matrix C are transformed in diagonal matrices. Un

42、der these assumptions, equation (2) can be rewritten as a scalar equation (3) (Owen and Hinton 1986; Paultre 2005).</p><p><b>  (3)</b></p><p>  The stability of equation (3) is link

43、ed to (Δt)a very small time interval. The internal resisting forces using in the numerical program is given by the following expression (4),</p><p><b> ?。?)</b></p><p>  Where ? and

44、[Bi] are the effective stress and the global strain-displacement matrix.</p><p>  3 Threshold function</p><p>  A damage loading function f(ε,D), depending on damage variable, is introduced. Thi

45、s damage threshold function defines the domain where the behavior is reversible, as long as f(ε,D)≤0 , the damage does not increase.So, for a given state of damage, the loading function is</p><p><b>  

46、(5)</b></p><p>  Where k(D) is the variable related to the history of the damage; called equivalent strain and depends on main called equivalent strain and depends on main strains εi given by the expr

47、ession (6), such as <ε> +=0 if εi <0 and <ε> += εi if εi ≧0. Damage D grows when the equivalent strain reaches a threshold k(D) initialized at εD0</p><p><b>  (6)</b></p>&

48、lt;p>  Damage defined by Mazars is split into two parts.</p><p><b>  (7)</b></p><p>  The parameter β is representative of shear experiments: it is usually considered as constant

49、( β= 1.05 ) (Pierot et al. 2007). DT and DC are damage variables in tension and compression respectively. The evolution of damage is provided in an integrated form, as a function of the variable ? :</p><p>&

50、lt;b>  (8)</b></p><p>  4 Damage response of Koyna dam</p><p>  The Koyna concrete gravity dam, 103 m in height and 70.2 m in width shown in Fig.1, is located on the Koyna river in the

51、west of the Indian Peninsula. In 1967, a 6.5 magnitude earthquake shook the region with maximum acceleration measured at the foundation gallery of 0.49 and 0.34 g in horizontal direction normal to the dam axis and in the

52、 vertical one, respectively. The time histories (records) of the Koyna earthquake are shown in Fig. 2. Severe damage was found in the form of horizontal cracki</p><p>  The material properties used in this s

53、tudy are as follow in the table 1.</p><p>  Table1. Material properties</p><p>  The critical viscous damping coefficient used in this study can take three values estimated at 3, 5 and 7%. Integ

54、ration time step is taken as equal to 0.001 s. The dynamic excitation is by accelerograms whose horizontal and vertical components are the time histories or records of the Koyna earthquake shown in Fig. 2. The effects ca

55、used by the earthquake such as displacements, strains, stresses and damage to the gravity dam structure are summarized in graphs that are discussed and compared to res</p><p>  Figure (3) show the time histo

56、ry graphs of the vertical and horizontal displacements of the nodal point (313) located at the crest of the dam</p><p>  5 Discussion of results</p><p>  In this part, we will report the effects

57、 of the concrete damage on the seismic response of the gravity dam. The value of the damping ratio is 5% for the solutions of this calculation example. Fig. 3. show the time history graphs of the vertical and horizontal

58、displacements of the nodal point (313) located at the crest of the dam. We note that the displacements are relatively low during the first two seconds because of low the amplitudes of the excitations. The displacements r

59、each their maximum a</p><p>  6 Conclusion</p><p>  The aim of this study is, firstly to have the response of gravity dam subjected to seismic loading as a time history of the displacements, str

60、ains and stresses; secondly to represent the time history of damage evolution in the integration points and to deduce the areas likely to be damaged firstly and how do they develop in the structure. The choice of the met

61、hod is related to the very small time interval considered. The choice of Koyna concrete gravity dam is due to the fact that many studies h</p><p>  References</p><p>  [1]Calayir, Y., Karaton, M

62、., 2005. A continuum damage concrete model for earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dam–reservoir systems. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25 (2005) 857–869.</p><p>  [2]Davenne L., Ragueneau F.,

63、 Mazars J., Ibrahimbegovic A., 2003. Efficient approaches to finite element analysis in earthquake engineering.Computers and Structures 81 (2003) 1223–1239.</p><p>  [3]Dubé J.F., 1994. Modélisatio

64、n simplifiée et comportement visco-endommageable des structures en béton, PhD Thesis, University of Paris 6.</p><p>  [4]Hentz S., Daudeville L., Donzé F.V., 2004. Discrete element modelling o

65、f concrete submitted to dynamic loading at high strain rates. Computers and Structures 82 (2004) 2509–2524.</p><p>  [5]Hervé G., Gatuingt F., 2002. Simulation numérique de l’endommagement de dalle

66、s en béton et béton armé impactées par un réacteur d’avion idéalisé. LMT, ENS Cachan.</p><p>  [6]Jianwen P., Chuhann Z., Yanjie X., Feng J., 2011. A comparative study of t

67、he different procedures for seismic cracking analysis of concrete dams Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31 (2011) 1594–1606.</p><p>  [7]Kachanov L.M., 1958. Time of the rupture process under creep c

68、onditions, Izv. Akad. Nauk. S.S.R. Otd. Tekh. Nauk. 8 (1958) 26–31.</p><p>  [8]Klepaczko R.J., Brara A., 2001. An experimental method for dynamic tensile testing of concrete by spalling. International journ

69、al of impact engineering. Volume 25, Issue 4, April 2001, Pages 387-409.</p><p>  [9]La Borderie C., 1991. Phénomènes unilatéraux dans un matériau endommageable: modélisation et appl

70、ication à l’analyse de structures en béton, PhD Thesis, University of Paris 6.</p><p>  [10]Lemaitre J., Mazars J., 1982. Application de la théorie de l’endommagement au comportement non lin&#

71、233;aire et à la rupture du béton de structure. Théorie et méthodes de calcul 249.</p><p>  [11]Lemaitre J., Chaboche J.L., 1985. Mécanique des matériaux solides, Dunod, Paris.&

72、lt;/p><p>  [12]Mazars J., 1984. Application de la mécanique de l’endommagement au comportement non linéaire et à la rupture du béton de structure. Thèse de doctorat, université Pi

73、erre et Marie curie – C.N.R.S.</p><p>  [13]Omidi O., Valliappan S., Lotfi V., 2012. Seismic cracking of concrete gravity dams by plastic–damage model using different damping mechanisms. Finite Elements in A

74、nalysis and Design 63 (2013) 80–97.</p><p>  [14]Owen D.R.J, Hinton E., 1986. Finite elements in plasticity: Theory and Practice. Ed. Pineridge Press Limited.</p><p>  [15]Paultre P., 2005. Dyna

75、mique des structures, application aux ouvrages de génie civil. Hermès Science publications.</p><p>  [16]Peyrot I., Bouchard P.O., Bay F., Bernard F., Garcia-Diaz E., 2007. Numerical aspects of a p

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