機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--現(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步

1、<p><b>　　中英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文：</b></p><p>　　Modern construction machinery industry of technical progress</p><p>　　Large-size mechanical mining exc

2、avator is used widely in international and domestic engineering construction and mining performance, and its property defines the efficiency much.Now because the international market is opened step step, how to promote t

3、he quality of excavator is the key that a factory reinforces its competing force.</p><p>　　In our country，the designing elevation and production quality on excavator can not keep up with international advanc

4、ed technology applying on excavator.Now the advanced technology has already applied advanced designing method on excavator designing，such as electronic simulating theory，dynamic design， reliability design and so on.But i

5、n our country ,the most excavator design has still applied the traditional design method ,the modern design method has not began to be actually applied .The prime d</p><p>　　The construct of excavator is ver

6、y complex and the multiple movers often work simultaneously.at the same time its working environment is very bad and the eternal load varies randomly.As a result ,when designing the new product of excavator ,in order to

7、ensure the performance safety，the designer not only has the basic theory analysis on static load computing ,but also do necessary work about the kinetics of mechanism to qualify the dynamic reliability in the period of d

8、esigning .Trough the kineti</p><p>　　From the 1980s of the 20th century to the beginning of this century. Chinese and foreign engineering machinery technology products come from a maturity period of moderniz

9、ation along with a new technological revolution, Mechanical engineering products integrated technology to a new level. Electronic technology, micro-computer, sensors, electro-hydraulic servo control system integration an

10、d transformation of the traditional mechanical engineering products, Computer-aided design and computer-aided </p><p>　　1、 operating principles of Innovation : groundbreaking new law with the high-frequency

11、vibration </p><p>　　With scientific and technological research in the development, engineering machinery operating theory is constantly innovating. Operating mechanical engineering principles, including the

12、cutting of earth, broken ground on the screen geotextile material, mixed with heating, right mixture of paving, leveling and compaction, etc.. These operations Jimmy initially bionics and Newtonian mechanics-based, Moder

13、n science and the development of engineering machinery operating principle of laying the foun</p><p>　　Excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and other earthmoving machinery cutting groundbreaking project, we had

14、no struggle milling, high-frequency vibration, Liquid gas jet method and porous ground breaking law. Groundbreaking use of the new operating principle of transformation to a bucket, can loosen the soil excavation for the

15、 high-intensity rock, Under normal circumstances can reduce the unit cost of earthwork and improve production efficiency, and the soil near the building when substitute bored-b</p><p>　　Vibratory Roller is a

16、 mechanical vibration and have reached a "sluggish vibration to" operational effectiveness of the most powerful note. High-frequency vibration compaction technology is the application of modern dynamics in the

17、mechanical engineering important research results, In vibratory roller simultaneously with the application of vibration isolation theory. 90s of the 20th century, there have been a level of vibration (vibration) and vert

18、ical vibration directional vibration compaction m</p><p>　　Asphalt paver Weiping equipment is operating principles of mechanical engineering innovation typical example. Fung plate diesel, liquefied petroleum

19、 gas or electric heating and 60 Hz frequency of vibration, and using infrared, ultrasonic or laser leveling, is a multidisciplinary high-tech applications. This leveling the technology can be applied to the ground plane,

20、 as amlodipine or fine leveling the slope. </p><p>　　Transfer frequency mechanical vibration is also commonly used for drilling, stone crushing and sieving and Shen pulling piling works. The stone drying can

21、 use diesel, fuel oil and coal combustion of various fuels on the asphalt from the barrel, heating and asphalt mixture, stirring and insulation process is the full use of thermal theory of physics. Asphalt emulsion and s

22、ome are modified chemical reaction physical specific application. </p><p>　　2、drive innovation : universal hydraulic and electric drive </p><p>　　Hydraulic drive in the 20th century, the 1960s a

23、pplied to the roller, only 10 years on the time has been spread and popularize. Now roller travel, vibration, steering and braking systems has achieved the full hydraulic drive. Hydraulic drive greatly simplified the rol

24、ler drive and control system design, hydraulic drive a smooth, convenient manipulation effort, easy to achieve variable speed and automation, in general, improve the production efficiency of roller compaction and quality

25、. Now foreig</p><p>　　Hydrostatic drive technology in the 1970s began to use bulldozers, and will soon be extended to a number of small and medium bulldozers and loaders, the United States John Deere, Caterp

26、illar, Germany Bohai benefit companies and Dole produced by Komatsu of Japan has production and sales pushed Temple hydraulic machines and loaders. Hydrostatic drive not to use hydraulic torque converter, which dispense

27、with the left lane and brake parts and mechanical drive, use of a safety valve on mechanical an</p><p>　　German company Deutsche mark and Lee Bohai Fall of other public companies in 1954 and in 1955 took the

28、 lead in developing a hydraulic excavator , but the hydrostatic transmission in large excavator is the popularization and application of the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, excavators and subdivided, is gradually realized

29、- powered, rotary and the hydraulic excavator of. In the international market excavators, were all eliminated various mechanical drive. </p><p>　　Late history of the birth of the road is more mechanical hydr

30、aulic drive-based, such as paver, soil stabilizer, Pavement milling machine, hydraulic transmission smoothness help improve the quality of the roads paved. Drilling in the car and drilling machines, hydraulic transmissio

31、n has replaced the previous aerodynamic, Wheeled modern cranes and machinery also piling work to the whole in the direction of hydraulic development. </p><p>　　Electricity in industrial production while the

32、application has a long history, but in mobile machinery is seldom used. This is because, firstly, to the motor capacity of, a motor with the same power as compared to the hydraulic motor, its weight and bulk to good time

33、s, to the machinery space layout brought great difficulties. In addition, the efficiency of electrical transmission over low efficiency and consumption of a large volume of non-ferrous metals. But electric drive can be w

34、ell realized </p><p>　　3、ergonomic innovations : a people-oriented and simplified operation </p><p>　　1980s of the 20th century, Many of the world's largest engineering machinery manufacturi

35、ng company has invested considerable human and financial resources for modern design methodology of the research and used. Ergonomics is a "people-oriented" design, with emphasis on the machines mutual coordina

36、tion and crew safety, driving comfort, convenience in the driver's operation and maintenance technologies, such drivers both improved working conditions, and increased production efficiency, and some of</p>&l

37、t;p>　　Now all kinds of projects are mechanical design roller defense and falling-object protective devices to protect the personal safety of the drivers, with the cab and are designed and installed. Indoor driving suf

38、ficient human space and broad vision, and to take the necessary seals, vibration, noise and temperature control measures. Indoor chairs, pieces of the stick, gauges and the monitor according to ergonomics and design and

39、minimize the manipulation and control of parts. To reduce driver fati</p><p>　　Electronic technology, mechanical engineering applications, which greatly simplifies the driver's operational procedures and

40、 to the machine's technical performance. The use of electronic control machine can automatically choose the mode of operation, such as excavators to the three operating modes -- boom priority, Rotary priorities and m

41、icro-adjustment tandem wheels all vibration and vibration. Electronic monitoring can detect and remove machines system failures, such as engine oil pressure los</p><p>　　American muffler technology company d

42、eveloped an electronic silencer, electronic equipment engine exhaust noise analysis of the wave structure, and produce a phase difference of 180 ° with the acoustic interference, This "anti-noise" and the

43、engine exhaust noise offset, which over the purpose of the muffler. Such a muffler -- can be used to eliminate the basic engine noise and the noise indoor driving. Muffler and isolation through the engineering machinery

44、driving indoor noise can be reduced to</p><p>　　In addition, by concentrating on lubrication, automatic lubrication and fault alarm, greatly reducing the engineering and mechanical maintenance workload. Drei

45、ser companies axis articulated loader lubrication cycle extended to 2000h. oil and filter replacement cycle extended to 250h; Caterpillar loader routine maintenance to shorten the time 3.45min. 100 hours use of the techn

46、ical maintenance for only 6-7min. </p><p>　　4、Creative : industrial design with the environment </p><p>　　Modern science and technology of high-speed development, promoting social progress, for

47、humanity to a high degree of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Industrial design is the product of industrial product design, product also known as the art form. Mechanical Products art forms should be ab

48、le to demonstrate its function in a rational and external quality of uniformity, the product should reflect the advanced technology and meet the aesthetic requirements of modernity. </p><p>　　For mechanical

49、engineering, said it was "a Paper goods sold," That is an exaggeration, but not to modeling design is certainly not desirable. Modeling the mechanical engineering design of the machine can shape their structure

50、, function and use requirements, paying and with the psychological and physical coordination. This modeling design should include ministries of proper body fluid, color coordination, Instrumentation layout beautiful and

51、easy to operate and intuitive sign in the trademark sym</p><p>　　A world leader left the compactor manufacturers -- BMW, his third of the mechanical compaction machine modeling experts from the industrial de

52、sign Louis.L.lepoix design, have a good overall result. The series dismounting replacement filter, transmission pieces, hoses and routine maintenance is very convenient. Adopt modern arc-shaped dip in the cab and the eng

53、ine hood broadminded, fluent lines, with the flavor of the times. Driving the steering wheel height and angle adjustable, choose a comfort</p><p>　　Many other engineering machinery are also different degrees

54、 of emphasis on industrial design, layout components such as depression, to reduce the center of gravity of the aircraft; Supporting appropriate to expand the area to increase the machine's stability; about as symmet

55、rical layout, to meet the aesthetic; Appearance removed some of the corner, the edge, to show the fluency, and other lines. Construction Machinery paint more of its industrial design is an important part of the unit shou

56、ld be</p><p>　?。?、artificial intelligence Innovation : intelligent robotic machines </p><p>　　Mechanical engineering in the construction field instead of the manual to expand the functions of the

57、 hands and feet, traditional machinery can be resolved in good physical and physiological burden, not to mention the relief of spiritual and psychological burden. Modern engineering machinery should be given its soulful,

58、 intelligent engineering machinery is a thinking mind (microcomputer) sensorium (sensors), neural network (electronic transmission). Derrnatopathy (power and transmission), and ha</p><p>　　Machine is not ele

59、ctromechanical integration of telecommunications and information technology with a simple, it poses the system must have five functions : ① detection and identification with the objects of their work and working conditio

60、ns of the function; ② goal with under their own decision-making function; ③ have to respond to the decision-making, implementation support movement functions; ④ with automated monitoring and self-revision process functio

61、ns; ⑤ z own self-protection and security t</p><p>　　In mechanical engineering intelligent process, from beginning to end, filled with self-learning technology and the use of adaptive technology. Now for the

62、integration of telecommunications technology for the engine and hydraulic system and electrical system of full control machines are being given various feelings and wisdom. In the process with the state of real-time moni

63、toring on the basis of mechanical engineering from the partial automation of the transition to full automation, and toward un</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步</p>&l

64、t;p>　　大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在目前國際國內(nèi)在礦山開采及工程施工中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用，其性能的優(yōu)劣對(duì)生產(chǎn)率有很大的影響.在國際市場(chǎng)竟?fàn)幦遮吋ち业慕裉?，如何提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量是提高其市場(chǎng)競爭力的關(guān)鍵。</p><p>　　目前，我國的大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在設(shè)計(jì)水平，設(shè)計(jì)手段及產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上與國外同類產(chǎn)品相比尚有較大差距.國外已經(jīng)將人一機(jī)一環(huán)境作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一考慮，提倡低振動(dòng)、低噪音的綠色設(shè)計(jì)，將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法(電子模擬理論、動(dòng)態(tài)

65、設(shè)計(jì)、可靠性設(shè)計(jì)等)普遍地應(yīng)用于挖掘機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，使產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)現(xiàn)代化，性能可靠。而我國仍然主要采用傳統(tǒng)的仿型設(shè)計(jì)，而近年來才將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法逐步應(yīng)用到挖掘機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)上，但在這方面工作開展的不得力，主要表現(xiàn)在自行設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)能力不夠，基礎(chǔ)工作做得不完善，尤其在挖掘機(jī)動(dòng)力學(xué)方面。</p><p>　　挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜，往往是多發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)同時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)，同時(shí)工作環(huán)境惡劣，外載荷成隨機(jī)性變化，因此在設(shè)計(jì)大型礦用挖掘機(jī)的新產(chǎn)品時(shí)，為了使其作業(yè)安全

66、，工作順暢，除必要的理論分析和靜強(qiáng)度計(jì)算外，還必須要進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)分析和計(jì)算，以在設(shè)計(jì)之初保證機(jī)械的動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和可靠性。在進(jìn)行這種分析時(shí)，土壤的力學(xué)特性必須考慮，而且是重要因素。通過進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)研究，才能確定挖掘機(jī)各部件的載荷特性，設(shè)計(jì)出質(zhì)量可靠的產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　從20世紀(jì)80年代到本世紀(jì)初，中外工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品技術(shù)已從一個(gè)成熟期走到了現(xiàn)代化時(shí)期伴隨著一場(chǎng)新的技術(shù)革命，工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的綜合技術(shù)水平躍上了一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階。

67、電子技術(shù)、微電腦、傳感器、電液伺服與控制系統(tǒng)集成化改造了傳統(tǒng)的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造及輔助管理裝備了工程機(jī)械制造業(yè)，IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)也裝備了工程機(jī)械的銷售與信息傳遞系統(tǒng)，從而讓人們看到了一個(gè)全新的工程機(jī)械行業(yè)。新的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品在工作效率、作業(yè)質(zhì)量、環(huán)境保護(hù)、操作性能及自動(dòng)化程度諸多方面都是以往所不可比擬的，并且在向著進(jìn)一步的智能化和機(jī)器人化方向邁進(jìn)。</p><p>　　作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新：新法破土與高頻振

68、動(dòng)</p><p>　　隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)研究水平的不斷發(fā)展，工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)理論也在不斷地創(chuàng)新。工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)原理包括對(duì)土石方的切割、破碎、回填，對(duì)土工材料的篩分、混合與加熱，對(duì)混合料的攤鋪、找平與壓實(shí)等。這些作業(yè)理原先是以仿生學(xué)與牛頓力學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的，而近現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)展為工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理的創(chuàng)新奠定了基礎(chǔ)。例如機(jī)械振動(dòng)、脈沖、射流、光電效應(yīng)及熱物理學(xué)的應(yīng)用， 為工程機(jī)械節(jié)省資源，改善施工質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)效率、工作可靠性、駕駛

69、舒適性與自動(dòng)化程度創(chuàng)造了條件。</p><p>　　挖掘機(jī)、推土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)等土方工程機(jī)械切割破土，現(xiàn)在有了無斗銑切法、高頻振動(dòng)法、液氣射流法及微孔破土法。使用新的破土作業(yè)原理改造的鏟斗、松土器可以開挖高強(qiáng)度的巖土，在一般情況下都可以降低單位土方費(fèi)用與提高生產(chǎn)效率，并且在靠近建筑物挖土?xí)r可代替鉆孔—爆破法施工。</p><p>　　振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)是利用機(jī)械振動(dòng)而又要達(dá)成“振地不振人”作業(yè)效果的最

70、有力說明。高頻振動(dòng)壓實(shí)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是近代動(dòng)力學(xué)在工程機(jī)械上的重要科研成果，在振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)上同時(shí)應(yīng)用了振動(dòng)與隔振理論。20世紀(jì)90年代以來，出現(xiàn)了水平振動(dòng)（振蕩）與垂直振動(dòng)的定向振動(dòng)壓實(shí)方法，以及無級(jí)調(diào)幅振動(dòng)和不同于簡諧振動(dòng)的混沌振動(dòng)等振動(dòng)壓實(shí)作業(yè)原理，并且形成了相應(yīng)系列的振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)。沖擊式壓路機(jī)打破了原有傳統(tǒng)的圓柱形滾輪結(jié)構(gòu)，使用具有3-5個(gè)邊的多邊形壓滾由牽引車拖行，以每秒2-3次順序地沖擊地面。這種劇烈沖擊具有地震波的傳播特性，其壓實(shí)深

71、度隨碾壓遍數(shù)而遞增，在5m深處的壓實(shí)度可達(dá)90%-92%。沖擊壓路機(jī)具有靜壓沖擊、振動(dòng)搗實(shí)與揉搓的綜合作用，適合大型填方、塌陷土壤和干砂填筑工程的壓實(shí)。</p><p>　　瀝青混凝土攤鋪機(jī)慰平工作裝置更是工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新的典型例子。慰平板使用柴油、液化氣或電加熱和72Hz的調(diào)頻振動(dòng)，并采用紅外線、激光或超聲波找平， 是多學(xué)科高新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。這其中的找平技術(shù)也可以應(yīng)用到平地機(jī)上，作為地平或坡面的精細(xì)找平。&l

72、t;/p><p>　　調(diào)頻率機(jī)械振動(dòng)還通常用于鑿巖、石料破碎與篩分及沉拔樁等工程施工。石料的烘干可以使用柴油、重油和煤粉多種燃料的燃燒器，瀝青的脫桶、加熱及瀝青混合料的攪拌與保溫過程中都充分運(yùn)用了熱物理學(xué)原理。瀝青的乳化與改性都是一些化學(xué)物理反應(yīng)的具體應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　2、傳動(dòng)方式創(chuàng)新：普及液壓與電氣傳動(dòng)</p><p>　　液壓傳動(dòng)在20世紀(jì)60年代開始應(yīng)用

73、到了壓路機(jī)上，只十多年的時(shí)間就得到了推廣和普及?，F(xiàn)在壓路機(jī)的行走、振動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)向及制動(dòng)等系統(tǒng)已實(shí)現(xiàn)了全液壓傳動(dòng)。液壓傳動(dòng)大大簡化了壓路機(jī)傳動(dòng)與操縱系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，液壓傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、操縱方便省力、容易實(shí)現(xiàn)無級(jí)調(diào)速和自動(dòng)控制、從總體上提高了壓路機(jī)的生產(chǎn)效率與壓實(shí)質(zhì)量。現(xiàn)在國外市場(chǎng)上已經(jīng)很少見到機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的壓路機(jī)了。</p><p>　　靜液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)于70年代開始應(yīng)用到了推土機(jī)上，并且很快推廣到了一些中小型推土機(jī)和裝載機(jī)上，美國約

74、翰·迪爾公司、卡特彼勒公司、德國利渤海爾公司及日本小松制作所都生產(chǎn)和銷售全液壓推寺機(jī)與裝載機(jī)。靜液壓傳動(dòng)不使用液力變矩器，還省去了離且器與行車制動(dòng)器及部分機(jī)械傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，能利用安全閥對(duì)機(jī)械和液壓系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)過載保護(hù)，并以較小的索引功率發(fā)揮最大的索引力，其剩余的功率可用在機(jī)器的輔助操作上。</p><p>　　德國的德馬克公司和利渤海爾公司公別于1954年和1955年率先開發(fā)了全液壓挖掘機(jī)，但靜液壓傳動(dòng)在挖掘機(jī)

75、上大量的推廣應(yīng)用也是在70年代。自80年代初以來，挖掘機(jī)從大到小正逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了驅(qū)動(dòng)行走、回轉(zhuǎn)與挖掘機(jī)的全液壓化。在國際市場(chǎng)上的挖掘機(jī)，已全部淘汰了各種機(jī)械傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　誕生歷史比較晚的路面機(jī)械更是以全液壓傳動(dòng)為主，如攤鋪機(jī)、穩(wěn)定土拌和機(jī)、路面銑刨機(jī)等，液壓傳動(dòng)的平穩(wěn)性有助于提高路面的鋪筑質(zhì)量。在鑿巖臺(tái)車和鑿巖機(jī)上，液壓傳動(dòng)已取代了以往的氣動(dòng)，現(xiàn)代輪式起重機(jī)和樁工機(jī)械也工向全液壓化的方向發(fā)展。<

76、;/p><p>　　電力在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用雖然已有很長的歷史了，但在移動(dòng)式機(jī)械上使用尚不多見。這首先是因?yàn)殡妱?dòng)機(jī)的能容量小，一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)與同功率的液壓馬達(dá)相比，其重量和體積要大好多倍，這給機(jī)器的空間布置帶來了很大困難。另外，電氣傳動(dòng)的效率比效低，而消耗有色金屬量大。但電氣傳動(dòng)能很好地實(shí)現(xiàn)無級(jí)調(diào)速、電氣制動(dòng)和功率分流，電傳動(dòng)更方便和易于大型礦車、大型挖掘機(jī)和大型裝載機(jī)上，以發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)—發(fā)電機(jī)—電動(dòng)車輪傳遞行駛動(dòng)力。德國福格勒

77、公司還試制了電動(dòng)車輪傳遞行駛動(dòng)力。德國福格勒公司還試制了電傳動(dòng)的瀝青攤鋪機(jī)，該機(jī)的所有回轉(zhuǎn)系統(tǒng)都用電馬達(dá)帶動(dòng)，只有料斗開合與慰平板找平油缸仍使用液壓傳動(dòng)。另外就是在作業(yè)區(qū)域移動(dòng)較小的采礦工地上，使用了電力拖動(dòng)的大型挖掘機(jī)的裝載機(jī)，這種電力拖動(dòng)使用電纜傳輸動(dòng)力而不必在機(jī)器上安裝發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。</p><p>　　3、人機(jī)工程創(chuàng)新：以人為本與簡化操作</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)80年代以來，世界上

78、許多大的工程機(jī)械制造公司都投入很大的人力和資金促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的研究和應(yīng)用。人機(jī)工程學(xué)是“以人為本”的設(shè)計(jì)思想，注重機(jī)器與人的相互協(xié)調(diào)，提高人機(jī)安全性、駕駛舒適性，方便于司機(jī)操作和技術(shù)保養(yǎng)，這樣既改善了司機(jī)的工作條件，又提高了生產(chǎn)效率，有的國家對(duì)工程機(jī)械的振動(dòng)、噪聲、廢氣排放和防翻滾與落物制定了新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，甚至付諸法律?，F(xiàn)在各類工程機(jī)械都是設(shè)計(jì)有防翻滾和落物保護(hù)裝置，以保護(hù)司機(jī)的人身安全，并且都是與駕駛室分別設(shè)計(jì)和安裝。駕駛室內(nèi)有足夠的

79、人體空間和開闊的視野，并采取必要的密封、減振、降噪和控溫措施。室內(nèi)的座椅、操縱桿件、儀表與監(jiān)視器都按人機(jī)工程學(xué)布置，并且盡量減少操縱部位與操縱力。為了減輕司機(jī)的疲勞，選用懸浮式減振座椅，并研制了氣—液懸持系統(tǒng)的駕駛室底板。</p><p>　　電子技術(shù)在工程機(jī)械上的應(yīng)用，大大簡化了司機(jī)的操作程序和提高了機(jī)器的技術(shù)性能。利用電子控制可以自動(dòng)選擇機(jī)器的作業(yè)模式，例如挖掘機(jī)的3種作業(yè)模式——?jiǎng)颖蹆?yōu)先、回轉(zhuǎn)優(yōu)先和微調(diào)整，

80、串聯(lián)振動(dòng)和雙輪全振動(dòng)等。利用電子監(jiān)測(cè)可以及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和排除機(jī)器系統(tǒng)的故障，例如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤滑油失壓、風(fēng)扇傳動(dòng)帶斷裂、液壓油污染或過熱和濾油器堵塞等，均能及時(shí)發(fā)出聲響或燈光報(bào)警，利用電子傳感器經(jīng)微電腦處理可以自動(dòng)檢測(cè)機(jī)器的工作質(zhì)量，如隨機(jī)檢測(cè)振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)的壓實(shí)度，自動(dòng)檢測(cè)與調(diào)整瀝青混合料的級(jí)配比例與出料溫度等。</p><p>　　美國消音技術(shù)公司研制了一種電子消音器，通過電子儀器分析發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排氣噪聲的波形結(jié)構(gòu)，并產(chǎn)生一種與之

81、相位差180°的干擾聲波，這種“抗噪聲”與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排氣的噪聲相抵消，從而過到消聲的目的。這種電了消音器還可用于消除發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的基本噪聲和駕駛室內(nèi)的噪聲。通過消音和隔離的工程機(jī)械駕駛室內(nèi)噪聲可以降低到70dB（A）以下。</p><p>　　另外，通過集中潤滑、自動(dòng)潤滑及故障自動(dòng)報(bào)警，大大減少了工程機(jī)械的維修工作量。德萊賽公司裝載機(jī)鉸接軸的潤滑周期可延長到2000h，更換機(jī)油和濾清器的周期延長到250h；卡特彼

82、勒公司裝載機(jī)的日常檢修時(shí)間縮短到3.45min，使用100h的技術(shù)保養(yǎng)時(shí)間也僅有6-7min。</p><p>　　4、外觀造型創(chuàng)新：工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)與環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)　　現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，推動(dòng)著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，給人類帶來了高度的物質(zhì)文明與精神文明。工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)即是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的造型設(shè)計(jì)，也稱其為產(chǎn)品的藝術(shù)造型。機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的藝術(shù)造型應(yīng)能體現(xiàn)其功能的合理性及外在質(zhì)量的統(tǒng)一性，還應(yīng)體現(xiàn)出產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)先進(jìn)性和符合時(shí)代感的審美要求?！　?duì)于工

83、程機(jī)械，有人說“貨賣一張皮”那是言過其實(shí)，但不重視造型設(shè)計(jì)肯定是不可取的。工程機(jī)械的造型設(shè)計(jì)可以使機(jī)器的形態(tài)與其結(jié)構(gòu)、功能及使用要求相統(tǒng)一，并與人的生理及心理相協(xié)調(diào)。這種造型設(shè)計(jì) 應(yīng)包括各部的比例得當(dāng)，形體流暢、色彩協(xié)調(diào)、儀表布置美觀以及便于直觀操作和有醒目的商標(biāo)符號(hào)。現(xiàn)在世界各大公司都非常重視產(chǎn)品的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) ，并且出現(xiàn)了專門的研究和設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　居世界領(lǐng)先地位的壓實(shí)機(jī)左制造商——寶馬公司，其第

84、三化壓實(shí)機(jī)械的機(jī)器造型由工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專家Louis.L.lepoix設(shè)計(jì)，產(chǎn)生了良好的綜合效果。該系列拆裝更換濾清器、傳動(dòng)件、軟管及日常保養(yǎng)都是很方便。采用圓弧形的現(xiàn)代駕駛室和在傾角的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩視野開闊、線條流暢，具有時(shí)代氣息。駕駛方向盤的高度與傾角可調(diào)，選用舒適的高靠背可調(diào)減振座椅，給駕駛員準(zhǔn)備了良好的操作環(huán)境。儀器儀表盤設(shè)計(jì)合理，易于觀察和控制，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩的傾斜給駕駛員提供了良好的視角。液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器轉(zhuǎn)移到了駕駛室外，以減少駕駛室內(nèi)的發(fā)熱與噪聲

85、。圓弧形的擋風(fēng)玻璃和駕駛室的四個(gè)外支承可隔離噪聲與振動(dòng)，使室內(nèi)的噪聲低于70dB(A)。</p><p>　　其它的許多工程機(jī)械也都是不同程度地注重了工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，例如零部件布置盡量下移，以降低整機(jī)重心；適當(dāng)?shù)財(cái)U(kuò)大支承面積，以增加機(jī)器的穩(wěn)定度；左右布置盡量對(duì)稱，以符合人的美感；去掉一些外觀造型的尖角、棱邊，以顯示線條的流暢等。工程機(jī)械的油漆更是其工業(yè) 設(shè)計(jì)的重要內(nèi)容，整機(jī)的色調(diào)應(yīng)能引人注意，增加作業(yè)環(huán)境的安全，并與野

86、外施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的綠樹田野相映襯、協(xié)調(diào)，使用套色的水平腰線和增加下車的色彩濃度可以增加機(jī)器的視覺穩(wěn)定性等。</p><p>　?。怠⑷斯ぶ悄軇?chuàng)新：靈性機(jī)器與機(jī)器人化</p><p>　　工程機(jī)械在工程建設(shè)領(lǐng)域代替了人的體力勞動(dòng)，擴(kuò)展了人的手腳功能，但傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械還未能解決好人的體力和生理負(fù)擔(dān)問題，更不要說解脫人的精神和心理負(fù)擔(dān)了?，F(xiàn)代化工程機(jī)械應(yīng)該是賦予了其靈性，有靈性的工程機(jī)械是有思維頭腦（微電腦

87、）、感覺器官（傳感器）、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（電子傳輸）、五臟六腑（動(dòng)力與傳動(dòng)）及手足骨骼（工作機(jī)構(gòu)與行走裝置）的機(jī)電信一體化系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　機(jī)電信一體化并非機(jī)電與信息技術(shù)的簡單結(jié)合，它所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)必須具備5項(xiàng)功能：①具有檢測(cè)和識(shí)別工作對(duì)象與工作條件的功能；②具有根據(jù)工作目標(biāo)自行作出決策的功能；③具有響應(yīng)決策、執(zhí)行支動(dòng)作的功能；④具有自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)工作過程與自我修正的功能；⑤具有自z身安全保護(hù)和故障排除功能。這也就是工

88、程機(jī)械智能化的一些具體目標(biāo)。</p><p>　　在工程機(jī)械的智能化過程中，自始至終充滿著自學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)和自適應(yīng)技術(shù)的運(yùn)用?，F(xiàn)在機(jī)電信一體化技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓系統(tǒng)和電氣系統(tǒng)的全面控制，機(jī)器正在被賦予各種感覺與智慧。在工藝過程與工作狀態(tài)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上，工程機(jī)械將從局部自動(dòng)化過渡到全面自動(dòng)化，并且向著遠(yuǎn)距離操縱和無人駕駛的趨勢(shì)發(fā)展。隨著人工智能的介入，工程機(jī)械將加快快其現(xiàn)代進(jìn)程，使逐步過渡到完全智慧化的作業(yè)機(jī)器人