機械手外文翻譯3

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p>　　Manipulator</p><p>　　Manipulator is nearly decades developed a kind of high-tech automatic production equipment. Industrial manipulator is industrial

2、robot as an important branch. Its characteristic is can programmed to perform a variety of expected task, structure and performance in both of their respective and robot a bit, especially reflected the intelligence of pe

3、rson and adaptability. Manipulator and the accuracy of all kinds of environment homework in finish the homework ability, in all areas of the national e</p><p>　　First，a industrial overview of manipulator<

4、/p><p>　　Manipulator is a position control and automation to programming changes to the multi-function machine, it has more freedom, can be used to carry objects to complete in every different environment. In t

5、he low level of wages in China, the plastic products industry still belongs to the labour-intensive, the use of robots has been more and more popular. The electronic and cars in the United States and Europe multinational

6、 companies have long in the factory in China they brought in the automation pro</p><p>　　With the rapid development of our industrial production, especially after the reform and development, automation degre

7、e of increasing quickly, realize the workpiece loading, unloading, turn to, transmission or operating fiber airbrush, welding, and wrench and tools for processing, assembling and homework since the change, already more a

8、nd more cause our attention.</p><p>　　Manipulator is part of the action imitating the hands, according to the given program, track and demanding acquirement, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical

9、 device.</p><p>　　In real life, if you will find such a problem. In machinery factory, processing components of loading and unloading time is very vexed, labor productivity is not high, the production cost,

10、sometimes happen some human accident, resulting in processors were injured. Think about it with what can instead of it, processing of time as long as there are several people looked around the, and can be twenty-four hou

11、rs in saturated operation, pedestrian? The answer is "yes", but manipulator can instead of </p><p>　　Production application can improve the production of the manipulator automation level and the la

12、bor productivity; Can reduce labor intensity, ensure the quality of products, and realize safe production; Especially in high temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic gases and ra

13、diation and other heavy environment can replace people normal work. Thought of here I very want to design a manipulator, to used in the production practice.</p><p>　　Why choose the design with pneumatic mani

14、pulator to provide the power: pneumatic manipulator is to point to to compressed air as power source drive of the manipulator. With pneumatic drive and other energy drive more has the following advantages: 1. The air ine

15、xhaustible, and after with vented into the air, do not need to recycle and the processing. Don't pollute the environment. (environmental protection concept) 2. The air with sex is very small, in pipeline pressure los

16、s also very small (gene</p><p>　　With pneumatic drive and other energy is driven by the following advantages:</p><p>　　Air inexhaustible, and after with vented into the air, do not need to recyc

17、le and the processing. Don't pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage from serious influence on production.</p><p>　　Air sticky is very small, in pipeline pressure loss was small,

18、 facilitate transmitted over a long distance.</p><p>　　Compressed air pressure is low, so the pneumatic components material and manufacturing precision requirement can be reduced. Generally speaking, recipro

19、cating motion thrust in 1 ~ 2 tons of the following adopt pneumatic economy is better.</p><p>　　And hydraulic transmission than its action and reaction are fast, this is one of the advantages of pneumatic ou

20、tstanding.</p><p>　　Air medium clean, also won't metamorphic pipeline, not easy jam.</p><p>　　It can be safely used in inflammable, explosive and dust great occasion, this is one of the pneu

21、matic prominent advantages.</p><p>　　Second，the composition of the manipulator</p><p>　　The form of manipulator is various, some relatively simple, some is relatively complex, but the basic form

22、 of is the same, generally, the executing agency, transmission system, control system and auxiliary device component.</p><p>　　1. The enforcement agencies</p><p>　　Manipulator of actuators, by h

23、and, wrist, arm, the prop composition. The hand is grab institutions, used to clamping and loosen the workpiece, and people are similar to the fingers, to complete the hands of similar action. Wrist is connected with the

24、 finger arm components, can go up and down, and turn around. Simple manipulator can do not have the wrist. Pillar used to support the arm, can also according to need to make the move.</p><p>　　2. Transmissio

25、n system</p><p>　　Actuator action by the transmission system to to realize. Commonly used manipulator transmission system mechanical transmission, points of hydraulic drive, pneumatic transmission and power

26、transmission of several forms.</p><p>　　3. The control system</p><p>　　Robot control system is the main purpose of control manipulator according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed

27、 movement, the simple manipulator general do not set up the special control system, only the stroke switch, relay, the control valve and the circuit of transmission system control can be realized, make the enforcement ag

28、encies as required action, action complex manipulator is by using the programmable controller, microcomputer control.</p><p>　　Third,one of the manipulator, classification and characteristics</p><

29、p>　　General manipulator is divided into three categories: the first kind is do not need artificial operation of the general manipulator. It is a kind of independent not attached to a host of the device. It may, accord

30、ing to the requirements of the task programming, to complete the operation of the provisions. Its characteristic is to have general machinery performance besides, still have the general machinery, memory intelligence thr

31、ee yuan machinery. The second type is need artificial do, called Ca</p><p>　　Main features:</p><p>　　(1) manipulator (up-down material manipulator, assembly robots, carrying manipulator, and sta

32、cking robots, power manipulator, vacuum handling machine, vacuum crane, energy sling, pneumatic balance machine etc)</p><p>　　(2) cantilever crane (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, pneumatic bal

33、ance to hang and so on)</p><p>　　(3) guide rail type handling system (suspension rail, light rail, single-girder crane, double beam crane)</p><p>　　(4) the application of industrial robots</p

34、><p>　　Manipulator is in mechanization. Automatic production process developed a kind of new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computers

35、robot development and production in the field of high technology has become a rapidly develop a new technology, it promotes the development of more manipulator, making the manipulator to better achieve and mechanization

36、and automation organic union.</p><p>　　Although at present the manipulator hand than as flexible, but it has constant repetition of work and labor, don't know fatigue, not afraid, snatch the power of hea

37、vy risk than big hands and other characteristics, therefore, manipulator has been many departments of attention and was to get more and more extensive application, for example:</p><p>　　(1) machine tools mac

38、hining of loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combination machine tools are normal use.</p><p>　　(2) in the assembly work is used widely, in the electronics industry, it can be used to

39、assembly of printed circuit board, in mechanical industry, it can be used to assemble parts</p><p>　　(3) can be in labor conditions poor, repetitive easy fatigue working environment, in order to replace huma

40、n labor.</p><p>　　(4) can be in dangerous situations, such as military article of loading and unloading, and dangerous goods and hazardous substances handling, etc.</p><p>　　(5) the universe, an

41、d the development of the sea.</p><p>　　(6) military engineering and biomedical research and testing.</p><p>　　Power manipulator: also called the balance, the balance suspending, energy sling, ma

42、nual shift in machine, and so on, it is a kind of zero gravity bearing system of manual, a kind of new and used for material handling ShengLiHua operation of the power equipment, belongs to a kind of non-standard design

43、series of products. According to customer application needs, bespoke case creation.</p><p>　　A simulation manually automation machinery, it can be according to fixed program grab. Transporting or go to compl

44、ete some specific operating tools. Applications can replace people engaged in drab manipulator, repeated or heavy manual work, realize the mechanization of manufacturing and automation, instead of people in harmful envir

45、onment of manual operation, improve working conditions, and ensure that the personal safety. The 1940 s, the United States in the atomic energy experiments, first usi</p><p>　　Manipulator by hand and sports

46、organizations main component. The hand is used to catch the workpiece (tools) components, according to be grasped by the object's shape, size, quality, materials and operational requirements and have a variety of str

47、ucture forms, such as the gripping type, the type and adsorption type ", etc. Movement mechanism, make hand finish all kinds of rotation (swing), mobile or complex movement to achieve the specified action, change th

48、e position of the object be grasped by</p><p>　　In automatic manipulator is used in the production process of a kind of has crawled and mobile workpiece function of automatic device, it is in the mechanized,

49、 automatic production, developed a kind of new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computers robot development and production in the field of high te

50、chnology has become a rapidly develop a new technology, it promotes the development of more manipulator, making the manip</p><p><b>　　機械手</b></p><p>　　機械手是近幾十年發(fā)展起來的一種高科技自動化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。工業(yè)機械手

51、是工業(yè)機器人的一個重要分支。它的特點是可通過編程來完成各種預期的作業(yè)任務(wù)，在構(gòu)造和性能上兼有人和機器人各自的有點，尤其體現(xiàn)了人的智能和適應性。機械手作業(yè)的準確性和各種環(huán)境中完成作業(yè)的能力，在國民經(jīng)濟各領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。隨著工業(yè)自動化的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了數(shù)控加工中心，它在減輕工人的勞動強度的同時，大大提高了勞動生產(chǎn)率。但數(shù)控加工中常見的上下料工序，通常仍采用人工操作或傳統(tǒng)繼電器控制的半自動化裝置。前者費時費工、效率低；后者因設(shè)計復雜，需較

52、多繼電器，接線繁雜，易受車體振動干擾，而存在可靠性差、故障多、維修困難等問題?？删幊绦蚩刂破鱌LC控制的上下料機械手控制系統(tǒng)動作簡便、線路設(shè)計合理、具有較強的抗干擾能力，保證了系統(tǒng)運行的可靠性，降低了維修率，提高了工作效率。機械手技術(shù)涉及到力學、機械學、電氣液壓技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和計算機技術(shù)等科學領(lǐng)域，是一門跨學科綜合技術(shù)。</p><p><b>　　工業(yè)機械手的概述</b>&

53、lt;/p><p>　　機械手是一種能自動化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動的多功能機器，它有多個自由度，可用來搬運物體以完成在各個不同環(huán)境中工作。在工資水平較低的中國，塑料制品行業(yè)盡管仍屬于勞動力密集型，機械手的使用已經(jīng)越來越普及。那些電子和汽車業(yè)的歐美跨國公司很早就在它們設(shè)在中國的工廠中引進了自動化生產(chǎn)。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南、華東沿海地區(qū)的中國本土塑料加工廠也開始對機械手表現(xiàn)出越來越濃厚的興趣，因為

54、他們要面對工人流失率高，以及為工人交工傷帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。</p><p>　　隨著我國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展，特別是改革開發(fā)以后，自動化程度的迅速提高，實現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或操作纖焊、噴槍、扳手等工具進行加工、裝配等作業(yè)自化，已愈來愈引起我們重視。</p><p>　　機械手是模仿著人手的部分動作，按給定的程序、軌跡和要求實現(xiàn)自動抓取、搬運或操作的自動化機械裝置。</p>&l

55、t;p>　　在現(xiàn)實生活中，你是否會發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一個問題。在機械工廠里，加工零件裝卸的時候是不是很煩的，勞動生產(chǎn)率不高，生產(chǎn)成本大，有時候還會發(fā)生一些人為事故，導致加工者受傷。想想看用什么可以來代替呢，加工的時候只要有幾個人巡視一下，且可以二十四個小時飽和運作，人行嗎？回答是肯定的，但是機械手可以來代替它。</p><p>　　生產(chǎn)中應用機械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動化水平和勞動生產(chǎn)率；可以減輕勞動強度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、

56、實現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn)；尤其是在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中能夠代替人進行正常的工作。想到這里我就很想設(shè)計一個機械手，來用于生產(chǎn)實際中。</p><p>　　為什么選著設(shè)計機械手用氣動來提供動力：氣動機械手是指以壓縮空氣為動力源驅(qū)動的機械手。用氣壓驅(qū)動與其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點：1.空氣取之不竭，用過之后排入大氣，不需要回收和處理。不污染環(huán)境。（環(huán)保的概念）2.空氣的沾性很小，管路中

57、壓力損失也很小（一般氣路阻力損失不到油路的千分之一），便于遠距離輸送。3.壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低（一般為48公斤/每平方厘米），因此對氣動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。4.與液壓傳動相比，它的動作和反應都快，這是氣動突出的優(yōu)點之一。5.空氣介質(zhì)清潔，亦不會變質(zhì)，管路不易堵塞。但是也有它美中不足的地方：1.由于空氣的可壓縮性，致使氣動工作的穩(wěn)定性差，因而造成執(zhí)行機構(gòu)運動速度和定為精度不易控制。2.由于使用氣壓較低，輸出力不可能太大，為

58、了增加輸出力，必然使整個氣動系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸加大。</p><p>　　用氣壓驅(qū)動與用其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點：</p><p>　　空氣取之不竭，用過之后排入大氣，不需要回收和處理。不污染環(huán)境。偶然的或少量的泄漏不致對生產(chǎn)發(fā)生嚴重的影響。</p><p>　　空氣的粘性很小，管路中壓力損失也就很小，便于遠距離輸送。</p><p>　　壓縮

59、空氣的工作壓力較低，因此對氣動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。一般說來，往復運動推力在12噸以下采用氣動經(jīng)濟性較好。</p><p>　　與液壓傳動相比，它的動作和反應都快，這是氣動突出的優(yōu)點之一。</p><p>　　空氣介質(zhì)清潔，亦不會變質(zhì)，管路不易堵塞。</p><p>　　它可安全地應用在易燃、易爆和粉塵大的場合，這是氣動的突出優(yōu)點之一。</p>

60、;<p><b>　　機械手的組成</b></p><p>　　機械手的形式是多種多樣的，有的較為簡單，有的較為復雜，但基本的組成形式是相同的，一般由執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和輔助裝置組成。</p><p><b>　　執(zhí)行機構(gòu)</b></p><p>　　機械手的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)，由手、手腕、手臂、支柱組成。手

61、是抓取機構(gòu)，用來夾緊和松開工件，與人的手指相仿，能完成人手的類似動作。手腕是連接手指與手臂的元件，可以進行上下、左右和回轉(zhuǎn)動作。簡單的機械手可以沒有手腕。支柱用來支撐手臂，也可以根據(jù)需要做出移動。</p><p><b>　　2.傳動系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的動作要由傳動系統(tǒng)來實現(xiàn)。常用機械手傳動系統(tǒng)分機械傳動、液壓傳動、氣壓傳動和電力傳動等幾種形式

62、。</p><p><b>　　控制系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　機械手控制系統(tǒng)的主要作用是控制機械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度進行動作，簡單的機械手一般不設(shè)置專用的控制系統(tǒng)，只采用行程開關(guān)、繼電器、控制閥及電路即可實現(xiàn)傳動系統(tǒng)的控制，使執(zhí)行機構(gòu)按要求進行動作，動作復雜的機械手則要采用可編程控制器、微型計算機進行控制。</p><p>

63、<b>　　機械手的分類和特點</b></p><p>　　機械手一般分為三類：第一類是不需要人工操作的通用機械手。它是一種獨立的不附屬于某一主機的裝置。它可以根據(jù)任務(wù)的需要編制程序，以完成各項規(guī)定的操作。它的特點是具備普通機械的性能之外，還具備通用機械、記憶智能的三元機械。第二類是需要人工才做的，稱為操作機。它起源于原子、軍事工業(yè)、先是通過操作機來完成特定的作業(yè)，后來發(fā)展到用無線電訊號操作

64、機來進行探測月球等。工業(yè)中采用的鍛造操作機也屬于這一范疇。第三類是用專業(yè)機械手，主要附屬于自動機床或自動線上，用以解決機床上下料和工件傳送。這種機械手在國外稱為“Mechanical Hand”，它是為主機服務(wù)的，由主機驅(qū)動；除少數(shù)以外，工作程序一般是固定的，因此是專用的。</p><p><b>　　主要特點：</b></p><p>　　機械手（上下料機械手、裝配

65、機械手、搬運機械手、堆垛機械手、助力機械手、真空搬運機、真空吸吊機、省力吊具、氣動平衡器等）</p><p>　　懸臂起重機（懸臂吊、電動環(huán)鏈葫蘆吊、氣動平衡吊等）</p><p>　　導軌式搬運系統(tǒng)（懸掛軌道、輕型軌道、單梁起重機、雙梁起重機）</p><p><b>　　工業(yè)機械手的應用</b></p><p>　　

66、機械手是在機械化。自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來，隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機的廣泛應用，機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù)，它更加促進了機械手的發(fā)展，使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結(jié)合。</p><p>　　機械手雖然目前還不如人手那樣靈活，但它具有不斷重復工作和勞動、不知疲勞、不怕危險、抓舉重物的力量比人手大等特點，因此，機械手已受到許多部門的重視，并

67、越來越廣泛地得到了應用，例如：</p><p>　　機床加工工件的裝卸，特別是在自動化車床、組合機床上使用較為普通。</p><p>　　在裝配作業(yè)中應用廣泛，在電子行業(yè)中它可以用來裝配印制電路板，在機械行業(yè)中它可以用來組裝零部件</p><p>　　可在勞動條件差，單調(diào)重復易疲勞的工作環(huán)境工作，以代替人的勞動。</p><p>　　可在危險

68、場合下工作，如軍工品的裝卸、危險品及有害物的搬運等。</p><p><b>　　宇宙及海洋的開發(fā)。</b></p><p>　　軍事工程及生物醫(yī)學方面的研究和試驗。</p><p>　　助力機械手：又稱平衡器、平衡吊、省力吊具、手動移載機等，是一種無重力化手動承載系統(tǒng)，一種新穎的、用于物料搬運時省力化操作的助力設(shè)備，屬于一種非標設(shè)計的系列化產(chǎn)

69、品。針對客戶應用需求，量身定制的個案創(chuàng)作。</p><p>　　一種模擬人手操作的自動化機械，它可按固定程序抓取。搬運物件或操持工具完成某些特定操作。應用機械手可以代替人從事單調(diào)、重復或繁重的體力勞動，實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化，代替人在有害環(huán)境下的手工操作，改善勞動條件，保證人身安全。20世紀40年代后期，美國在原子能實驗中，首先采用機械手搬運放射性材料，人在安全室操縱機械手進行各種操作和實驗。50年代以后，機械

70、手逐步推廣到工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門，用于在高溫、污染嚴重的地方取放工件和裝卸材料，也作為機床的輔助裝置在自動機床，自動生產(chǎn)線和加工中心中應用，完成上下料或從刀庫中取放刀具并按固定程序更換刀具等操作。機械手主要由手部機構(gòu)和吸附等類型。運動機構(gòu)一般由液壓、氣動、電氣裝置驅(qū)動。機械手可獨立地實現(xiàn)伸縮、旋轉(zhuǎn)和升降等運動，一般有23個自由度。機械手廣泛用于機械制造、冶金、輕工和原子能等部門。能模仿人手和臂的某些動作功能，用以按固定程序抓取、搬運物件或操作工

71、具的自動操作裝置。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化，能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護人身安全，因而廣泛用于機械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。機械手通常用作機床或其他機器的附加裝置，如在自動機床或</p><p>　　機械手主要由手部和運動機構(gòu)組成。手部是用來抓持工件（工具）的部件，根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、質(zhì)量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式，如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運動機構(gòu)，使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)

72、動（擺動）、移動或復合運動來實現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動作，改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢……</p><p>　　機械手是在自動化生產(chǎn)過程中使用的一種具有抓取和移動工件功能的自動化裝置，它是在機械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來，隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機的廣泛應用，機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù)，它更加促進了機械手的發(fā)展，使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結(jié)合。機械手

73、能代替人類完成危險、重復枯燥的工作，減輕人類勞動強度，提高勞動生產(chǎn)力。機械手越來越廣泛的得到了應用，在機械行業(yè)中它可用于零部件組裝，加工工件的搬運、裝卸，特別是在自動化數(shù)控機床、組合機床上使用更普遍。目前，機械手已發(fā)展成為柔性制造系統(tǒng)FMS和柔性制造單元FMC中一個重要組成部分。把機床設(shè)備和機械手共同構(gòu)成一個柔性加工系統(tǒng)或柔性制造單元，它適應于中。小批量生產(chǎn)，可以節(jié)省龐大的工件輸送裝置，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，而且適應性很強。當工件變更時，柔性生產(chǎn)系