外文翻譯---數(shù)字式轉速測量儀

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Digital Meter for Measuring Rotational Speed</p><p>　　Abstract A digital meter for measuring the rotational speed is introduced in this paper. It is c

2、ontrolled by an MCS-51 series single-chip microcomputer 8032. It contains the following features: rational design, high accuracy, wide measurability range and powerful function and dependability. Moreover, it is very nim

3、ble and convenient to use. The work principle is presented in detail in the paper and the block diagram and program flowchart are given as well.</p><p>　　Key works: digital measuring apparatus; rotation spee

4、d; single-chip micro-computer</p><p>　　The rotor speed control system of industry is one of the important parameters. Mechanical tachometer measuring speed, the rotor contact with the measured object must be

5、 to get the synchronous speed, through the internal gear shift instruction after the pointer speed with the size of the header. Use of mechanical tachometer measured object can interfere with movement, especially when me

6、asured rotor mass is very small, speed tables on the rotor pressure is not a small additional load, which affect</p><p>　　1 speed measuring principle </p><p>　　The gun speed-sensitive devices wi

7、th infrared sensors, launched by the specialized infrared detection devices, while receiving reflected back from the measured object infrared, photoelectric conversion into electrical pulses through the signal, does not

8、affect the rotation of the object. Tubes and pipes are fixed in the detection of acceptable shelf, through the lens focus, semi-transparent film not only to the reflected infrared light fired rotating objects, they can r

9、otate the object by the re</p><p>　　Photovoltaic conversion shown in Figure In the optical triode 3DU5C adding an appropriate bias, when 3DU5C by infrared irradiation, at the conduction state, A point for th

10、e low level, 3DG6 end, B point is high; when no infrared radiation, the photoelectric transistor closed A high point presentation, so 3DG6 low collector point B, B point of the pulse signal through the inverter 1,2 plast

11、ic, and then the door 3 RP, frequency and speed will be proportional to the size of the corresponding changes</p><p>　　Figure 1 Schematic photoelectric conversion</p><p>　　When the machine used

12、in the measurement speed M / T method and timing method were used. M/T M / T method is the detection time Tc, the time according to speed pulse m1 and m2 to calculate the speed pulse. If a fixed period Tc, the total time

13、 taken and pulse rotation pulse fp fc's Pulse on m1 and m2, timing pulse frequency f, rotor output pulses per revolution for the p, the speed n = 60fm1 / pm2 (r / min). Such as the speed measured over 1 s pulses for

14、the m1, rotor output pulse number per revo</p><p>　　2 hardware speed measurement instrument </p><p>　　Figure 2 constitute the grounds of speed 8032 MCU measuring circuit. 8032 is MCS-51 series s

15、ingle chip, compared with the common 8031 chip, a feature more than 8032 strong T2 timer / counters and 128 bytes of internal RAM, which T2 counter with 16-bit auto-reload and capture, can for timer / counter with, but a

16、lso used as a baud rate generator. The system used for time T2, which take into account regular pulse, regular pulse signal directly from the 8032 chip address latch signal ALE client lead</p><p>　　3 softwar

17、e design and anti-interference measures </p><p>　　System programming includes the main program, interrupt procedures, code conversion routines, display routines, etc. The hardware structure of two measuremen

18、t methods are identical, but different software process, to set the speed through the P3.2 port approach. The following two measurement methods were discussed works. </p><p>　　M / T method, first of all by t

19、he end of 8032 the P1.1 output start pulse signal, the start pulse cleared DFF1 and DFF2 two triggers, so that Q1 ended output low, blocking the door 2,3,4, Q- 1 side open the door for the high one, and trigger DFF2 the

20、Q-2-ended output is high, ready for the start of work. When the speed pulse signal fp receives the rising edge, the flip-flop DFF1 turn, Q-1 is low, blocking the door 1, Q1 is high, open the door 2,3,4, so that start tim

21、e T2, m1, m2 and started coun</p><p>　　In the regular method, due to the timing signal generated 1 s, while the maximum time the system 131 ms, it is the law in time to take 10 consecutive 100 ms time method

22、, when the time to 100 ms, the timer T2 overflow interrupt to the 8032 application. Interrupt in the interrupt process of the cumulative number of times, if the cumulative number of times until they break 10, not to make

23、 any operation on the return, T2 to the next 100ms the time, T0 to count speed pulse, when the interrupt when th</p><p>　　The gun can measure the number of different pole pulse generator pulse occurs, such a

24、s infrared detectors above, when changing the rotating body attached to the amount of reflection paper, issued by the rotor per revolution pulse number p is also changed accordingly, At this point, if still in accordance

25、 with the procedures in the original p value calculation, calculation error will be. Therefore, the system provides very few of the features set the scene: P3.0 I take very few set selector switc</p><p>　　Ve

26、locity measurement at the time, and when not to n = 60m1 / p the operators directly to the speed of 1 s pulses m1 transformed into BCD code shows that the value obtained is obviously the input pulse frequency. Therefore,

27、 the system set up speed frequency options. P3.3 port access speed frequency select switch S3, when P3.3 is high time that test frequency. </p><p>　　Meanwhile, the system software has set a number of logical

28、 fault diagnosis functions, such as speeds above 99 999 r / min, the system will display PPPPP, that go beyond the scope of this gun is measured, and as if the M / T velocity measurement, the Select the measurement frequ

29、ency, it shows EEEEE, prompts the user error and so on. </p><p>　　As the gun is generally in the industrial field in the working environment of sources of interference, so in the design, using anti-jamming m

30、easures, such as power supply filtering, decoupling, pay attention to the trend of ground, then the locations and other hardware interference approach to CPU, RAM self-test, software redundancy, software, software such a

31、s anti-jamming technology trap. </p><p>　　Figure 2 Circuit Digital Speed Meter</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　數(shù)字式轉速測量儀</b></p><p>　　摘要 介紹了一種以M

32、CS-51系列單片機8032為控制主體的數(shù)字式轉速測量儀。該測量儀具有設計合理、精度高、測速范圍寬、功能強、可靠性好、使用靈活方便等特點。文中詳細介紹了該儀表的工作原理，給出了它的硬件原理圖和軟件流程圖。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：數(shù)字式測量儀器；轉速；單片機</p><p>　　轉動體的速度是工業(yè)測控系統(tǒng)中的重要參數(shù)之一。機械式轉速表在測量轉速時，必須將轉軸接觸被測物體，以獲得同步轉速

33、，通過內(nèi)部齒輪變速后用表頭指針指示轉速大小。使用機械式轉速表會干擾被測物體的運動，特別是當被測轉動體質(zhì)量很小時，測速表對轉動體施加的壓力就是一個不小的附加負載，這影響測量的準確性。本文介紹一種以8032單片微機為核心的測速儀。</p><p><b>　　1 轉速測量儀原理</b></p><p>　　本測速儀的測速敏感器件采用紅外線傳感器，由專門的探測裝置發(fā)射紅外線

34、，同時接受從被測物體反射回來的紅外線，通過光電轉換變?yōu)殡娒}沖信號，不影響物體的轉動。發(fā)射管和接受管都固定在探測架上，通過透鏡聚焦，半透明膜既能使反射的紅外光線射向轉動物體，又能使由轉動物體反射回來的紅外線通過半透明膜射向接受管。在轉動體上沿圓周均勻貼上若干反射紙，它能定向反射紅外線，使接受管接受到反射回來的紅外線。</p><p>　　光電轉換原理見圖1。在光電三極管3DU5C上加一適當偏壓，當3DU5C受紅外線

35、照射時，處于導通狀態(tài)，A點為低壓電平，3DG6截止，B點為高電平；當沒有紅外線照射時，光電三極管截止，A點呈現(xiàn)高電平，使3DG6集電極B點為低電平，B點的脈沖信號經(jīng)過反相器1、2的整形，再經(jīng)門3反相，便得到頻率與轉速大小相應成比例變化的轉速脈沖信號。轉速脈沖信號送入8032單片機的定時/計數(shù)器，經(jīng)過單片機的軟件處理計算出轉速。</p><p>　　圖1 光電轉換原理圖</p><p>　　

36、本機在測量轉速時采用了M/T法和定時法兩種方法。M/T法是在檢測時間Tc內(nèi)，根據(jù)轉速脈沖m1和計時脈沖m2來計算轉速。如在固定周期Tc內(nèi)，計取轉動脈沖fp和計時脈沖fc的脈沖個數(shù)分別為m1和m2，計時脈沖的頻率為f，轉動體每轉輸出的脈沖數(shù)為p，則轉速n=60fm1/pm2(r/min)。定時法是在給定的時間間隔1 s內(nèi)，對轉速脈沖進行計數(shù)。如在1 s內(nèi)測得的轉速脈沖數(shù)為m1，轉動體每轉輸出的脈沖個數(shù)，即極數(shù)為p，則轉速n=60m1/p(

37、r/min)。</p><p>　　2 轉速測量儀的硬件結構</p><p>　　圖2為由8032單片機構成的轉速測量儀電路圖。8032屬于MCS-51系列單片機，與常用的8031芯片相比，8032多了一個功能較強的T2定時/計數(shù)器和128字節(jié)內(nèi)部RAM，其中T2計數(shù)器具有16位自動重載和捕獲能力，既可作定時/計數(shù)用，又可作為波特率發(fā)生器用。本系統(tǒng)T2用于定時，即計取定時脈沖信號，定時脈沖

38、信號直接從8032芯片的地址鎖存信號端ALE引出，并經(jīng)過74LS74雙D觸發(fā)器兩分頻后獲得。當晶振采用6 MHz時，定時脈沖的頻率fc為0.5 MHz。T0計數(shù)器計取轉速脈沖fp，T1計數(shù)器用于計取定時脈沖fc，觸發(fā)器DFF1，DFF2和與門1,2,3,4組成計數(shù)控制電路，能使T0和T1計數(shù)器同時啟停。系統(tǒng)采用動態(tài)顯示方式。P0口通過帶允許控制端的8D鎖存器74LS377擴展了一個8位輸出口，作為5位LED數(shù)碼管顯示的段選碼數(shù)據(jù)線。P1

39、.3-P1.75根口線作為五位LED顯示的位選線。P3.0、P3.1接S1和S4開關，S1為極數(shù)P設定選擇開關，S4為極數(shù)輸入脈沖鍵。P3.2和P3.3分別接S2和S3開關，S2開關為測速方法選擇鍵，選擇用M/T法測速，還是用定時法測速。S3為轉速/</p><p>　　3 軟件設計及抗干擾措施</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)的程序設計主要包括主程序、中斷程序、代碼轉換子程序、顯示子程序等。兩種

40、測速方法硬件結構完全相同，只是軟件流程不同，通過P3.2口來設定測速方法。下面分別論述兩種測速方法的工作原理。</p><p>　　M/T法中，首先由8032的P1.1端輸出啟動脈沖信號，該啟動脈沖清零DFF1和DFF2兩個觸發(fā)器，使Q1端輸出低電平，封鎖門2、3、4，Q-1端為高電平打開門1，而觸發(fā)器DFF2的Q-2端輸出為高電平，為啟動工作做好準備。當接受到轉速脈沖信號fp的上升沿時，觸發(fā)器DFF1翻轉，Q-

41、1為低電平，封鎖門1，Q1為高電平，打開門2、3、4，從而使T2開始定時，m1，m2同時開始計數(shù)。當T2定時到100 ms時，向8032申請中斷。在中斷程序中，8032的P1.2端輸出停止脈沖信號，置位觸發(fā)器DFF2，Q-2端輸出低電平，封鎖門2、3、4，T0、T1同時停止計數(shù)。同時在中斷程序中讀出轉速信號脈沖數(shù)m1和定時信號脈沖數(shù)m2，在主程序中根據(jù)m1、m2，P和f算出轉速n=60fm1/pm2，并轉換為BCD碼，查表送至數(shù)碼管顯示

42、，完成一次數(shù)據(jù)的采集和顯示。</p><p>　　在定時法中，由于要產(chǎn)生1 s的定時信號，而本系統(tǒng)中定時最大值為131 ms，故在定時法中，采取連續(xù)定時10次100 ms的方法，當?shù)搅?00 ms定時時，定時器T2溢出向8032申請中斷。在中斷程序中對中斷次數(shù)進行累計，如果累計中斷次數(shù)未到10次，則不作任何運算就返回，T2繼續(xù)下一次的100ms的定時，T0繼續(xù)計數(shù)轉速脈沖，當中斷次數(shù)達到10次時，在中斷程序中，置

43、位P1.2，停止計數(shù)，并且讀出T0的計數(shù)值m1，在主程序中進行相應運算算出轉速，并轉換為BCD碼，送LED顯示。這里定時計數(shù)器采用了具有16位自動重裝載功能的T2計數(shù)器，當T2溢出產(chǎn)生中斷的同時，計數(shù)器自動重載計數(shù)初值，繼續(xù)定時。因此它的定時是連續(xù)的，不受響應中斷和處理中斷程序的影響。而如果采用沒有重載功能的定時器如T0或T1，則當定時器溢出時，須在響應中斷后，在中斷程序中重置定時器初值。定時器的定時是斷續(xù)的，影響定時精度，繼而影響測速

44、精度?？梢姴捎?032中的T2計數(shù)器定時是本系統(tǒng)一個特點，它能顯著提高測速精度。本測速儀在0-49r/min范圍內(nèi)，精度可達±0.1 r/min,在50-99 999r/min范圍內(nèi)，精度可達±</p><p>　　本測速儀可以測量不同極數(shù)的脈沖發(fā)生器發(fā)生的脈沖，如前述的紅外線探測器，當改變貼在轉動體上反射紙的數(shù)量時，轉動體每轉發(fā)出的脈沖數(shù)p也相應改變，此時如果仍按照程序中原定的p值進行計算，

45、就會運算出錯。因此本系統(tǒng)提供了現(xiàn)場設置極數(shù)的功能：P3.0口接極數(shù)設定選擇開關，當P3.0高電平時，表明需要設置極數(shù)，此時系統(tǒng)等待由P3.1口輸進的脈沖信號，每一個脈沖信號可使系統(tǒng)的極數(shù)寄存器數(shù)值加1，并顯示在LED數(shù)碼管上。</p><p>　　在定時法測速時，當不進行n=60m1/p的運算，直接將1 s內(nèi)的轉速脈沖數(shù)m1變換為BCD碼顯示，所得的數(shù)值顯然就是輸入脈沖信號的頻率。因此系統(tǒng)設置了轉速/頻率選擇功能

46、。P3.3口接轉速/頻率選擇開關S3，當P3.3為高電平時，表示測頻率。</p><p>　　同時，系統(tǒng)軟件還設置了一些邏輯錯誤診斷功能，如當轉速超過99 999 r/min，系統(tǒng)將顯示PPPPP，表示超出本測速儀所測范圍，又如當在M/T法測速時，選擇了測頻率，則顯示EEEEE，提示用戶出錯等。</p><p>　　由于測速儀一般都在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場工作，工作環(huán)境干擾來源多，因此在設計中，采用

47、了抗干擾措施，如電源濾波、去耦、注意地線的走向，接地點的安排等硬件抗干擾辦法，以CPU、RAM自檢、軟件冗余、軟件陷阱等軟件抗干擾技術。</p><p>　　圖2 數(shù)字式轉速測量儀電路圖</p><p><b>　　參考文獻</b></p><p>　　[1] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V. Design of High

48、 Performances Digital Tachometers and Tachometric Systems Based on the Method of the Depended Count, In Proceedings of the VII-th International Conference CADSM’ 2003, Lviv-Slavsko, UKRAINE, 18-22 February, 2003</p>

49、;<p>　　[2] Kirianaki N.V., Deynega V.P., Yurish S.Y., Microprocessor Tachometers of New Generation for Turbogenerators of Thermal and Nuclear Electric Power Stations, Automatic, Measurements and Control, 19

50、95, No. 292, pp. 52-60.</p><p>　　[3] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V., Shpak N.O., Novel Rotation Speed Measurement Concept for ABS Appropriated for Microsystem Creation. In: Advanced Microsystems for Auto