車輛工程外文翻譯----自動(dòng)變速器

1、<p><b>　　附錄B 翻譯資料</b></p><p>　　Automatic Transmissions</p><p>　　The modern automatic transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical component in today's automobile.

2、  Automatic transmissions contain mechanical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony which goes virtually unnoticed until there is a problem. Thi

3、s article will help you understand the concepts behind what goes on inside these technological marvels</p><p>　　This article is broken down into two sections:</p><p>　　What is a transmissionbrea

4、ks down in the simplest terms what the purpose of a transmission is. </p><p>　　Transmission Componentsdescribes the general principals behind each system in simple terms to help you understand how an automat

5、ic transmission works. </p><p>　　What is a transmission?</p><p>　　The transmission is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels

6、.  An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) range and it is the transmission's job to make sure that the power is delivered to the wheels while keeping the engine within th

7、at range.  It does this through various gear combinations. In first gear, the engine turns much faster in relation to the drive wheels, while in high gear the en</p><p>　　There are two basic types of au

8、tomatic transmissions based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive.   </p><p>　　On a rear wheel drive car, the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and

9、 is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position.  A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to s

10、end power to the rear wheels.  Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, through the torque converter, then through the transmission and drive shaft until </p><p

11、>　　On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle. The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transa

12、xle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car.  Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front wheels. In this example, power flows from the engine

13、, through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through</p><p>　　There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead

14、 of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular. A much less popular rear drive arrangement has the transmission mounted directly to

15、 the final drive at the rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine. This system is found on the new Corvett</p><p>　　Transmission Components </p>

16、;<p>　　The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electrical technology that has evolved over the

17、 years into what many mechanically inclined individuals consider to be an art form.  We try to use simple, generic explanations where possible to describe these systems but, due to the complexity of some of these co

18、mponents, you may have to use some mental gymnastics to visualize their operati</p><p>　　The main components that make up an automatic transmission include:</p><p>　　Planetary Gear Setswhich are

19、 the mechanical systems that provide the various forward gear ratios as well as reverse. </p><p>　　The Hydraulic Systemwhich uses a special transmission fluid sent under pressure by an Oil Pumpthrough the Va

20、lve Bodyto control the Clutchesand the Bandsin order to control the planetary gear sets. </p><p>　　Seals and Gasketsare used to keep the oil where it is supposed to be and prevent it from leaking out. 

21、</p><p>　　The Torque Converterwhich acts like a clutch to allow the vehicle to come to a stop in gear while the engine is still running. </p><p>　　The Governorand the Modulatoror Throttle Cable

22、that monitor speed and throttle position in order to determine when to shift. </p><p>　　On newer vehicles, shift points are controlled by Computer which directs electrical solenoids to shift oil flow to the

23、appropriate component at the right instant.</p><p>　　Planetary Gear Sets </p><p>　　Automatic transmissions contain many gears in various combinations.  In a manual transmission, gears slide

24、 along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another, engaging various sized gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio. In an automatic transmission, however, the gears are never phys

25、ically moved and are always engaged to the same gears.  This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets.  </p><p>　　The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, a ring gear and

26、two or more planet gears, all remaining in constant mesh.  The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called "pinions" which are attached

27、 to the carrier . </p><p>　　One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine, connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft, and

28、locking the sun gear so that it can't move.  In this scenario, when we turn the ring gear, the planets will "walk" along the sun gear (which is held stationary) causing the planet carrier to turn the o

29、utput shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction (similar to a car in f</p><p>　　If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together, this will cause

30、 all three elements to turn at the same speed so that the output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed as the input shaft. This is like a car that is in third or high gear. Another way that we can use a Planetary gea

31、r set is by locking the planet carrier from moving, then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in the opposite direction giving us reverse gear. </p><p>　　The illustration on

32、the right shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission. The input shaft is connected to the ring gear (Blue), The Output shaft is connected to the planet carrier (Green) which is also

33、connected to a "Multi-disk" clutch pack. The sun gear is connected to a drum (yellow) which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack.  Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band (red) that

34、 can be tightened around the drum when required to prev</p><p>　　The clutch pack is used, in this instance, to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed. If both the cl

35、utch pack and the band were released, the system would be in neutral.  Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear, but since nothing is holding the sun gear, it will just spin free and

36、have no effect on the output shaft. To place the unit in first gear, the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving.  To shift from first</p><p>　　Many more combinations are possible using two or

37、more planetary sets connected in various ways to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmissions. </p><p>　　Some of the clever gear arrangements found in fou

38、r and now, five, six and even seven and eight-speed automatics are complex enough to make a technically astute lay person's head spin trying to understand the flow of power through the transmission as it shifts from

39、first gear through top gear while the vehicle accelerates to highway speed.  On modern vehicles (mid '80s to the present), the vehicle's computer monitors and controls these shifts so that they are almost im

40、perceptible. </p><p>　　Clutch Packs</p><p>　　A clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum. Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the i

41、nside of the drum.  The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub.  There is a piston inside the d

42、rum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked an</p><p>　　One-Way Clutch </p><p>　　A one-way clutch i

43、s a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other. This effect is just like that of a bicycle, where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward, but w

44、ill spin free when pedaling backward. </p><p>　　A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position. When you begin to accelerate from a stop, the tr

45、ansmission starts out in first gear. But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear?  The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral. Now, shift into Low gear

46、 instead of Drive.  When you let go of the gas in this case, you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car.</p><p><b>　　Bands</b></p><p>　　A band is a st

47、eel strap with friction material bonded to the inside surface.  One end of the band is anchored against the transmission case while the other end is connected to a servo.  At the appropriate time hydraulic oil

48、is sent to the servo under pressure to tighten the band around the drum to stop the drum from turning. </p><p>　　Torque Converter </p><p>　　On automatic transmissions, the  torque conv

49、erter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles.  It is there to allow the engine to continue running  when the vehicle comes to a stop.  </p><p>　　A torque converter is a

50、 large doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission.  It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission.  The three elements of th

51、e torque converter are the Pump,  the Turbine, and the Stator.  The pump is mounted directly to the converter housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine's crankshaft and turns at engine speed.&#

52、160; The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly t</p><p>　　With the engine running, transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it rea

53、ches the turbine section which starts it turning.  The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator. If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pu

54、mp, the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning. With the stat</p><p>　　Since the '80s, in order to improve fue

55、l economy, torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch (not shown) which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle speed reaches approximately 45 - 50 MPH.  This lockup is controlled by computer and

56、 usually won't engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear.</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　自動(dòng)變速器</b></p><p>　　目前為止，現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)變速器在今天的汽車上是最復(fù)雜的機(jī)械部分。

57、60; 機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器包括控制系統(tǒng)，液壓系統(tǒng)，電氣系統(tǒng)和計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，所有的系統(tǒng)幾乎沒有什么問題完美的結(jié)合在一起。本文將幫助你深入了解自動(dòng)變速器的概念原理。</p><p><b>　　本文細(xì)分為四部分：</b></p><p>　　自動(dòng)變速器的定義是什么，自動(dòng)變速器的作用是什么。</p><p>　　簡單介紹了每個(gè)系統(tǒng)的傳輸組件同時(shí)介紹了

58、自動(dòng)變速器是如何工作的。</p><p><b>　　自動(dòng)變速器的定義</b></p><p>　　自動(dòng)變速器是連接在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的后面，將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力傳輸?shù)津?qū)動(dòng)輪上.  汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最佳的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)是在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速（轉(zhuǎn)每分鐘）范圍內(nèi)，其傳輸作用是在保證其在最佳轉(zhuǎn)速的范圍內(nèi)的同時(shí)確保動(dòng)力傳輸?shù)津?qū)動(dòng)輪上 。為此，它將通過各種齒輪組合來實(shí)現(xiàn)。在一檔時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)將通過

59、更多的齒輪關(guān)系將動(dòng)力傳遞到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪, 當(dāng)在高檔位時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)甚至能使汽車的行駛速度達(dá)到70英里。除了各種前進(jìn)齒輪，自動(dòng)變速器還可以斷開發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的聯(lián)系，倒檔時(shí)，你能使驅(qū)動(dòng)輪向反方向運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。最后是制動(dòng)部分，在這部份，鎖緊裝置是通過插入輸出軸制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的，使驅(qū)動(dòng)輪無法轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，從而防止汽車移動(dòng)。</p><p>　　基于自動(dòng)變速器的汽車有兩種驅(qū)動(dòng)方式，即前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)或后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)</p><p>　　

60、后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車, 自動(dòng)變速器通常安裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的后面且位于油門踏板旁邊的地板高處的中央位置下面。輸出軸連接在自動(dòng)變速器的后面，位于后軸處，作用是將動(dòng)力傳遞給后驅(qū)動(dòng)輪. 動(dòng)力傳遞在在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中是簡單，動(dòng)力從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中直接傳出，通過液力變矩器，然后在經(jīng)過傳動(dòng)裝置和傳動(dòng)軸 ，直到動(dòng)力傳遞到最后的動(dòng)力裝置，即分別傳遞給兩個(gè)后驅(qū)動(dòng)輪。</p><p>　　前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車, 自動(dòng)變速器和最后的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置結(jié)合，形

61、成驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車上的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后面的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋通常安裝在汽車的橫向上。前軸是直接連接在橋上并將動(dòng)力傳遞給前輪。在下面的例子中，從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中傳出的動(dòng)力，通過液力變矩器，經(jīng)過180度的轉(zhuǎn)彎傳遞到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)旁邊的傳動(dòng)裝置上。從那里，這動(dòng)力通過傳動(dòng)裝置分別傳遞到驅(qū)動(dòng)橋上的兩個(gè)前輪。 </p><p>　　汽車還有其他的一些驅(qū)動(dòng)方式，包括發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)安裝在汽車的后面代替安裝在前面，有的其他系統(tǒng)是四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，但是前面兩種系統(tǒng)是

62、目前最流行的。很少應(yīng)用的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后置方式是直接將傳動(dòng)裝置連接在最終的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的后面，并通過驅(qū)動(dòng)軸仍然將液力變矩器安裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上. 這個(gè)系統(tǒng)在新的雪鐵龍克爾維斯上的作用是使前輪和后輪的重量保持平衡，以改善性能和操作性。 另外，驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)后置安裝的裝置有，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，傳動(dòng)裝置，在后面的最終驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后置在保時(shí)捷上比較流行。</p><p><b>　　傳動(dòng)組件</b></p>

63、<p>　　現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)變速器是由許多元件和使各個(gè)機(jī)械元件靈活統(tǒng)一工作的系統(tǒng)共同組成的。液壓和電氣技術(shù)，多年來已經(jīng)成為人們所傾向的一種機(jī)械形式。 我們嘗試使用簡單的，通用的解釋來描寫這個(gè)系統(tǒng)，但是由于一些復(fù)雜的組件，你可能需要使用一些可視化的運(yùn)作。</p><p>　　自動(dòng)變速器包括的主要組成部分</p><p>　　機(jī)械系統(tǒng)中的行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)提供各種傳動(dòng)比以及扭矩。</p&

64、gt;<p>　　液壓系統(tǒng)是用油泵發(fā)出的壓力使液體產(chǎn)生特殊的流動(dòng)，通過閥體控制離合器和帶，以實(shí)現(xiàn)控制行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　密封圈和墊圈的目的是用于防止油液外泄。</p><p>　　液力變矩器的作用就像是離合器，能夠使汽車的齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)仍在運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　調(diào)速器和調(diào)節(jié)器或油門線能夠檢測速度和節(jié)氣門的位置以決定何時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)

65、變。</p><p>　　較新的車輛，轉(zhuǎn)向部分是由電腦控制的，電腦指揮電路使油液在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間流向適當(dāng)?shù)慕M成部分</p><p><b>　　行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)</b></p><p>　　自動(dòng)變速器有許多不同的齒輪組合。在手動(dòng)變速器中，當(dāng)你把杠桿從一個(gè)位置扳到另一個(gè)位置時(shí)齒輪發(fā)生滑動(dòng)。通過各種尺寸齒輪的要求以提供準(zhǔn)確的傳動(dòng)比。在自動(dòng)變速器中，無論怎樣

66、，齒輪本身都不移動(dòng)，并且是通過相同的齒輪，這是由行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)完成的。</p><p>　　行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)基本上包括一個(gè)太陽輪，一個(gè)齒圈和兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的行星齒輪，其余的是傳動(dòng)裝置。行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)彼此連接通過行星架，使齒輪附著在行星架上在軸上旋轉(zhuǎn)稱為“齒輪”</p><p>　　有這樣的一個(gè)例子，該系統(tǒng)將齒圈和來自發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出軸連接起來，將行星架和輸出軸連接起來，并且將太陽輪鎖定，防止其移動(dòng)。在

67、這種情況嚇，當(dāng)我們移動(dòng)齒圈時(shí)，行星輪將沿著太陽輪行走（這是固定的），使行星架和輸出軸向同方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，但在齒輪減少時(shí)造成速度較慢（類似于汽車的一檔）</p><p>　　如果我們解開太陽輪的鎖定，將任意兩個(gè)因素固定到一起，這將導(dǎo)致所有三個(gè)因素都以相同的速度運(yùn)行，使輸出軸和輸入軸有相同的速度。就像一輛汽車在三檔或高速檔。另一種方式，我們可以使用鎖定了行星架的行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，然后將動(dòng)力傳遞給齒圈將導(dǎo)致太陽輪朝反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)得到

68、倒檔。</p><p>　　在右邊的示意圖上簡單的描述了上述系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上是如何傳輸?shù)?。輸入軸連接到齒圈（藍(lán)色），輸出軸連接到行星架上（綠色）也連接到“多盤”離合器上。輪轂的圓周外面是帶，當(dāng)需要防止輪轂及其所附的太陽輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)能夠加強(qiáng)輪轂的夾緊。</p><p>　　在離合器工作時(shí)的情況下，行星架和太陽輪固定在一起以相同的速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。如果離合器和帶沒有固定，則該系統(tǒng)處于空轉(zhuǎn)。 輸入軸的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)使行星架

69、旋轉(zhuǎn)方向與太陽輪相反，但是太陽輪沒有被固定，它的自轉(zhuǎn)沒有影響到輸出軸。當(dāng)處于一檔的位置時(shí)，帶用于保持太陽輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)從一檔變到高速檔時(shí)，帶解除鎖定，離合器使輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速和輸入軸相同。在現(xiàn)代液力變矩器中，有更多的可能是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的行星機(jī)構(gòu)以各種方式組合起來以提供不同的速度和扭矩。在合理的布置中，4速變速器較多。而今，出現(xiàn)了更加復(fù)雜的五，六，七甚至八速的自動(dòng)變速器，科研人員試圖通過汽車在高速行駛時(shí)從一檔變化到高速檔時(shí)的變化來了解動(dòng)力的傳遞

70、。在現(xiàn)代汽車上（八十年代中期到現(xiàn)在），在車載計(jì)算機(jī)的監(jiān)測和控制下，這些變化變得更加難以把握。</p><p><b>　　離合器</b></p><p>　　離合器由安裝在離合器鼓里的摩擦片構(gòu)成。摩擦片一半是的并安裝在離合器鼓內(nèi)。它的另一表面時(shí)用摩擦材料粘結(jié)并安裝在傳動(dòng)鼓外表面的邊緣處。在一定時(shí)候，離合器鼓內(nèi)的活塞在油壓的作用下使離合器擠壓到一起，致使兩部分結(jié)合成一個(gè)

71、原件。 </p><p><b>　　單向離合器</b></p><p>　　單向離合器是一個(gè)只允許齒圈向一個(gè)方向自轉(zhuǎn)而不能朝其他方向自轉(zhuǎn)的裝置。就像騎自行車一樣，向前踏踏板時(shí)，自行車前進(jìn)，向后踏踏板時(shí)，自行車不動(dòng)。</p><p>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車行駛，在一檔 位置時(shí)單向離合器工作。當(dāng)汽車由停止開始加速，變速器啟動(dòng)進(jìn)入一檔。但是你有沒有注意當(dāng)你加

72、大油門時(shí)，汽車仍停留在一檔？如果你不操作，則汽車?yán)^續(xù)行駛。現(xiàn)在，汽車將以低速行駛，這是如果你松開油門，你會(huì)感覺到汽車很慢像是在挪動(dòng)。原因就是單向離合器使汽車以低速驅(qū)動(dòng)行駛，離合器或者時(shí)帶正在工作。</p><p><b>　　帶</b></p><p>　　帶是一個(gè)在鋼的內(nèi)表面粘接了摩擦材料的鋼帶。帶的一端固定在變速器殼體上，另一端連接伺服機(jī)構(gòu)。在一定情況下，液壓油被

73、送到伺服機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)，在油液的壓力下，帶加緊離合器鼓以制動(dòng)鼓。</p><p><b>　　液力變矩器</b></p><p>　　在自動(dòng)變速器中，液力變矩器已經(jīng)取代了離合器，因?yàn)樗軌驅(qū)崿F(xiàn)汽車停了下來，而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可以繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p>　　液力變矩器是一個(gè)大的圓形裝置，安裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器之間。它包括三個(gè)部分共同工作將動(dòng)力傳輸出去。三個(gè)部分是

74、泵輪，渦輪和葉輪。泵輪是直接安裝在殼體內(nèi)其螺栓是直接連接在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸上，傳遞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速。渦輪是安裝在殼體內(nèi)直接與輸出軸連接傳遞動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車行駛。葉輪上安裝了一個(gè)單向離合器，使葉輪只能朝一個(gè)方向旋轉(zhuǎn)能不能朝其他方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。三種要素每個(gè)都安裝在殼體內(nèi)使油液準(zhǔn)確的通過變矩器。</p><p>　　隨著發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。變速器內(nèi)油液被拉入泵輪，并在離心力的作用下進(jìn)入渦輪，推動(dòng)渦輪進(jìn)行運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。油液經(jīng)過渦輪流動(dòng)一周回到葉輪中。如果渦

75、輪速度低于泵輪，則油液將推動(dòng)葉輪的前面，推動(dòng)至單向離合器處，單向離合器使其停止反轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)葉輪停止后，油液由葉輪重新進(jìn)入泵輪，并使其扭矩增大。當(dāng)我輪的轉(zhuǎn)速趕上泵輪時(shí)，油液開始撞擊葉輪葉片的背面，使葉輪與渦輪和泵輪同方向運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)速度增加時(shí)，三部分將以大約相同的速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p>　　自八十年代后，為改善燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，液力變矩器已經(jīng)安裝了鎖死離合器（未顯示），其中，當(dāng)鎖定渦輪時(shí)車速能達(dá)到約45至50英里，鎖死離合器