（節(jié)選）外文翻譯--印度薩蒂揚軟件技術有限公司會計舞弊案例分析

1、<p>　　1600單詞，9000英文字符，3240漢字</p><p>　　出處：Bhasin M L. Corporate Accounting Fraud: A Case Study of Satyam Computers Limited[J]. Open Journal of Accounting, 2013, 2(2):26-38.</p><p>　　Corporat

2、e Accounting Fraud: A Case Study of Satyam Computers Limited</p><p>　　Madan Lal Bhasin</p><p>　　Bang College of Business, KIMEP University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Email: madan.bhasin@red

3、iffmail.com</p><p>　　Received January 15, 2013; revised March 12, 2013; accepted March 28, 2013</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　From Enron, WorldCom and Satyam, it app

4、ears that corporate accounting fraud is a major problem that is increasing both in its frequency and severity. Research evidence has shown that growing number of frauds have undermined the integrity of financial reports,

5、 contributed to substantial economic losses, and eroded investors’ confidence regarding the usefulness and reliability of financial statements. The increasing rate of whitecollar crimes demands stiff penalties, exemplary

6、 punishments, and eff</p><p>　　Keywords: Corporate Accounting Frauds; Satyam Computers; Case Study; India; Corporate Governance; Accounting and Auditing Standards</p><p>　　Introduction</p>

7、<p>　　What Is Fraud?</p><p>　　Fraud is a worldwide phenomenon that affects all continents and all sectors of the economy. Fraud encompasses a widerange of illicit practices and illegal acts involving

8、intentional deception, or misrepresentation. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), fraud is “a deception or misrepresentation that an individual or entity makes knowing that misrepresentation

9、could result in some unauthorized benefit to the individual or to the entity or some other party” [1]. In othe</p><p>　　Magnitude of Fraud Losses: A Glimpse</p><p>　　Organizations of all types a

10、nd sizes are subject to fraud. On a number of occasions over the past few decades, major public companies have experienced financial re porting fraud, resulting in turmoil in the capital markets, a loss of shareholder va

11、lue, and, in some cases, the bankruptcy of the company itself. Although, it is generally accepted that the SarbanesOxley Act has improved corporate governance and decreased the incidence of fraud, recent studies and surv

12、eys indicate that investors and </p><p>　　The ACFE’s “2010 Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse” [1] found that financial statement fraud, while representing less than five percent of the ca

13、ses of fraud in its report, was by far the most costly, with a median loss of $1.7 million per incident. Survey participants estimated that the typical organization loses 5% of its revenues to fraud each year. Applied to

14、 the 2011 Gross World Product, this figure translates to a potential projected annual fraud loss of more than $3.5 </p><p>　　“Fraudulent Financial Reporting: 19982007”, from</p><p>　　the Comm

15、ittee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the 2010 COSO Fraud Re port) [2], analyzed 347 frauds investigated by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from 1998 to 2007 and found that the med

16、ian dollar amount of each instance of fraud had increased three times from the level in a similar 1999 study, from a median of $4.1 million in the 1999 study to $12 mil lion. In addition, the median size of the company

17、involved in fraudulent financial reporting increased</p><p>　　A “2009 KPMG Survey” [3] of 204 executives of US</p><p>　　companies with annual revenues of $250 million or more found that 65 perc

18、ent of the respondents con sidered fraud to be a significant risk to their organizations in the next year, and more than onethird of those identified financial reporting fraud as one of the highest risks.</p><

19、;p>　　Fiftysix percent of the approximately 2100 business</p><p>　　professionals surveyed during a “Deloitte Forensic Center” [4] webcast about reducing fraud risk pre dicted that more financial statement

20、fraud would be uncovered in 2010 and 2011 as compared to the previous three years. Almost half of those surveyed (46 percent) pointed to the recession as the reason for this increase.</p><p>　　According to

21、 “Annual Fraud Indicator 2012” con</p><p>　　ducted by the National Fraud Authority (UK) [5], “The scale of fraud losses in 2012, against all victims in the UK, is in the region of £73 billion per annum

22、. In 2006, 2010 and 2011, it was £13, £30 and £38 billions, respectively. The 2012 estimate is significantly greater than the previous figures because it includes new and improved estimates in a number of

23、areas, in particular against the private sector. Fraud harms all areas of the UK economy”.</p><p>　　Moreover, financial statement fraud was a contributing factor to the recent financial crisis and it threate

24、ned the efficiency, liquidity and safety of both debt and capital markets [6]. Furthermore, it has significantly increased uncertainty and volatility in financial markets, shaking investor confidence worldwide. It also r

25、educes the creditability of financial information that investors use in investment decisions. When taking into account the loss of investor confidence, as well as, reputatio</p><p>　　Who Commits Frauds?</

26、p><p>　　Everyday, there are revelations of organizations behaving in discreditable ways [8]. Generally, there are three groups of business people who commit financial statement frauds. They range from senior ma

27、nagement (CEO and CFO); mid and lowerlevel management and organizational criminals [9]. CEOs and CFOs commit accounting frauds to conceal true business performance, to preserve personal status and control and to maintain

28、 personal income and wealth. Mid and lowerlevel employyees falsify financial s</p><p>　　Consequences of Fraudulent Reporting</p><p>　　Fraudulent financial reporting can have significant con sequ

29、ences for the organization and its stakeholders, as well as for public confidence in the capital markets. Periodic highprofile cases of fraudulent financial reporting also raise concerns about the credibility of the US f

30、inancial reporting process and call into question the roles of management, auditors, regulators, and analysts, among others. Moreover, corporate fraud impacts organizations in several areas: financial, operational and ps

31、</p><p>　　As fraud can be perpetrated by any employee within an organization or by those from the outside, therefore, it is important to have an effective “fraud management” program in place to safeguard you

32、r organization’s assets and reputation. Thus, prevention and earlier detection of fraudulent financial reporting must start with the entity that prepares financial reports. Given the current state of the economy and rece

33、nt corporate scandals, fraud is still a top concern for corporate executives. In fa</p><p>　　印度薩蒂揚軟件技術有限公司會計舞弊案例分析</p><p><b>　　馬丹?拉爾哈辛</b></p><p>　　哈薩克斯坦共和國，阿拉木圖，KIMEP大學

34、商學院</p><p>　　摘要：從安然公司、世界通訊公司和薩蒂揚軟件公司事件中，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的會計舞弊作為主要的商業(yè)問題，其出現(xiàn)頻率和嚴重性呈上升趨勢。研究證據表明，越來越多的欺詐行為已經逐漸破壞了財務報告的真實性，造成重大的經濟損失的同時，損害了投資者對財務報表實用性和可靠性的信心。而逐漸增加的白領犯罪行為需要基于正確的精神態(tài)度，結合嚴厲的、示范性的懲罰和有效的法律予以控制。本文將深入分析將導致“道德與公

35、司管理”（CG）這一理念為社會高度關注的薩蒂揚軟件技術公司“創(chuàng)造性會計”丑聞事件。薩蒂揚公司的創(chuàng)始人在2009年所犯下的欺詐行為，證明了“行為的科學在很大程度上受到人類的貪婪、野心、嗜權、金錢、名譽和榮耀的影響”。與安然公司因代理商而引發(fā)欺詐不同，薩蒂揚公司陷入癱瘓是由于“隧道”效應。薩蒂揚丑聞也凸顯了證券法和CG在“新興”市場的重要性。事實上，薩蒂揚丑聞也“促使了印度政府收緊CG規(guī)范，以防止類似欺詐行為的再次發(fā)生。”因此，主要的財務報

36、告欺詐需要通過相應的研究，以獲得“經??驗教訓”和“參考策略”以減少欺詐事件的發(fā)生。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：公司會計舞弊，薩蒂揚，案例分析，印度，公司管理，會計和審計標準</p><p><b>　　1簡介</b></p><p><b>　　1.1什么是舞弊？</b></p><p>　　舞

37、弊現(xiàn)象在世界范圍內廣泛存在并影響到經濟生活方方面面。它圍繞著一系列廣范圍的非法運作和違規(guī)行為，包括故意欺騙或忽略隱瞞。根據注冊舞弊審核師協(xié)會（Association Of Certified Fraud Examiners，ACFE）的定義，舞弊是指“組織內、外人員采用欺騙等違法違規(guī)手段，損害或謀取組織經濟利益，同時可能為個人帶來不正當利益的行為。舞弊是人為達到不良目的，經過事先預謀，精心策劃，運用非法手段作弊的一種故意行為。從舞弊的主

38、體方面可把舞弊行為劃分為組織舞弊和個人舞弊。組織舞弊是指組織領導人為了本單位和其成員的利益，授權有關經辦人員，利用不正當和非法手段，損害國家和其他單位利益的故意行為。個人舞弊是指員工私自為了個人私利利用不正當?shù)暮头欠ㄊ侄?，損害國家、組織或他人利益的故意行為”。換言之，財會工作中的“失誤”并不屬于舞弊的范疇。事實上，在財會舞弊案件中，許多不擇手段的個人或組織以非法、不公的方式，帶著明顯謀取利益意圖，操縱或干涉目標組織的經營活動。舞弊會欺詐

39、獲取目標組織的合法收入，并導致其實物，金錢甚至社會聲譽方面的巨大損失。其方式多為非法，不道德，或不公平的。對企業(yè)組織而</p><p>　　1.2舞弊帶來的損失</p><p>　　各種類型、規(guī)模的組織、企業(yè)都曾遭遇過舞弊。在過去的近幾十年中，公眾視線中的大多數(shù)公司都曾有過“財務報告舞弊”的經歷，導致的結果有：資本市場的動蕩，股東股票價格的縮水，甚至某些時候造成公司自身的破產。即便一個被普

40、遍接受的事實是《薩班斯奧克斯利法案》已提升了公司的管控，并降低了舞弊事件發(fā)生的幾率，但最近的調查研究表明投資者們和管理層仍對財務報表欺詐問題保持著關注。例如：</p><p>　　（1）注冊舞弊審核師協(xié)會（ACFE）在“2010年度職務舞弊與職權濫用報告”中指出：雖然數(shù)據表明財務報表欺詐在報告中的發(fā)生率下降了五個百分點，但造成的損失卻是目前最多的，達到每案件平均損耗170萬美元。調查人員估計多數(shù)公司因舞弊造成的損

41、失有每年利潤的百分之五之多。而再分析一下2011年的世界總產量，年舞弊損失的數(shù)額演變?yōu)轶@人的三點五兆美元。而在我們的調查研究中，職務濫用舞弊事件的損失中值達到14萬美元；而其中五分之一的案例損失達到百萬美元。事實上報告中的這些舞弊案所涉及數(shù)額例基本都是18個月之前的。</p><p>　?。?）“19982007財會舞弊報告”中，分析了美國證券交易委員會（SEC）探討的1998年至2007年間的347例舞弊案例，

42、并發(fā)現(xiàn)了案例損失額的中值自1999年以來增長了三倍之多。這一數(shù)額從1999年的410萬美元躍升至1200萬美元。此外，財會舞弊案例中涉及的公司規(guī)模也增長了平均6倍：總資產由1600萬美元變?yōu)?300萬美元，利潤額由1300萬美元增長為7200萬美元。</p><p>　　（3）一份對204美國年利潤超兩億五千萬美元公司的首席執(zhí)行官的“2009畢馬威調查”表明，其中百分之六十五受訪者表示“舞弊對其組織在下一年的發(fā)展

43、是一個嚴重的威脅”。</p><p>　?。?）在一個關于“降低舞弊風險”的網絡直播中，約百分之五十六的受訪企管人士預測在2010、2011年間有更多的財務報表欺詐被掩蓋了——與前三年相比較而言。盡管調查中半數(shù)受訪者（百分之四十六）指出經濟衰退是這種增長的原因。</p><p>　?。?）根據英國國家欺詐管理局“2012年度欺詐指標”預測，2012年的舞弊損失，達到每年730億英鎊。而在2

44、006年，2010年和2011年，這一數(shù)字分別為130億英鎊，300億英鎊和380億英鎊。2012年的估值比之前都要多的原因是它包括了一些新的地區(qū)。而這些地區(qū)相較于個人部門明顯更能帶動增長。舞弊對全英國的經濟的方方面面都有傷害。</p><p>　　而財務報表欺詐造成的損失不止于此。財務報表欺詐是近些年金融危機的誘因之一，并且它還威脅到債券與資本市場的效率、流動性和安全。更糟糕的是，它極大地增加了金融市場的不確定

45、性和波動，且動搖了世界范圍內投資者的信心。同時，財務報表欺詐削弱了金融信息的可信度，而這對投資者們的投資決策尤為重要。當事情涉及到財會，投資者信心的喪失同樣意味著商業(yè)信譽被破壞，潛在的罰款及犯罪制裁。顯而易見，這也是為何財務造假被每一位管理者視為財務報表欺詐帶來的最可怕的噩夢。</p><p>　　1.3誰會去財務欺詐?</p><p>　　每一天有組織的行為失信的方式的啟示通常，會有三種

46、類型的商人會進行財務舞弊。他們來自于高級管理層(首席執(zhí)行官或者是首席財務官)；中下層管理與犯罪機構首席執(zhí)行官和首席財務官提交會計欺詐隱瞞真實業(yè)績,為了維護個人的地位及控制權或者是為了維持個人的收入和財富。中低水平的人員偽造與自己有相關責任的財務報表（子公司、部門或者其他單位）是為了隱藏不好的財務信息又或者是為了獲得績效獎金。機構偽造財務報表是為了獲得貸款，或是出售股票以實現(xiàn)他們“哄抬股價”的方案。雖然財務審計過程中的許多變化都源于財務舞

47、弊, 或者是財務操作，歷史和相關研究一再表明，不能在任何重要時刻單純依賴財務審計去檢測財務造假。</p><p>　　1.4 財務報表造假后果</p><p>　　一份假的財務報告可以對組織及其利益相關者產生重大不利后果, 也會對公眾對資本市場的信心造成傷害。由于各種定期出現(xiàn)且備受矚目的財務報告作假案件，公眾對美國整個財務報告過程可信度的關注達到了歷史新高，同時對管理人員，審計員，監(jiān)管員和

48、分析師的角色，以及其他問題產生了懷疑。此外，企業(yè)欺詐行為對組織產生的影響主要集中在以下幾個方面：財務，運營和員工心理。因為由欺詐引起的貨幣損失影響巨大，所以對一個組織來說，欺詐行為的影響是令人難以想象的。事實上，它給企業(yè)聲譽和客戶關系帶來的損失可以是毀滅性的。當發(fā)生財務報告欺詐時，其帶來的后果是相當嚴重的，造成的損失影響廣泛，有時會伴隨著破壞性的“連鎖反應”。受影響的范圍從“直接”的受害者（該公司的股東和債權人）觸及到更“遠程”（那些收