外文資料翻譯---冷庫(kù)節(jié)能與自動(dòng)控制

1、<p>　　The energy-conservation of freezer, with automaticallying control</p><p>　　1 A present freezer of automatic control current situations </p><p>　　Though the cold storage self-control

2、 having been popularized all round, but great majority cold storages putting particular emphasis on is only a safeguard face to face , the energy conservation having increased Wenku picking up the self-adjustment and col

3、d storage measuring and controlling, to entire system relates that under the control of seldom or. Even if another aspect, already getting the all-round universal safeguard, before actual condition in working can't a

4、dmit of no sanguine, } pins </p><p>　　Form what 1 shows a self-control interposes and runs status though the very good cold storage only having 5 tidal current and direction accounting for 9% of the number c

5、ounting, but it is these cold storages to have represented a nowadays. With the development of electron technology, the self-control component is more and more advanced , changeable procedure controller (PLC) and the PC

6、function are more and more strong , self-control procedure is more and more perfect, system optimization and th</p><p>　　2 How be ready for cold storage energy conservation autocontrol</p><p>　　

7、Fundamental above-mentioned content starting point is the cold storage taking ammonia as all together style refrigeration working medium refrigerating system , is that refrigeration working medium decentralization, allow

8、s all together style , all together style refrigerating system cold storage to have got very big development , whose self-control degree overtops also sometimes the all together style refrigerating system cold storage ta

9、king ammonia as refrigeration working medium on behalf of a </p><p>　　2.1 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol </p><p>　　Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol is energy conservati

10、on under the control of procedure establishment and self-control component selecting and using from the content coming to study the autocontrol developing cold storage energy conservation's relates that mainly whom.

11、</p><p>　　The firm, special field designing institute or capable unit as self-control component may assume cold storage energy conservation autocontrol research and develop equally. The firm and the designin

12、g institute make a contribution to some extent without exception already by now within that field. Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol can be developed exploitation commonly by firm and designing institute best

13、(not bad firm give first place to, the designing institute coordinates) , perfects </p><p>　　2.2 Energy conservation autocontrol specific items design prepares a cold storage putting composition into practic

14、e.</p><p>　　That a specific items energy conservation autocontrol's puts process into practice sometimes is that the purpose checking K amendment , reaching energy conservation until according with desig

15、n demand by designing , assembling debugging , pilot run , effect is extremely. While the project requires that content is changed into a ratio to some extent, may revise K at any time satisfying a request.</p>&l

16、t;p>　　The cold storage energy conservation sometimes requires that the advanced refrigeration switches over to prepare , right system mates , effective the words emergency measure and strict operation manage to manage

17、 to be put into effect, be requiring that the refrigeration technician goes ahead in the basis optimizing refrigeration process design right now, know well that energy conservation needs , be tied in wedlock this project

18、 characteristic , the flow chart designing out entire cold storage en</p><p>　　3 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol pilot run is also one very important ring , echoes the usage unit and the special

19、 field firm in the pilot run keeping close connection , uses an unit to discuss working effect , deliberates amendment measure with special field firm and.</p><p>　　Energy conservation is one of cold storage

20、 autocontrol purpose. </p><p>　　3.1 Adjusts storehouse temperature adjustment in the past about that the storehouse temperature and the evaporation temperature adjust the parametric storehouse of </p>

21、<p>　　3.1.1 Storehouse temperature control</p><p>　　Multiple spots temperature temperature giving first place to dyadic adjustment of place, correct evaporate the temperature not sometimes doing adjust

22、ment , very difficult to reach good energy conservation effect. </p><p>　　The ideal storehouse temperature control mode is that wind and their air-out temperature is entering parameter with the storehouse me

23、an temperature , the air cooler moving forward , works out appropriate under the control of procedure , measures by the fact that PLC is in progress. So-called Wenku adjusts the request being able to reach energy conserv

24、ation , also can satisfy the need that some storehouse high-accuracy temperature adjusts, self own but the accuracy reaching 0.250 C requires that </p><p>　　3.1.2 Regard to relatively evaporate temperature h

25、igher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation state</p><p>　　Ps stop being unlike the diversity evaporates because K couplet operation can only work under evaporating the temperature with a wi

26、th a systematic refrigeration compression engine evaporating the cold room of temperature temperature cold if K couplet work, with regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conserv

27、ation operation state, should cold hot load increasingly be promoted to a higher post increasingly no energy conservation. Ought to try one's best to</p><p>　　3.1.3 Unexpected turn of events evaporates t

28、emperature adjustment</p><p>　　Some one work state lower if evaporate temperature can use storehouse hot load and refrigerating system refrigerating output be parameter be in progress adjustment, then now th

29、at can reach energy conservation purpose can make energy adjustment be more rational. The sort Er Yan , refrigerating system evaporation implement and refrigeration compression engine equipment can satisfy maximal load

30、need basically all. Load falls off but the refrigerating output can not make corresponding adjustment in</p><p>　　3.1.4 Changeable rate</p><p>　　Changeable rate of flow adjustment ammonia in the

31、 past refrigerating system; Freon system evaporates the implement refrigerant rate of flow , great majority achieve simple proportion measures. The air cooler air mass flow great majority do not measure or speed and the

32、electric fan platform number measure only when two. This two kinds parametric rate of flow adjustment all are cold the adjustment assigning the equipment refrigerating output and storehouse temperature direct relevance ,

33、 one of the</p><p>　　3.1.5 Fetch the warehouse taken height</p><p>　　Sets up right under the control of accuracy and adds the storehouse temperature setting up the commodity and different storag

34、e period controlling the different storehouse , different stock out of gauge having no equal to and their under the control of accuracy request. Set off from the energy conservation angle, the storehouse temperature ough

35、t to take height not choosing low , the mild high-accuracy controlling accuracy ought to fetch the warehouse taken height , insisted to run after face to f</p><p>　　To the cold room of many } storehouse temp

36、erature under the control of, except original storehouse temperature setting value, suitable add set up Kuwen transfinite controlling value. This pair of factors storehouse temperature adjusts deflect but premature bring

37、ing into service being able to achieve when refrigerating system needs bringing into service , incapable because of } pins up the storehouse temperature; Can not make cold according to reality that time at intervals, re

38、frigerating system</p><p>　　3.1.6 Set up avoiding meeting high o peration</p><p>　　Interpose avoid meeting high o operation under the control of electric power short-supplied be the universal p

39、henomenon that current all parts of the country there exists in everywhere, huge bad especially heavy electric power of power consumption o grain is short-supplied , the electric charge o grain price differences puts in

40、to effect in a lot of city and price differences play big as early as successive steps for this purpose. Under the premise not affecting commodity mass, the cold storage </p><p>　　3.2 Cold room relative humi

41、dities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustment</p><p>　　Cold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustment and the temperatureadjusts the method similarity repeating descriptio

42、n unnecessarily. But in general cold room relative humidity is in 85 ~ the relative humidity that the also a little bit cold room demands is lower than or the relative humidity higher than the be 98%, but some crops of r

43、elative humidity kind of quality warehouse being range , for instance some gases turn to obj1 = " 位" exchange the warehouse request dem</p><p>　　3.2.1 High relative humidities adjust the adjustment

44、</p><p>　　High relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to high relative humidity , are going try one's best to reduce the logarithm averages difference in temperature (2 advisab

45、le K) between the refrigerant temperature and the storehouse temperature, return refrigerating system back when being necessary but adopt to be loaded with the cold agent first; May adopt air defrosting K besides with de

46、frosting water restoring to the storehouse. That this two measure is given by autocontr</p><p>　　3.2.2 Low relative humidities adjust the adjustment</p><p>　　Low relative humidities adjust the a

47、djustment demanding the cold room to low relative humidity , controlling also should be ready for two aspect mainly. One is on the basis selecting and using dehumidification method and dehumidification machine stopping b

48、ringing quantity of heat into cold room to the full, hot few cold p rooms load controlling good dehumidification while procedure, reaching the relative humidity request. It's two is to avoid air current organizing th

49、e wet load controlling fever</p><p>　　3.3 Measures about providing liquid way</p><p>　　Direct swelling is for liquid's expanding directly to be for liquid's being that great majority thi

50、ck gravies pin up the confession liquid method that ammonia system adopts on behalf of hydrocarbon (include freon) system and }. This provides liquid method with adopt the heating power expansion valve to provide liquid

51、in the past basically , self problem, has no way to realize the energy conservation purpose since choosing the type , adjustment and product. Electron expansion v</p><p><b>　　冷庫(kù)節(jié)能與自動(dòng)

52、控制</b></p><p>　　1 當(dāng)前冷庫(kù)自控現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　冷庫(kù)自控雖然得到了全面普及，然而大多數(shù)冷庫(kù)的側(cè)重面只是安全保護(hù)，或者還增加了溫庫(kù)撿測(cè)和控制，對(duì)于全系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)和冷庫(kù)的節(jié)能控制還很少涉及。另一方面，即便已得到全面普及的安全保護(hù)，在實(shí)際運(yùn)行中的情況也不容樂觀，個(gè)別冷庫(kù)的自控設(shè)施甚至成了“聾子的耳朵”只成了裝飾門面的擺設(shè)。近年來上海冷藏庫(kù)協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)上海地區(qū)氨

53、制冷系統(tǒng)冷庫(kù)的安全保護(hù)和自動(dòng)控制情況作了調(diào)查，具體情況見表l所示。該調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)作為豹之一斑反映了當(dāng)前冷庫(kù)自控的概況。</p><p>　　自控設(shè)置和運(yùn)行狀況很好的冷庫(kù)雖然只有5座，占統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)的9％，然而就是這些冷庫(kù)代表了當(dāng)今的潮流和方向。隨著電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，自控元件越來越先進(jìn)、可變程序控制器（PLC）和微機(jī)的功能越來越強(qiáng)、自控程序越來越完善，系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化和節(jié)能的意識(shí)也越來越強(qiáng)。冷庫(kù)的節(jié)能和自動(dòng)控制的關(guān)系越來越緊密，要把冷

54、庫(kù)的節(jié)能做好和做得更好，就必需把自動(dòng)控制搞好和搞得更好。上述五座代表當(dāng)今潮流和先進(jìn)水平的冷庫(kù)所采用的以下幾項(xiàng)自控內(nèi)容的實(shí)例對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)冷庫(kù)節(jié)能都起了相當(dāng)重要的作用。</p><p>　　2 如何做好冷庫(kù)節(jié)能的自動(dòng)控制</p><p>　　上述內(nèi)容的基本出發(fā)點(diǎn)是以氨為制冷工質(zhì)的集中式制冷系統(tǒng)的冷庫(kù)，當(dāng)今以鹵代烴為制冷工質(zhì)的分散式、準(zhǔn)集中式、集中式制冷系統(tǒng)的冷庫(kù)得到了很大的發(fā)展，其自控程度也往往高于

55、以氨為制冷工質(zhì)的集中式制冷系統(tǒng)冷庫(kù)。多工質(zhì)不同系統(tǒng)各類冷庫(kù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，極大地豐富了冷庫(kù)自動(dòng)控制的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)也為自動(dòng)控制在冷庫(kù)節(jié)能中的應(yīng)用提供了廣闊的用武之地。</p><p>　　2.1 冷庫(kù)節(jié)能的自動(dòng)控制由誰(shuí)來研究開發(fā)</p><p>　　冷庫(kù)節(jié)能的自動(dòng)控制主要涉及的內(nèi)容是節(jié)能控制程序的編制和自控元器件的選用。作為自控元器件的廠商、專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)院或有能力的使用單位均可擔(dān)當(dāng)冷庫(kù)節(jié)能自動(dòng)控制的研

56、究和開發(fā)。到目前為止廠商和設(shè)計(jì)院在該領(lǐng)域內(nèi)均已有所建樹。</p><p>　　冷庫(kù)節(jié)能的自動(dòng)控制最好能由廠商和設(shè)計(jì)院共同研制開發(fā)（可以廠商為主，設(shè)計(jì)院配合），在使用單位的實(shí)施過程中完善定型并不斷研發(fā)新產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　2.2 冷庫(kù)節(jié)能自動(dòng)控制具體項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施配合</p><p>　　一個(gè)具體項(xiàng)目節(jié)能自動(dòng)控制的實(shí)施過程往往是通過設(shè)計(jì)、安裝調(diào)試、試運(yùn)行、效

57、果考核並修正，直至符合設(shè)計(jì)要求達(dá)到節(jié)能目的為至。當(dāng)項(xiàng)目要求內(nèi)容有所變比時(shí)，可隨時(shí)修改並滿足要求。</p><p>　　冷庫(kù)的節(jié)能往往需要通先進(jìn)的制冷改備、合適的系統(tǒng)匹配、靈話的應(yīng)變措施和嚴(yán)格的運(yùn)行管理得以實(shí)施，這就需要制冷技術(shù)人員在優(yōu)化制冷工藝設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上，熟悉節(jié)能需要、結(jié)合本項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)，設(shè)計(jì)出完整的冷庫(kù)節(jié)能自動(dòng)控制流程圖。根據(jù)自控流程圖，電氣自控技術(shù)人員才能完成其電氣自控設(shè)計(jì)，同時(shí)還能運(yùn)用其專業(yè)知識(shí)，使自控流程更

58、為簡(jiǎn)化和優(yōu)化。冷庫(kù)節(jié)能是冷庫(kù)自動(dòng)控制重要組成部分，凡冷庫(kù)自動(dòng)控制均由制冷和電氣兩部分內(nèi)容組成，只有在兩方面技術(shù)人員的共同努力下才能使冷庫(kù)自動(dòng)控制行之有效並使冷庫(kù)節(jié)能落到實(shí)處。</p><p>　　冷庫(kù)節(jié)能自動(dòng)控制的試運(yùn)行也是十分重要的一環(huán),在試運(yùn)行中應(yīng)和使用單位和專業(yè)廠商保持密切聯(lián)系，與使用單位探討運(yùn)行效果，與專業(yè)廠商商討修正措施。</p><p>　　3 冷庫(kù)節(jié)能自動(dòng)控制的若干做法和設(shè)想

59、</p><p>　　節(jié)能是冷庫(kù)自動(dòng)控制的目的之一。</p><p>　　3.1 關(guān)于庫(kù)房溫度和蒸發(fā)溫度調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　3.1.1 多點(diǎn)溫度參數(shù)的庫(kù)房溫度調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　以往庫(kù)房溫度調(diào)節(jié)以位式調(diào)節(jié)為主，對(duì)蒸發(fā)溫度往往不作調(diào)節(jié)，很難達(dá)到好的節(jié)能效果。</p><p>　　庫(kù)房溫度理想的控制方式是以庫(kù)房

60、的平均溫度、冷風(fēng)機(jī)的進(jìn)風(fēng)及其出風(fēng)溫度為輸入?yún)?shù)，編制適當(dāng)?shù)目刂瞥绦?，通過PLC進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。如此溫庫(kù)調(diào)節(jié)可以達(dá)到節(jié)能的要求，也能滿足某些庫(kù)房高精度溫度調(diào)節(jié)的需要，目前己可達(dá)到0.250C的精度要求節(jié)能約10％。</p><p>　　3.1.2 減少不同蒸發(fā)溫度冷間的並聯(lián)運(yùn)行 </p><p>　　由于同一系統(tǒng)的制冷壓縮機(jī)只能在同一個(gè)蒸發(fā)溫度下運(yùn)行，所以不同蒸發(fā)溫度的冷間如果並聯(lián)運(yùn)行，對(duì)于相對(duì)蒸

61、發(fā)溫度較高的冷間就處于不節(jié)能的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)，該冷間熱負(fù)荷越高就越不節(jié)能。應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量避免這種情況的出現(xiàn)。氟利昂制冷系統(tǒng)中一機(jī)雙溫冷庫(kù)的做法，在高溫庫(kù)回氣管上加背壓閥，在低溫庫(kù)回氣管上加單向閥，是不節(jié)能的典型做法，不應(yīng)提倡而宜廢止。</p><p>　　3.1.3 變蒸發(fā)溫度調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　在某一運(yùn)行狀態(tài)下如果蒸發(fā)溫度能以庫(kù)房熱負(fù)荷以及制冷系統(tǒng)制冷量為參數(shù)進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，則既能達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的還能

62、使能量調(diào)節(jié)更為合理。一般而言，制冷系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)器和制冷壓縮機(jī)的配備基本都能滿足最高負(fù)荷的需要。如果冷間熱負(fù)荷減少而制冷量不能及時(shí)作出相應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)，則制冷系統(tǒng)的蒸發(fā)溫度將會(huì)相應(yīng)降低，使壓縮機(jī)的制冷量與熱負(fù)荷達(dá)到一個(gè)新的平衡點(diǎn)。而蒸發(fā)溫度的降低反過來卻增加了蒸發(fā)器的制冷量，面對(duì)己減少的熱負(fù)荷必然形成頻繁啟停的后果。蒸發(fā)溫度每變化10C，相應(yīng)增減的電能約3～5％。如果及時(shí)調(diào)高蒸發(fā)溫度，使系統(tǒng)在另一亇理想的平衡點(diǎn)上，則不但避免了浪弗、做到了節(jié)能，還減少

63、了制冷壓縮機(jī)的頻繁起動(dòng)，是一舉兩得的節(jié)能措施。</p><p>　　3.1.4 變流量調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　以往氨制冷系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)器的制冷劑流量基本沒有變流量調(diào)節(jié)；氟利昂系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)器的制冷劑流量，大多數(shù)只做到簡(jiǎn)單的比例調(diào)節(jié)?？諝饫鋮s器的空氣流量大多數(shù)沒有調(diào)節(jié)或者只有雙速及風(fēng)扇臺(tái)數(shù)調(diào)節(jié)。這兩種流量參數(shù)的調(diào)節(jié)都是與庫(kù)房冷分配設(shè)備制冷量以及庫(kù)房溫度直接相關(guān)的調(diào)節(jié)，也是冷庫(kù)節(jié)能自控應(yīng)于重視的內(nèi)容之一

64、。</p><p>　　3.1.5 設(shè)定合適的控制精度和加設(shè)超限控制</p><p>　　不同的庫(kù)房、不同的庫(kù)存商品和不同的貯存期都有不同的庫(kù)房溫度及其控制精度要求。從節(jié)能的角度出發(fā)，只要不影響商品的品質(zhì)，庫(kù)房溫度宜取高不取低、控制精度宜取低不取高，不必偏面追求過低的庫(kù)溫和高精度控制。</p><p>　　對(duì)于多亇冷間的庫(kù)房溫度控制，除了原有的庫(kù)房溫度設(shè)定值之外，宜

65、加設(shè)庫(kù)溫超限控制值。這種雙因素的庫(kù)房溫度調(diào)節(jié)能做到制冷系統(tǒng)需要投入運(yùn)行時(shí)，不會(huì)因?yàn)閬}別庫(kù)房溫度的偏離而過早投入運(yùn)行；還可以根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的實(shí)際情況不使冷間或制冷系統(tǒng)過早地仃止運(yùn)行，充分利用現(xiàn)有能量並避免設(shè)備或系統(tǒng)的頻繁啟停。</p><p>　　3.1.6 設(shè)置避高峯運(yùn)行控制</p><p>　　電力緊缺是當(dāng)前全國(guó)各地存在的普遍現(xiàn)象，用電峯谷的巨差更加重了電力緊缺，為此電費(fèi)的峯谷差價(jià)在許多城市實(shí)

66、行而且價(jià)差還在逐步拉大。在不影響商品質(zhì)量的前提下，冷庫(kù)設(shè)置避高峯運(yùn)行，有利于電網(wǎng)削峯補(bǔ)谷，宏觀上幫助全局節(jié)能；微觀而言也有利于降低冷庫(kù)的運(yùn)行成本。</p><p>　　3.2 冷間相對(duì)濕度調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　冷間相對(duì)濕度的調(diào)節(jié)與溫度調(diào)節(jié)方法的相似之處不必重復(fù)敘述。一般冷間的相對(duì)濕度在85～95％之間，但也有一些冷間要求的相對(duì)濕度低于或高于該范圍，例如有些氣調(diào)庫(kù)要求的相對(duì)濕度是98％、

67、而有些農(nóng)作物種質(zhì)庫(kù)的相對(duì)濕度要求是40～45％。在高相對(duì)濕度調(diào)節(jié)和低相對(duì)濕度調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)尤因注重節(jié)能措施。</p><p>　　3.2.1 高相對(duì)濕度調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　對(duì)于高相對(duì)濕度要求冷間的調(diào)節(jié)，首先要盡量降低制冷劑溫度和庫(kù)房溫度之間的對(duì)數(shù)平均溫差（可取2K），有必要時(shí)還可采用載冷劑間接制冷系統(tǒng)；此外還可采用空氣融霜並把融霜水還原給庫(kù)房。這兩項(xiàng)措施通過自動(dòng)控制予以實(shí)施，是行之有效的節(jié)能

68、方法，國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易部沒計(jì)研究院設(shè)計(jì)的龍口二萬噸氣調(diào)庫(kù)就是一亇很好的例證。</p><p>　　3.2.2 低相對(duì)濕度調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　對(duì)于低相對(duì)濕度要求冷間的調(diào)節(jié)，主要也應(yīng)做好兩方面的控制。其一是在選用盡量少帶熱量進(jìn)冷間的去濕方法和去濕機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上，控制好去濕程序，在達(dá)到相對(duì)濕度要求的同時(shí)減少冷間的熱負(fù)荷。其二是避免氣流組織控制時(shí)帶入不必要的室外熱濕負(fù)荷；曾經(jīng)有一亇低溫低濕的農(nóng)作物種質(zhì)庫(kù)

69、，由室外侵入庫(kù)內(nèi)的熱濕負(fù)荷約占原計(jì)祘負(fù)荷的35％左右。</p><p>　　3.3 關(guān)于供液方式調(diào)節(jié)</p><p>　　直接膨脹供液是大多數(shù)鹵代烴（包括氟利昂）系統(tǒng)和個(gè)別氨系統(tǒng)采用的供液方法。這種供液方法以往基本采用熱力膨脹閥供液，由于選型、調(diào)節(jié)以及產(chǎn)品本身的問題，無法實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能的目的。電子膨脹閥的出現(xiàn)結(jié)合多點(diǎn)溫度參數(shù)的庫(kù)溫調(diào)節(jié)，可以較好地實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能運(yùn)行，一般可節(jié)能10％。鹵代烴制冷系統(tǒng)的熱