工程投標策略外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻譯文（3）</b></p><p><b>　　3 作價技巧</b></p><p>　　投標策略一經確定就具體反映到作價上，工程標價不同于預算造價，它的計算方法雖然也是以施工圖預算為基礎，但其它直接費，其它間接費，技術裝備費和預算包干系數(shù)等項，則可根據(jù)工程情況，圍繞預算造價上下浮動，它直接受市場供求，競爭對

2、手所追求的利潤水平影響是l種浮動價格。價格如何浮動都有一定的技巧，技巧的得法與否，在一定程度上可以決定工程的中標和盈利。因此，它是1個不可忽視的環(huán)節(jié)，下面是一些可供參考的作法。</p><p>　　3.1消化標書3種作價</p><p>　　預算人員在算標以前，必須首先認真分析招標文件，弄清承包人的報價范圍，不能遺漏，找出需要詢價的特殊材料與設備，及時調查價格，以免因盲目估價而失誤，理出含

3、糊不清的問題，讓招標單位解答;弄清各項技術要求，以便確定施工方案。總之，要全面吃透標書內容，以便采取對策，避免算標失誤.算標時要準確計算工程量，并核實相應基價，成本計算要接近實際，在確定各種費率時充分考慮企業(yè)管理水平，技術特長使各項單價和總價合理浮動。一般作價時最好作出3個標，即高標，中標和低標。高標是依據(jù)預算定額和取費標準及有關規(guī)定，并考慮材料價格在一定時期內浮動情況計算的標價;低標是承擔該項工程不至虧損最低標價，中標是介于二者之間考

4、慮了一定利潤的標價。有了這3種價格，企業(yè)在報價時，才能做到心中有數(shù)，既不使自己虧本，又能處于有利地位而選擇報價。</p><p>　　3.2掌握工程規(guī)律標價合理浮動</p><p>　　報價時具體選擇該用高標，中標還是低標?這要分析工程對象本身的性質和特點，因工程制宜，一般說，建筑產品價格上漲時期，報價可高些;同一時期內海港、碼頭、 本論文由無憂論文網(wǎng)特約提供，提供論文代寫，代寫論文，代寫

5、畢業(yè)論文，代寫職稱論文，論文發(fā)表，代寫碩士論文相關核心搜索。特殊構筑物報價可高，房屋建筑工程報價宜低;技術密集型工程報價可高，勞務密集型工程報價可低一些，小型工程報價可高，大型工程報價可低;急需工程報價可高，非急需工程報價可低等等。</p><p>　　3.3在同一工程中可采用不平衡單價法</p><p>　　在不提高總標價的前提下，在同一工程中可采用不平衡單價法。即對能先拿到錢的項目(如

6、土方，基礎等)的單價可訂得高些，有利于資金周轉，存款也有利息;對后期的項目(如粉刷，電氣，油漆等)單價可適當降低;圖紙有錯誤，估計今后會修改的項目，單價可提高;工程內容說明不清楚的單價可降低，以利于以后索賠等。</p><p>　　3.4有策略地進行報價平衡</p><p>　　初步算出的標價，究竟具有多大競爭力，這還是個捉摸不定的間題，為此，還必須在此標價基礎上，用多種方法，從多種角度對

7、標價進行平衡，如用類比的方法，可以把工程的全部人工費、材料費、機械費、間接費分別匯總計算出各種費用占 無憂論文網(wǎng)總價的比例，或算出每平方米造價和類似工程相比較，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。用分析方法，可以分析費用的各個組成部分，看看哪些地方留有余地或余地過大，可以下調，哪些地方偏緊還應增加?；蚴鞘孪壬潭?個讓價系數(shù)，以便在投標時隨機應變，調整報價。審計應在規(guī)劃設計階段同步介入。傳統(tǒng)的基建工程審計往往是在竣工后進行 ,這種事后審計無法對基建維修工程進行

8、全程監(jiān)督 ,致使工程在事前、 事中的管理混亂 ,給承包商早在招標前就運用各種策略創(chuàng)造機會 ,而策略一旦成功 ,又很難甚至無法在結算時改變 ,決算審計無異于亡羊補牢 ,最終造成超計劃、 超預算、投資失控 ,嚴重影響單位的經濟承受能力 ,給國家財產造成損失。審計在規(guī)劃設計階段提前介入 ,有利于深入了解工程設計的完善情況、 地質狀況、 工程概預算、 資金渠道、 平均造價以及中標企業(yè)的資信情況 ,設計不周全、 地質狀況不清楚 ,可充分咨詢專家意

9、見 ,促</p><p>　　綜上所述，報價策略和作價技巧，對于企業(yè)具有戰(zhàn)略意義，關系到企業(yè)的前途和命運，因而企業(yè)要靈活運用定性分析和定量分析相結合的科學決策方法，制訂出正確的報價策略和價方案，以提高企業(yè)中標概率，提高企業(yè)經濟效益。</p><p><b>　　外文文獻原文（3）</b></p><p>　　3 the skill of<

10、/p><p>　　Bidding strategy upon the identification of specific reflect to pricing, price differs from engineering budget cost, it is calculated as the construction drawing budget as basis, but other and direct c

11、ost, other indirect costs, technical equipment cost and budget contract coefficient, it can be based on the engineering case, floating up and down around the budget cost, it is directly affected by the market supply and

12、demand, competitors are pursuing profits level effect of L floating price. How </p><p>　　3.1 3digestive tender price</p><p>　　Budget staff in the calculation of standard previously, must first b

13、e careful analysis of the bidding documents, clarify the contractor price range, not omission, find the need to request the special material and equipment prices, timely investigation, so as to avoid blind valuation and

14、errors, the ambiguity problem, make unit of invite public bidding to answer; understand the technical requirements, in order to determine the construction scheme. In short, to fully grasp the tender content, in o</p&g

15、t;<p>　　3.2master of engineering price reasonable floating rule</p><p>　　When quoting the specific choice of the high standard, the low standard? It to analyze the properties and characteristics of en

16、gineering object itself, because the project system, generally speaking, the price of construction product to rise period, can offer higher; the same period the harbour, dock, of special offers, with papers in this thesi

17、s, write, write a graduation thesis, on behalf of the titles of papers, published papers, master 's thesis related core search. Special structures can of</p><p>　　3.3 in the same project, using unbalance

18、d price method</p><p>　　In does not improve the overall price under the premise, in the same project, using unbalanced price method. That is to get the money of the project (such as the earth, basis) unit fo

19、r HISTEP, is conducive to the turnover of funds, deposit also has interest; on the latter part of the project (such as painting, electrical, paint ) unit price can be reduced appropriately; drawings are wrong, the estima

20、ted future will modify the project, the price can be improved project description is not clear; t</p><p>　　3.4strategies to price equilibrium</p><p>　　Preliminary calculated price, how big compe

21、tition, this was a uncertain problem, for this, must also be in this catalogue basis, using a variety of methods, from various angles of price equilibrium, as in the use of the method of analogy, can put all the works la

22、bor cost, material cost, mechanical cost, indirect costs were aggregated calculate various expense accounts for the thesis net worry-free price ratio, or calculate the cost of construction per square metre and similar en

23、gineering are com</p><p>　　To sum up, the pricing strategy and pricing skills, for the enterprise has strategic meaning, relationship to the enterprise's future and destiny, so the enterprise should make

24、 flexible use of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis method of scientific decision-making, to establish a correct quote strategy and price plan, in order to improve the probability of winning bid, raise busine